{ "id": 6135955, "name": "Carolyn KNAUS v. Lawrence Ralph RELYEA, Administrator, et al.", "name_abbreviation": "Knaus v. Relyea", "decision_date": "1988-03-16", "docket_number": "CA 87-274", "first_page": "7", "last_page": "13", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "24 Ark. App. 7" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "746 S.W.2d 389" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.", "id": 13370, "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "193 P. 725", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1920, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Colo. 223", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Colo.", "case_ids": [ 2706411 ], "year": 1920, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/colo/69/0223-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 Colo. 388", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Colo.", "case_ids": [ 2811892 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1941, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "772" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/colo/108/0388-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 Ark. 424", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1727717 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/240/0424-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 Ark. App. 82", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6137243 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/7/0082-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 Colo. 59", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Colo.", "case_ids": [ 2732385, 2730831 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/colo/114/0059-02", "/colo/114/0059-01" ] }, { "cite": "50 P. 1049", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1897, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "10 Colo. App. 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Colo. App.", "case_ids": [ 4491689 ], "year": 1897, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/colo-app/10/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "747 P.2d 660", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10402903 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/747/0660-01" ] }, { "cite": "279 Ark. 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1747004 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/279/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-11-107", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 Ark. 300", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8719674 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/257/0300-01" ] }, { "cite": "664 S.W.2d 22", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 11740537 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/664/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 Ark. 82", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 571, "char_count": 11445, "ocr_confidence": 0.903, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.03580807328026e-08, "percentile": 0.1748356757478911 }, "sha256": "7c2d03ef48cd6866712ca3bb1c648cea4a75939e56759a82dd63b4651e674f28", "simhash": "1:0f961f8388109ab0", "word_count": 1921 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:52:21.510151+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Coulson and Jennings, JJ., agree." ], "parties": [ "Carolyn KNAUS v. Lawrence Ralph RELYEA, Administrator, et al." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "James R. Cooper, Judge.\nThe appellant, Carolyn Knaus, petitioned the Carroll County probate court seeking an order finding that she had entered into a valid common law marriage with the deceased Mark Relyea in Colorado and requested that the court enter an order recognizing the marriage. After a hearing, the probate judge found that the appellant had failed to establish that she was the lawful surviving spouse of Mark Relyea. From that decision, comes this appeal.\nThe appellant argues four points for reversal: that the court erred when it found that the appellant failed to establish a present agreement between the appellant and Mark Relyea to become husband and wife; that the court erred in finding that the appellant did not establish a mutual and open assumption of the marital relationship; that the court erred in finding that plans for a future wedding ceremony were contrary to a present agreement to become husband and wife; and, that the court erred in finding that representations made to Mark Relyea\u2019s parents, the appel-lees, were inconsistent with a present agreement to be husband and wife. We affirm.\nIn probate cases, we review the record de novo, but we will not reverse the probate judge\u2019s decision unless it is clearly erroneous or against a preponderance of the evidence, giving due regard to his opportunity to determine the credibility of the witnesses. Chrisos v. Egleston, 7 Ark. 82, 664 S.W.2d 22 (1983); ARCP Rule 52(a). Common law marriages are not permitted in Arkansas, but the State will recognize marriages contracted in another state which are valid by the laws of that state. Walker v. Yarbrough, 257 Ark. 300, 516 S.W.2d 390 (1974); Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 55-110 (Repl. 1971) [Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-11-107 (1987)]. One seeking to prove the existence of a valid common law marriage in another state must do so by a preponderance of the evidence. Allen v. Wallis, 279 Ark. 149, 650 S.W.2d 225 (1983).\nThe appellant began living with Mark Relyea in Colorado on November 19,1982. According to the appellant, while they lived in Colorado they performed \u201cinformal ceremonies\u201d in which they pledged their love for one another and their intent to remain together forever. They represented themselves to their friends in Colorado as life mates and spouses.\nThey decided to purchase land in Arkansas, and build a home near Eureka Springs. In the autumn of 1983, they purchased land in Arkansas. The property was conveyed by deed to Carolyn Knaus, \u201ca single person.\u201d They then moved to Louisiana.\nEntered into evidence were letters written by the appellant and Mark Relyea while they were living in Louisiana, in which they addressed each other as \u201chusband\u201d and \u201cwife.\u201d According to the appellant, they reaffirmed their promise to be together always and they exchanged rings. In April 1984 they returned to Arkansas to permanently settle.\nWhile in Arkansas, they continued to represent to others that they were life mates and, on two occasions, Mark Relyea referred to the appellant as his wife. They opened a joint savings account in Eureka Springs, with rights of survivorship.\nIn the summer of 1984, Mark and the appellant announced to the appellees that they were planning to get married in the autumn of 198 5. The appellant and Mark Relyea went to visit the appellees in their home in New York. During the visit the appellant and Mark occupied separate bedrooms, and told the appellees that, although they were living together, they were not having sexual relations.\nMark Relyea died in an accident at work on March 23,1985. Following his death, the appellant wrote a newspaper article in which she stated that she and Mark were to be married. Approximately two months later, the appellant wrote a letter to the appellees requesting that they recognize her as Mark\u2019s common law wife and asking that they share any proceeds from a pending wrongful death suit with her. Also entered into evidence was the death certificate of Mark Relyea, which indicated that he was not married.\nAfter hearing all the testimony, the probate judge wrote a letter to the parties which stated his reasons for finding that a common law marriage did not exist. The judge found that the acceptance of the deed by the appellant in which she was designated a single person, the declarations of the appellant and Mark Relyea to friends and family that they were going to be married in the fall of 1985, and the publication in the newspaper of the article by the appellant which stated that they were going to be married negated a present consent to be husband and wife.\nThe appellant first argues that the trial court erred in finding that there was no present agreement between the appellant and Mark Relyea to become husband and wife. We disagree.\nAccording to Colorado law, in order to establish a common law marriage there must be mutual consent or agreement of the parties to be husband and wife followed by a mutual and open assumption of a marital relationship. People v. Lucero, _Colo-, 747 P.2d 660 (1987). The contract alone is not sufficient unless it is followed by its consummation, that is, by cohabitation as husband and wife. Id.; Taylor v. Taylor, 10 Colo. App. 303, 50 P. 1049 (1897). In Lucero, the Colorado Supreme Court stated:\nAlthough language in some of our cases could be read as suggesting that mutual consent or agreement is the only essential element of a common law marriage, we have almost uniformly required that such consent or agreement be manifested by conduct that gives evidence of the mutual understanding of the parties, [cites omitted] We affirm today that such conduct in a form of mutual public acknowledgment of the marital relationship is not only important evidence of the existence of mutual agreement but is essential to the establishment of a common marriage . . . adding the requirement of open marital cohabitation gives assurance that some objective evidence of the relationship will have to be introduced in every case to establish that the parties did consider themselves husband and wife, [cite omitted]\n747 S.W.2d at 663-4. In the case at bar, there simply is not enough \u201cobjective evidence\u201d to hold that by a preponderance of the evidence a present agreement existed between the appellant and Mark Relyea to be husband and wife.\nThe appellant testified about the informal ceremonies that she and Mark participated in while living in Colorado. She stated that they exchanged mutual promises to remain together for life, and that their \u201csouls were one.\u201d However, many of the couple\u2019s friends and acquaintances testified, by deposition, that they never heard Mark and the appellant refer to one another as husband and wife. Although we agree with the appellant\u2019s assertion that those terms are not conclusive, the appellant herself testified that they avoided using those terms because their relationship was non-traditional and \u201cthey make men unequal,\u201d and that while she understood the legal term marriage, neither she or Mark would use the terms married, husband or wife in public. Further, cohabitation alone is not sufficient to establish a common law marriage. See Pickett v. Pickett, 114 Colo. 59, 161 P.2d 520 (1945); Walker v. Yarbrough, supra. The appellant simply has not established that there was mutual agreement between herself and Mark Relyea to be married. See Lucero, supra.\nThe appellant next argues that the trial court erred in finding that the appellant had failed to establish a mutual and open assumption of the marital relationship. We disagree.\nAll of the testimony from friends and acquaintances testified that the appellant and Mark used the terms \u201clife mate\u201d and \u201cspouse\u201d when referring to each other. They also testified that the appellant and Mark acted like a married couple, and that they viewed them as husband and wife. However, the writings introduced into evidence that were written by the appellant and Mark while they resided in Colorado do not use the terms \u201chusband\u201d and \u201cwife,\u201d but in the notes and cards which were written while the couple lived in Louisiana, Mark and the appellant did use the terms \u201chusband\u201d and \u201cwife.\u201d Furthermore, the appellant and Mark told his parents that they were engaged to be married, and that although they lived together, they did not engage in sexual relations. Shortly after Mark\u2019s death, the appellant wrote a letter to the newspaper about Mark in which she stated that they were to be married. The appellant\u2019s name appeared on the deed as a single person, and Mark\u2019s death certificate indicated that he was single.\nThe evidence in this case is conflicting, and it was for the probate judge to determine where the credibility of the witnesses lay. Chrisos v. Egleston, 7 Ark. App. 82, 644 S.W.2d 326 (1983). In a close case the trial court is in a better position than the appellate court to evaluate the weight of the witnesses\u2019 testimony. Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Troutman, 240 Ark. 424, 399 S.W.2d 686 (1966).\nThe appellant next argues that the trial court erred in finding that plans for a future ceremony were contrary to a present agreement between the appellant and Mark Relyea to be husband and wife. We disagree.\nAlthough the Colorado courts have held that future plans of a formal ceremony would not negate a present agreement to be husband and wife, there is nothing in Colorado law or Arkansas law which prevents considering such future plans as evidence of what the intent of the parties was. In the cases relied on by the appellant the evidence of a common law marriage was virtually conclusive. Moffat Coal Co. v. Industrial Commission, 108 Colo. 388, 118 P.2d 769 (1941), was a workers\u2019 compensation case in which the appellant, Marie Todd, and her two minor children were attempting to get death benefits after her common law husband died. In that case, Marie Todd used her husband\u2019s last name, they had two children who also bore the last name of Todd, the parties had charge accounts in which Marie Todd was given unrestricted use, and the decedent, Pete Todd listed Marie Todd as his wife on employment and insurance forms. The court said, \u201cthere is nothing inconsistent in fixing the status per verba de praesenti and agreeing that the marriage then constituted shall be publicly solemnized at a future day.\u201d 118 P.2d at 772.\nIn the case at bar, the evidence is not as overwhelming in support of a common law marriage, and therefore, it was not error for the probate judge to consider the future marriage plans.\nThe appellant\u2019s last argument concerns the representations the appellant and Mark made to his parents. According to the appellant, the couple kept the true status of their relationship a secret because they knew Mr. and Mrs. Relyea would not approve and they did not want to hurt the Relyeas. This fact alone, in Colorado courts, probably would not negate a present intent to be married in the face of overwhelming evidence. See Employers Mutual Insurance Co. v. Morgulaski, 69 Colo. 223, 193 P. 725 (1920). However, we cannot say that it was error for the trial court to consider these facts in this case where the evidence was not as clear.\nAffirmed.\nCoulson and Jennings, JJ., agree.", "type": "majority", "author": "James R. Cooper, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "The McMath Law Firm, P.A., by: Eileen Harrison, for appellant.", "The Niblock Law Firm, by: Katherine C. Gray, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Carolyn KNAUS v. Lawrence Ralph RELYEA, Administrator, et al.\nCA 87-274\n746 S.W.2d 389\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division I\nOpinion delivered March 16, 1988\nThe McMath Law Firm, P.A., by: Eileen Harrison, for appellant.\nThe Niblock Law Firm, by: Katherine C. Gray, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0007-01", "first_page_order": 27, "last_page_order": 33 }