{
  "id": 6142451,
  "name": "ARKANSAS STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION v. Jack PAKIS and Niobe Pakis",
  "name_abbreviation": "Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Pakis",
  "decision_date": "1988-10-19",
  "docket_number": "CA 88-67",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:49:05.220266+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Coulson and Jennings, JJ., agree."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "ARKANSAS STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION v. Jack PAKIS and Niobe Pakis"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "James R. Cooper, Judge.\nThe appellant in this eminent domain case, the Arkansas State Highway Commission, brought an action for condemnation of 7.33 acres of the appellees\u2019 8.8 acre tract in Hot Springs, Arkansas. The appellees filed a counterclaim alleging that the Highway Department\u2019s estimated compensation was inadequate, and seeking just compensation for the taking of their property. The jury fixed the landowners\u2019 damages at $1,363,000.00. From that decision, comes this appeal.\nFor reversal, the appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion to strike the landowner/appellee\u2019s testimony with respect to the value of the land and improvements. We affirm.\nThe condemned property, acquired by the appellant because of highway construction, was zoned for commercial use and bordered on Highway 7 in Hot Springs. Several improvements are located on the property, including flea market stalls, a warehouse, a workshop, two cottages, and a 4,900 square foot residence. Jack Pakis, the landowner, testified that, in his opinion, the value of the property was $2,083,526.00. That figure included approximately $1,437,000.00 for the land itself, computed on the basis of its value as commercial property; $45,000.00 for the flea market stalls; and $390,000.00 for the residence.\nThe appellant argues first that Mr. Pakis improperly combined residential and commercial values in his value testimony and that the trial court erred in denying its motion to strike the testimony. The Arkansas Supreme Court has held that it was error for the trial court to refuse to strike the testimony of three witnesses who testified that the highest and best use of the property was commercial, but who intermingled residential and commercial values in their opinions of just compensation for the entire property. Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Toffelmire, 247 Ark. 74, 444 S.W.2d 241 (1969). However, we are not convinced that the landowner in the case at bar combined residential and commercial values in his opinion of the value of the property. Although the $390,070.00 attributable to the residence was added to the $1,437,480.00 attributed to the commercial value of the land in the landowner\u2019s opinion of the property value, the landowner did not state that his opinion of the value of the house was based on its value as a residence, and there was testimony to show that other homes in the area had been converted into restaurants or otherwise used commercially. It is entirely proper to allow evidence of all potential uses of a landowner\u2019s property, Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Griffin, 241 Ark. 1033, 411 S.W.2d 495 (1967), and on this record we cannot say that the landowner\u2019s testimony improperly combined commercial and residential values.\nNext, the appellant contends that the landowner failed to depreciate the value of the improvements, and that the trial court erred in refusing to strike the landowner\u2019s testimony on that basis. On cross-examination, Mr. Pakis stated that he did not depreciate the improvements in determining their value; in addition, he stated that, although he included an estimate of the value of the improvements in the flea market area in his opinion of the overall value of the property, he did not believe that those improvements contributed any additional value to the land.\nProper deduction must be made for depreciation by wear and tear when evidence of the construction and cost of buildings is admitted as relevant to the extent to which the buildings enhance the market value of the real estate. Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Person, 258 Ark. 379, 525 S.W.2d 77 (1975). In Person, the Supreme Court held that a landowner\u2019s testimony making no deduction for wear and tear was properly admitted where the landowner gave reasons for his belief that there was no functional or economic depreciation. Person, 258 Ark. at 387. In the present case, Mr. Pakis testified that he did not apply depreciation to the residence, warehouse, or flea market area because he did regular maintenance which kept the structures in \u201cperfect shape.\u201d An appraiser testifying on behalf of the Highway Department testified that it was readily apparent from his examination of the residence that a very stringent maintenance program had been followed. We think that Mr. Pakis offered a reasonable basis for concluding that no deduction for wear and tear was proper in this case, and we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court\u2019s denial of the appellant\u2019s motion to strike the testimony on this ground. See Person, supra. Nor do we think that the trial court erred in denying the motion to strike on the theory that the landowner improperly included the value of the flea market structures in his opinion of the overall value of the land. A landowner expressing an opinion based on his familiarity with the property has more leeway in fixing values than does an expert, and, to demonstrate error in the trial court\u2019s refusal to strike such testimony, the adverse party must show that there was no reasonable or logical basis for the landowner\u2019s opinion. Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Person, supra. A landowner need not be shown to be an expert on values or even to be acquainted with the market value of such property; instead, his qualification to give estimates of his property\u2019s value is based on his relationship to the property as owner. Arkansas State Highway Commission v. Mullens, 255 Ark. 796, 502 S.W.2d 626 (1973). If the landowner\u2019s values are shown on cross-examination to be founded on a questionable basis, that fact bears on the weight to be given to his testimony. Id. Here, the structural value of the flea market buildings was only one element of the value the landowner assigned to the entire property before the taking. Although Mr. Pakis\u2019 testimony that he did not believe the flea market buildings enhanced the market value of the property should be considered in determining the weight to be given his overall evaluation of his property\u2019s value, the trial court was not required to strike his testimony. See Person, supra.\nAffirmed.\nCoulson and Jennings, JJ., agree.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "James R. Cooper, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Robert L. Wilson, Philip N. Gowen, and Charles Johnson, for appellant.",
      "Q. Byrum Hurst, Jr., for appellees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "ARKANSAS STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION v. Jack PAKIS and Niobe Pakis\nCA 88-67\n758 S.W.2d 21\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division I\nOpinion delivered October 19, 1988\nRobert L. Wilson, Philip N. Gowen, and Charles Johnson, for appellant.\nQ. Byrum Hurst, Jr., for appellees."
  },
  "file_name": "0330-01",
  "first_page_order": 358,
  "last_page_order": 363
}