{
  "id": 6138408,
  "name": "PLANE TECHS and Commerce & Industry Insurance Company v. Stephen KENO",
  "name_abbreviation": "Plane Techs v. Keno",
  "decision_date": "2008-09-10",
  "docket_number": "CA 08-108",
  "first_page": "121",
  "last_page": "124",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "103 Ark. App. 121"
    },
    {
      "type": "parallel",
      "cite": "286 S.W.3d 774"
    }
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  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.",
    "id": 13370,
    "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals"
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    "id": 34,
    "name_long": "Arkansas",
    "name": "Ark."
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    {
      "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 11",
      "category": "laws:leg_statute",
      "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.",
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      "cite": "970 S.W.2d 316",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1998,
      "pin_cites": [
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          "page": "318"
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      "cite": "62 Ark. App. 224",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark. App.",
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        6140387
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      "opinion_index": 0,
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:49:33.837419+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Griffen and Hunt, JJ., agree."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "PLANE TECHS and Commerce & Industry Insurance Company v. Stephen KENO"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Josephine Linker Hart, Judge.\nAppellant Plane Techs argues that the Arkansas Workers\u2019 Compensation Commission erred when it found that per diem payments Plane Techs made to its employee, appellee Stephen Keno, should be included in the calculation of Keno\u2019s average weekly wage. We affirm the Commission\u2019s decision.\nAn employee\u2019s workers\u2019 compensation is computed on the \u201caverage weekly wage earned by the employee under the contract of hire in force at the time of the accident.\u201d Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 ll-9-518(a)(l) (Repl. 2002). \u201cWages\u201d is defined as \u201cthe money rate at which the service rendered is recompensed under the contract of hiring in force at the time of the accident, including the reasonable value of board, rent, housing, lodging, or similar advantage received from the employer.\u201d Id. \u00a7 11-9-102(19) (Supp. 2007).\nAccording to the stipulations of the parties, Plane Techs is a staffing company specializing in recruiting and providing aviation mechanics to work for its clients on a temporary basis, and Keno, whose domicile was in Colorado, was hired by Plane Techs to work a temporary assignment as an aviation mechanic for a client in Hot Springs, Arkansas, where Keno temporarily resided for the assignment. When Keno suffered his compensable injury, he was being paid a base wage of $7.50 per hour and overtime wages of $24 per hour. Further, Keno was eligible for a per diem payment of $120 for each day worked, for a maximum of $600 per week, for the purposes of reimbursing him for his duplicate expenses for meals, lodging, and incidentals. The parties further stipulated that it was Plane Techs\u2019s understanding that, according to federal law, any portion of the per diem payment not spent on meals and lodging was to be returned to Plane Techs or was to be reported by Keno to the IRS as other income.\nIn addition to these stipulations, the Commission had before it the deposition testimony of Steven Lewis, who handles workers\u2019 compensation claims for Plane Techs. He testified that the per diem payments were to \u201creimburse for the duplicate expenses of the temporary residence, lodging, and meals associated with that temporary residence, of working away from the permanent tax home,\u201d that the \u201cper diem is based on a total amount they can earn per week, and then is divided by the day,\u201d and that it was the maximum amount the IRS would allow Plane Techs to pay without withholding taxes on that amount. Also presented was the deposition testimony of Stephen Fisher, who is Plane Techs\u2019s vice-president of operations. Fisher agreed that the per diem paid to Keno was at least a factor in agreeing to work for them, that if he did not pay a per diem, he would not be able to attract as many qualified mechanics to work for them, and that to successfully recruit qualified mechanics, he had to offer a certain level of compensation, regardless of what percentage may be per diem and what percentage may be wages.\nBefore the administrative law judge (ALJ), Plane Techs and its insurance carrier contended that the per diem payments should not be included in calculating Keno\u2019s average weekly wage. The ALJ disagreed with their contention, and the ALJ\u2019s decision was adopted by the Commission on appeal. In their appeal to this court, they make this same argument. Particularly, they assert that neither the previously cited statutes nor this court\u2019s decision in Eckhardt v. Willis Shaw Express, Inc., 62 Ark. App. 224, 970 S.W.2d 316 (1998), require that the per diem payments should be included.\nIn Eckhardt, the claimant was employed as a short-haul truck driver and compensated at a rate of $425 per week instead of by the miles he drove, but if he drove more than 1700 miles in a work week, he received a bonus, and if he was required to be away from home overnight, $35 of his salary was paid as per diem or a subsistence allowance for each such night. The per diem payments, however, were not subject to either state or federal withholding. In finding that the per diem payments should be included as part of the employee\u2019s wages, the Eckhardt court concluded that \u201c[c]alling this salary per diem was simply a legal way under the federal and state tax codes whereby [the employer] could boost [the employee\u2019s] take-home pay, and coincidentally, avoid reimbursing him for expenses.\u201d Id. at 229, 970 S.W.2d at 318.\nPlane Techs and its insurance carrier contend that Eckhardt is distinguishable because here the per diem payments do not constitute real economic gain for Keno, as the payments were not made to Keno in lieu of wages but instead were reimbursements for lodging, meals, and incidental expenses, allowing him to \u201cbreak even\u201d with regard to living expenses. We, however, construe Eckhardt more broadly. In Eckhardt, the subsistence allowance provided a \u201cboost\u201d to the employee\u2019s take-home pay. Similarly, and considering our statutory language, the per diem payments made by Plane Techs for reimbursement of lodging, meals, and incidental expenses provided an \u201cadvantage\u201d to Keno. We see no meaningful distinction between Plane Techs providing \u201cboard, rent, housing, lodging, or similar advantage\u201d as set forth in the statute and the per diem payments made by Plane Techs to Keno so that he can purchase the same. The per diem payments save Keno from expending other funds to acquire these advantages. Furthermore, Keno has the option of retaining any unused per diem funds, thus increasing his income. Thus, the per diem payments made to Keno fall within the statutory definition of wages, as it is an \u201cadvantage\u201d received from his employer.\nOn appellate review, this court reviews only questions of law, and we may modify, reverse, remand for rehearing, or set aside an order or award, if the facts found by the Commission do not support the order or award or if that order or award is not supported by substantial evidence. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 11 \u2014 9\u2014 711(b)(4) (Supp. 2007). We hold that the facts found by the Commission support its order and that the order is supported by substantial evidence.\nAffirmed.\nGriffen and Hunt, JJ., agree.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Josephine Linker Hart, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Barber, McCaskill, Jones & Hale, P.A., by: Miche\u00e1l L. Alexander, for appellants.",
      "The Law Firm of White & White, PLC, by: J. Mark White, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "PLANE TECHS and Commerce & Industry Insurance Company v. Stephen KENO\nCA 08-108\n286 S.W.3d 774\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered September 10, 2008\nBarber, McCaskill, Jones & Hale, P.A., by: Miche\u00e1l L. Alexander, for appellants.\nThe Law Firm of White & White, PLC, by: J. Mark White, for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0121-01",
  "first_page_order": 149,
  "last_page_order": 152
}