{
  "id": 6141956,
  "name": "Shirley BLEVINS, Widow of Roger Blevins, Deceased v. SAFEWAY STORES and Home Insurance Company",
  "name_abbreviation": "Blevins v. Safeway Stores",
  "decision_date": "1988-10-05",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:49:05.220266+00:00",
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Corbin, C.J., and Cracraft, J., agree."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "Shirley BLEVINS, Widow of Roger Blevins, Deceased v. SAFEWAY STORES and Home Insurance Company"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "John E. Jennings. Judge.\nRoger Blevins was a produce buyer for a Little Rock Safeway store. On March 10, 1983, Blevins and Alice Denson, a co-worker, went out to dinner with Quinton Lundberg, a regional produce supervisor. Sometime late that evening, or early the next morning, Blevins was killed in a one vehicle accident. He was found dead in his car at 10:00 a.m. on March 11. A posthumous blood alcohol test registered .22 percent. The Workers\u2019 Compensation Commission denied the claim for benefits filed by the appellant, Mr. Blevins\u2019 widow. On appeal, she raises three arguments: (1) that Blevins\u2019 death was not \u201csubstantially occasioned\u201d by intoxication; (2) that even if his death was caused by intoxication, the appellee should be estopped to assert this defense, and (3) that Blevins\u2019 death arose within the scope of his employment. We affirm the Commission\u2019s decision.\nAppellant first argues that Blevins\u2019 death was not substantially occasioned by intoxication. Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a781-1305 (Repl. 1976) (now Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 ll-9-401(a)(2) (1987)) provides that \u201cthere shall be no liability for compensation under this Act where the injury or death from injury was substantially occasioned by intoxication of the injured employee. . . .\u201d There is a statutory presumption that the injury did not result from intoxication. Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 81 -1324 (Repl. 1976) (now Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 11-9-707 (1987)).\nAt the hearing before the ALJ, the appellee asked to be permitted to depose a medical witness to establish the effect of a blood alcohol level of .22 percent. In response, the appellant stipulated that the effect was \u201cbad,\u201d that .22 percent is more than double the legal intoxication level, and that it was common knowledge as to the condition of a person having such a blood alcohol level. Ms. Denson, Blevins\u2019 co-worker, testified in fair detail about Mr. Blevins\u2019 drinking that night, and Mrs. Blevins testified that he invariably came home inebriated after being out in the evening with the produce supervisor. While it is true that there was no direct evidence that Blevins was driving in a dangerous manner on the night of March 10, and there was no eyewitness to the accident, we are persuaded that there was substantial evidence to support the Commission\u2019s finding that Mr. Blevins\u2019 death was \u201csubstantially occasioned\u201d by his intoxication.\nAppellant next argues that even if Blevins\u2019 death was substantially occasioned by intoxication, the employer is es-topped from raising the defense. The courts have taken two basic approaches to this issue. Some have held that the doctrine of estoppel can never bar the employer\u2019s assertion of the defense of intoxication. See Hopper v. F.W. Corridori Roofing Co., 305 A.2d 309 (Del. 1973); Smith v. Trader\u2019s & General Ins. Co., 258 S.W.2d 436 (Tex. Civ. App. 1953). This approach has been described as \u201cdraconian.\u201d See 1 A. Larson, The Law of Workmen\u2019s Compensation \u00a7 34.36, n. 51 (1985). Another group of cases hold that an employer may, in appropriate circumstances, be estopped from asserting the defense and that the issue of estoppel is generally one of fact. See Tate v. Industrial Accident Commission, 261 P.2d 759 (1953); McCarty v. Workmen\u2019s Compensation Appeals Board, 12 Cal. 3d 677, 527 P.2d 617, 117 Cal. Rptr. 65 (1974); West Florida Distributors v. Laramie, 438 So.2d 133 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983).\nThis court has implied that estoppel may be available to bar the assertion of the defense of intoxication, under appropriate circumstances. See Davis v. C & M Tractor Co., 4 Ark. App. 34, 627 S.W.2d 561 (1982); In Davis we said:\nThe employer testified that while he was aware that appellant drank intoxicants on a regular basis and had done so for the past fifteen years, he had no knowledge of how much he drank and had never seen him so influenced by alcohol that he could not perform his duties satisfactorily or drive and control a vehicle. He had no knowledge that appellant was intoxicated on the date of the accident or at the time the accident occurred. Reviewing the testimony most favorable to the finding of the Commission, the Commission could, and did find that the employer did not know that appellant was intoxicated on the date of the accident and has no knowledge of his having previously consumed alcohol to such an extent as to affect his driving or ability to perform fully all of his duties satisfactorily. There was no evidence that the employer participated in any drinking sprees or that he knowingly permitted the appellant to continue to work in an intoxicated condition. Mere knowledge of his propensity to consume alcohol does not, in our opinion, estop the employer from raising the defense of intoxication under the circumstances presented by this record.\nAt the hearing in the case at bar, Mrs. Blevins testified that, at one time, she had been a produce buyer for Safeway. She said that the regional manager would come to town three or four times a year and that it was customary for the produce buyer to pick him up at the airport and spend time with him afterwards. Quinton Lundberg had been her husband\u2019s supervisor for approximately five years. She testified that there were usually dinner meetings after work, that business was usually discussed at those meetings and that there was always drinking involved. Sometimes she went with her husband to these dinners and sometimes she did not. She said that when she did not go with him, Mr. Blevins invariably came home in an inebriated condition. She testified that it was his custom to drink a six-pack of beer every night. She said that it was her belief that appellee knew of Mr. Blevins\u2019 drinking problem because the manager of the McAllen Produce Buying Department had told her that he thought Blevins had a drinking problem some years before. She said that she thought Mr. Blevins was reimbursed for his mileage in taking the manager from place to place. She also testified that the employer did not require the produce buyer to go out to dinner with the supervisor, nor did the employer require that the buyer drink.\nAlice Denson was a buyer accountant for Safeway and worked for Mr. Blevins. She testified that she ordinarily went to dinner with Mr. Blevins and Mr. Lundberg when Lundberg was in town. She said that the bill for dinner, including whatever drinks were consumed, was paid sometimes by Mr. Lundberg and sometimes by Mr. Blevins. If Lundberg paid the bill it would be charged back to Safeway on his expense account. She testified that there was no requirement that either she or Mr. Blevins go out to dinner with the regional manager.\nMs. Denson said that on March 10, 1983, they closed the office at 4:30 and went to Mr. Lundberg\u2019s hotel room. She, Blevins, and Lundberg had a couple of drinks there. Sometime after 6:00 p.m. they went to dinner at the Sir Loin\u2019s Inn in North Little Rock. They all had appetizers and a few more drinks before dinner. She testified that while she and Mr. Lundberg had wine with their dinner she wasn\u2019t sure that Mr. Blevins did. Ms. Denson said that they each had an after-dinner drink. She testified that Blevins and Lundberg followed her home to make certain that she got there safely, and that when they left her at around 10:15 p.m., she had no indication that Blevins was intoxicated. She also said that Lundberg told her the next morning that he and Blevins had gone back to the bar and had \u201ca couple more drinks\u201d before Blevins left.\nJohn Guy was the Safeway employee who replaced Mr. Blevins as produce buyer. He testified that he would routinely go to dinner with the regional manager when he came to town, but that there was no Safeway policy, that required buyers to go to dinner with regional managers. He also said that there was no requirement that they have drinks at dinner and that he, in fact, did not drink at all.\nThe question of whether an employer is estopped to raise the defense of intoxication will depend on the particular circumstances of the case. See, e.g., Davis v. C & M Tractor Co., 4 Ark. App. 34, 627 S.W.2d 561 (1982); West Florida Distributors v. Laramie, 438 So.2d 133 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983). Estoppel is ordinarily an issue of fact. State v. Industrial Acc. Commission, 261 P.2d 759 (1953). In workers\u2019 compensation cases, the Commission functions as the trier of fact. On appeal to this court, the question is whether the Commission\u2019s findings are supported by substantial evidence. DeBoard v. Colson Co., 20 Ark. App. 166, 725 S.W.2d 857 (1987). On appeal, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the findings of the Commission and give the testimony its strongest probative force in favor of the Commission\u2019s actions. See McCollum v. Rogers, 238 Ark. 499, 382 S.W.2d 892 (1964). In the case at bar, we hold only that the Commission\u2019s finding that the employer was not estopped to assert the defense of intoxication is supported by substantial evidence. Because we hold that the Commission did not err in finding that the claim was barred by the defense of intoxication, we need not reach appellant\u2019s final argument.\nAffirmed.\nCorbin, C.J., and Cracraft, J., agree.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "John E. Jennings. Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Cliff Jackson, P.A., for appellant.",
      "Lovett Law Firm, by: Tom F. Lovett, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Shirley BLEVINS, Widow of Roger Blevins, Deceased v. SAFEWAY STORES and Home Insurance Company\nCA 88-33\n757 S.W.2d 569\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division I\nOpinion delivered October 5, 1988\nCliff Jackson, P.A., for appellant.\nLovett Law Firm, by: Tom F. Lovett, for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0297-01",
  "first_page_order": 325,
  "last_page_order": 330
}