{ "id": 6137791, "name": "Frank CHESHIRE v. WALT BENNETT FORD, INC.", "name_abbreviation": "Cheshire v. Walt Bennett Ford, Inc.", "decision_date": "1990-05-02", "docket_number": "CA 89-452", "first_page": "90", "last_page": "96", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "31 Ark. App. 90" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "788 S.W.2d 490" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.", "id": 13370, "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "9 Ark. App. 47", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6136731 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/9/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "17 Ark. App. 139", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6652392 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/17/0139-01" ] }, { "cite": "21 Ark. App. 33", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6136751 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/21/0033-01" ] }, { "cite": "293 Ark. 594", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1869659 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/293/0594-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 Ark. 665", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1597745 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/248/0665-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 Ark. 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1748189 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/278/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 Cal. Rptr. 315", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "279 Ark. 51", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1746980 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "54-55", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/279/0051-01" ] }, { "cite": "291 Ark. 37", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1872679 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41-42", "parenthetical": "citations omitted." } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/291/0037-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 Ark. 236", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1597534 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/248/0236-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 Ark. 143", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1727450 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/240/0143-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 4-9-504", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(3)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 626, "char_count": 11461, "ocr_confidence": 0.884, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.1045316755855598e-07, "percentile": 0.7622890369284078 }, "sha256": "b604220a680ff286d0e4a9f21f523309c2e979619b8521d35da7e98c170a49b6", "simhash": "1:b726e103bb6c5f32", "word_count": 1928 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:22:35.733205+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Cracraft and Rogers, JJ., agree." ], "parties": [ "Frank CHESHIRE v. WALT BENNETT FORD, INC." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "John E. Jennings, Judge.\nOn July 11, 1984, appellant Frank Cheshire bought a 1983 Ford Ranger truck from the appellee Walt Bennett Ford, Inc. Appellant subsequently defaulted on the note and appellee repossessed the truck on July 18, 1985. On July 28, 1986, appellee purchased the truck from itself at private sale for $1,600.00, and filed this suit against appellant for the $6,800.00 deficiency.\nAfter a non-jury trial the circuit judge awarded a deficiency judgment to appellee, holding that the sale was commercially reasonable because appellee had solicited and obtained four sealed competitive bids from automobile wholesalers and that its own bid was higher than the others.\nOn appeal Cheshire contends that because appellee imper-missibly bought the collateral from itself at private sale, it is barred as a matter of law from obtaining a deficiency judgment. He also contends that the court erred in finding that appellee gave reasonable notice of sale and in finding that the collateral was sold in a commercially reasonable manner.\nThe disposition of collateral by the creditor after repossession is governed by Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 4-9-504(3) (1987):\n(3) Disposition of the collateral may be by public or private proceedings and may be made by way of one or more contracts. Sale or other disposition may be as a unit or in parcels and at any time and place and on any terms, but every aspect of the disposition including the method, manner, time, place, and terms must be commercially reasonable. Unless collateral is perishable or threatens to decline speedily in value or is of a type customarily sold on a recognized market, reasonable notification of the time and place of any public sale or reasonable notification of the time after which any private sale or other intended disposition is to be made shall be sent by the secured party to the debtor, if he has not signed after default a statement renouncing or modifying his right to notification of sale. In the case of consumer goods, no other notification need be sent. In other cases, notification shall be sent to any secured party from whom the secured party has received (before sending his notification to the debtor or before the debtor\u2019s renunciation of his rights) written notice of a claim of an interest in the collateral. The secured party may buy at any public sale and if the collateral is of a type customarily sold in a recognized market or is of a type which is the subject of widely distributed standard price quotations, he may buy at private sale.\nThe Arkansas Supreme Court has interpreted the last sentence of this code provision with specific regard to used cars as collateral. In Norton v. National Bank of Commerce of Pine Bluff, 240 Ark. 143, 398 S.W.2d 538 (1966), the court held that a used car did not fall within the category of collateral \u201cof a type customarily sold on a recognized market.\u201d In Carter v. Ryburn Ford Sales, Inc., 248 Ark. 236, 451 S.W.2d 199 (1970), the supreme court held that used automobiles were not collateral \u201cof a type which is the subject of widely distributed standard price quotations\u201d and that \u201ca secured party is not complying with the Commercial Code when he purchases a used automobile at his own private sale.\u201d It is therefore clear that appellee here did not comply with the disposition provision of the code in buying this collateral from itself at private sale.\nIn Norton and Carter the supreme court held that the effect of this kind of violation of the code is to create a presumption that the collateral was worth at least the amount of the debt, thereby placing upon the creditor the burden of proving the amount that should reasonably have been obtained through a sale conducted according to law. Appellant contends, however, that this rule was changed by the supreme court\u2019s decision in First State Bank of Morrilton v. Hallett, 291 Ark. 37, 722 S.W.2d 555 (1987), and certainly language in that case supports appellant\u2019s position. In Hallett there was an admitted failure on the part of the creditor to give proper notice of sale to the debtor. The supreme court affirmed the trial court\u2019s holding that the creditor was not entitled to a deficiency judgment under the court\u2019s earlier decision in Rhodes v. Oaklawn Bank, 279 Ark. 51, 648 S.W.2d 470 (1983). In Rhodes the court had said:\nWhen a creditor repossesses chattels and sells them without sending the debtor notice as to time and date of sale, or as to a date after which the collateral will be sold, he is not entitled to a deficiency judgment, unless the debtor has specifically waived his rights to such notice.\nThis principle has been called the \u201cabsolute bar rule.\u201d See 2 J. White & R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code \u00a7 27-19 at 629 (3d ed. 1988). The Hallett court relied primarily on Rhodes and on Atlas Thrift Co. v. Horan, 27 Cal. App. 3rd 999, 104 Cal. Rptr. 315 (1972).\nThe Hallett court characterized Norton and Carter as \u201can earlier line of cases which took a different approach to this issue,\u201d and said \u201c[w]e think Rhodes represents the right approach and, although it did not expressly overrule these cases, its effect was to change our law.\u201d The court in Hallett continued:\nThe creditor\u2019s right to a deficiency judgment is not merely subject to whether the debtor has a right to damages under \u00a7 85-9-507, but instead depends on whether he has complied with the statutory requirements concerning disposition and notice.\nThe Horan court concluded: \u201cThe rule and requirement are simple. If the secured creditor wishes a deficiency judgment he must obey the law. If he does not obey the law, he may not have his deficiency judgment.\u201d\nWhen the code provisions have delineated the guidelines and procedures governing statutorily created liability, then those requirements must be consistently adhered to when that liability is determined. Here, [the creditor] failed to comply with the code\u2019s procedures for disposition of collateral and is therefore not entitled to a deficiency judgment under the code.\nHallett, 291 Ark. at 41-42 (citations omitted.)\nThe quoted language supports the position that any violation of the code related to disposition of the collateral will absolutely bar a deficiency judgment, but Hallett, like Rhodes and Horan, was a case which involved failure to give notice.\nAlthough the broad language in Hallett is dicta, we would follow it were there not other indications of the direction in which the supreme court intends to go. As noted in Hallett, the court in Rhodes did not expressly overrule Norton, supra. Indeed the Rhodes court said:\nWhen a creditor repossesses chattels and resells them in a manner not consistent with the code it is his responsibility to prove the sale was commercially reasonable before he is entitled to a deficiency judgment. Harper v. Wheatley, 278 Ark. 27, 643 S.W.2d 537 (1982). See also Universal C.I.T. v. Rone, 248 Ark. 665, 453 S.W.2d 37 (1970). We remanded Harper to the trial court for a determination of commercial reasonableness because such proof was disallowed at trial. The matter of lack of notice was not decided in Harper.\nRhodes, 279 Ark. at 54-55 (emphasis added).\nIt would thus seem that the Rhodes court expressly reaffirmed the rule established in Norton for cases involving code violations other than failure to give notice. Finally, in Hallmark Cards, Inc. v. Peevy, 293 Ark. 594, 739 S.W.2d 691 (1987), the supreme court had occasion to restate its holding in Hallett: \u201cWe held clearly that the right to any deficiency judgment was dependent upon the secured party having complied with the notice requirement.\u201d When Hallett is read in conjunction with Rhodes and Peevy, it appears that the \u201cabsolute bar rule\u201d is applicable only to those cases in which there has been failure to give notice. It follows that when there has been some other violation of the Commercial Code, the creditor may still obtain a deficiency judgment if he meets the burden imposed by the rule in Norton.\nSection 4-9-504 requires that \u201creasonable notification of the time after which any private sale or other intended disposition is to be made shall be sent by the secured party to the debtor\u201d in absence of a waiver of notification by the debtor. Here, after repossession of the truck, appellee sent a letter by certified mail, return receipt requested, to appellant at a North Little Rock address, informing him that the truck would be sold at private sale on or after August 17, 1985. Appellant challenged the reasonableness of this notice, apparently because it was mailed to an address other than that shown on the contract of sale. While appellant admitted that he no longer lived at the address shown on the contract, he denied living at the North Little Rock address. The North Little Rock address to which the notice was sent was the location from which the truck was repossessed, was where appellant\u2019s wife lived, and was considered by appellee to be appellant\u2019s \u201clast known address.\u201d The trial court found that appellee sent reasonable notice in compliance with section 4-9-504(3). That factual finding is not clearly against a preponderance of the evidence. See Ark. R. Civ. P. 52.\nWhether a sale was conducted in a commercially reasonable manner is also a question of fact. Womack v. First State Bank of Calico Rock, 21 Ark. App. 33, 728 S.W.2d 194 (1987); Farmers and Merchants Bank v. Barnes, 17 Ark. App. 139, 705 S.W.2d 450 (1986); Henry v. Trickey, 9 Ark. App. 47, 653 S.W.2d 138 (1983). Phil Schmidt, appellee\u2019s assistant general manager, testified about the truck\u2019s repossession and resale. He stated that the truck had \u201cexcessive milage\u201d and was in poor condition. Appellee reconditioned the truck by having dents fixed, touching up the paint and detail stripes, fixing the seats and upholstery, having a bed liner installed to cover scratches and wear, and by replacing a battery and tire. The truck was immediately put on appellee\u2019s used car lot for retail sale. He testified that the truck\u2019s having a diesel engine made it \u201ca little harder to resell than a gasoline engine.\u201d Schmidt testified that he knew of two or three deals on the truck that fell through when the prospective buyers couldn\u2019t get financing. He testified that after the truck remained unsold it \u201cdepreciated to the point that we had to put it on our line to wholesale.\u201d He stated that appellee regularly notified area wholesalers of sales, and that wholesalers would come and look at as many as 30-50 units and then bid on the vehicles. Normally, sealed bids are submitted, with the vehicles going to the highest bidder. Schmidt testified that four wholesalers submitted bids on this truck, in amounts of $1000, $1300, $1350, and $1500. Appellee also bid on the truck, and its bid of $1600 was the highest, and in Schmidt\u2019s opinion was \u201cfair and reasonable.\u201d The trial court found that appellee took sealed competitive bids and that appellee\u2019s bid was $ 100 higher than the others, and that the collateral was disposed of at private sale in a commercially reasonable manner. Again we cannot say that these findings were clearly against the preponderance of the evidence.\nAffirmed.\nCracraft and Rogers, JJ., agree.", "type": "majority", "author": "John E. Jennings, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Steve Uhrynowycz, for appellant.", "Wallace, Dover & Dixon, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Frank CHESHIRE v. WALT BENNETT FORD, INC.\nCA 89-452\n788 S.W.2d 490\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division II\nOpinion delivered May 2, 1990\n[Rehearing denied June 6, 1990.]\nSteve Uhrynowycz, for appellant.\nWallace, Dover & Dixon, for appellee.\nAppellee\u2019s motion for rule on the clerk is moot." }, "file_name": "0090-01", "first_page_order": 114, "last_page_order": 120 }