{
  "id": 6652675,
  "name": "John Mark BLISS v. STATE of Arkansas",
  "name_abbreviation": "Bliss v. State",
  "decision_date": "1991-01-30",
  "docket_number": "CA CR 90-174",
  "first_page": "121",
  "last_page": "125",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "33 Ark. App. 121"
    },
    {
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      "cite": "802 S.W.2d 479"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.",
    "id": 13370,
    "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals"
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    "name_long": "Arkansas",
    "name": "Ark."
  },
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    {
      "cite": "296 Ark. 125",
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      "reporter": "Ark.",
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        1892740
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      "year": 1988,
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      "reporter": "Ark.",
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      "year": 1978,
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    {
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      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        1715390
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      "year": 1980,
      "opinion_index": 0,
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        "/ark/268/0261-01"
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    {
      "cite": "628 S.W.2d 284",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.2d",
      "year": 1982,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "275 Ark. 71",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        1753679
      ],
      "year": 1982,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/275/0071-01"
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    },
    {
      "cite": "496 U.S. 221",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "U.S.",
      "year": 1985,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "21 Ark. App. 10",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        6136231
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      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1987,
      "opinion_index": 0,
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    {
      "cite": "392 U.S. 1",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "U.S.",
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        6167798
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      "year": 1968,
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    },
    {
      "cite": "20 Ark. App. 17",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark. App.",
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        6644378
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      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1987,
      "opinion_index": 0,
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        "/ark-app/20/0017-01"
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    {
      "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-64-401",
      "category": "laws:leg_statute",
      "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.",
      "year": 1987,
      "opinion_index": 0
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
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    "char_count": 7911,
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    "simhash": "1:db5939e485a2dac1",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:06:58.749715+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Cracraft, C.J., and Jennings, J., agree."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "John Mark BLISS v. STATE of Arkansas"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Judith Rogers, Judge.\nThe appellant, John Mark Bliss, appeals from his conviction of possession of a controlled substance (marijuana) with intent to deliver, a violation of Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-64-401 (1987). The appellant entered a conditional plea of guilty to the above offense, pursuant to Ark. R. Crim. P. 24.3(6), pending resolution of his motion to suppress. On February 27, 1990, the trial judge denied the motion and ordered the appellant to serve four years in the Arkansas Department of Correction. This appeal arises from the denial of the motion to suppress. We affirm.\nThe record reveals that on April 20, 1989, a confidential informant telephoned the Polk County Sheriffs Office to speak to Officer Bill Nelson. In Nelson\u2019s absence, the informant asked to speak with James Cox, Polk County Deputy Sheriff. The informant told Cox that the appellant \u201cwas leaving the Mena area with a so-called brick of marijuana and would be going to the Mount Ida area by the route of Black Springs over 8, Highway 8 . . . [H]e would be driving a 70\u2019s,. . ., red Chevrolet Monte Carlo and that he had left the Mena area approximately five to ten minutes prior to me getting the phone call.\u201d\nDeputy Sheriff Cox then relayed the information to Sheriff James Carmack of the Montgomery County Sheriffs Office. Carmack radioed Trooper Barry Spivey and told him to set up a check point outside of Black Springs. Trooper Spivey related that no more than thirty seconds elapsed before he observed the appellant\u2019s vehicle. Spivey followed him to a nearby country store where he asked the appellant to pull over to the side because he needed to speak with him. Trooper Spivey testified that he informed the appellant that he was suspected of transporting drugs. Spivey then obtained the appellant\u2019s consent to search his vehicle. The subsequent search revealed a bag of marijuana weighing approximately less than ten pounds.\nOn appeal, the appellant presents two points of error which he contends mandate reversal. First, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to suppress the bag of marijuana because his consent to search was not voluntary. Next, the appellant argues that there was no reasonable cause to request a search of his vehicle. Inasmuch as these arguments are related, we will address them in one discussion.\nThe Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to persons driving down the street. Reeves v. State, 20 Ark. App. 17, 722 S.W.2d 880 (1987). Consistent with the Fourth Amendment, police may stop persons on the street or in their vehicle in the absence of either a warrant or probable cause under limited circumstances. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). One of those limited circumstances involves the investigatory stop. Miller v. State, 21 Ark. App. 10, 727 S.W.2d 393 (1987). In United States v. Hensley, 496 U.S. 221 (1985), the court stated that when an informant is the source of the information that results in one law enforcement agency requesting another agency to stop a suspect, the officers who originally dealt with the informant must have reasonable suspicion to stop the appellant. The common thread which runs through the decisions makes it clear that the justification for the investigative stop depends upon whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the police have specific, particularized, and ar-ticulable reasons indicating the person or vehicle may be involved in criminal activity. Hill v. State, 275 Ark. 71, 628 S.W.2d 284 (1982).\nArkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.1 provides in pertinent part:\nA law enforcement officer lawfully present in any place may, in the performance of his duties, stop and detain any person who he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit (1) a felony,. . ., if such action is reasonably necessary either to obtain or verify the identification of the person or to determine the lawfulness of his conduct.\nIn determining the reasonableness of the officer\u2019s suspicion, Ark. R. Crim. P. 2.1 provides:\n\u201cReasonable suspicion\u201d means a suspicion based on facts or circumstances which of themselves do not give rise to the probable cause requisite to justify a lawful arrest, but which give rise to more than a bare suspicion; that is, a suspicion that is reasonable as opposed to an imaginary or purely conjectural suspicion.\nIn the case at bar, Polk County authorities possessed reasonable suspicion to stop the appellant\u2019s vehicle. Sheriff Cox received information regarding the appellant\u2019s activities from a confidential informant. Shortly after the information was relayed to Montgomery County authorities, Trooper Spivey observed a vehicle exactly matching the description given by the informant. Given the fact that the informant\u2019s information was verified by the officer\u2019s observations and the informant\u2019s reliability was established by his previous work with Polk County personnel, we cannot say reasonable suspicion did not exist to permit an investigatory stop of the appellant.\nOur inquiry does not end here. Next, we must decide whether the search of the appellant\u2019s vehicle was proper. The appellant argues that he did not knowingly and intelligently consent to the search of his vehicle. We cannot agree. The state has the burden of proving by clear and positive testimony that consent to a search was freely and voluntarily given and there was no actual or implied duress or coercion. Scroggins v. State, 268 Ark. 261, 595 S.W.2d 219 (1980); Rodriquez v. State, 262 Ark. 659, 559 S.W.2d 925 (1978).\nIn the case at bar, Trooper Spivey testified that he told the appellant that he had received information that the appellant was possibly transporting drugs. Spivey then asked the appellant for permission to search his vehicle. According to Trooper Spivey, the appellant said \u201ctake all the time you want; do anything you want to do.\u201d However, prior to the search, Spivey explained the potential penalties the appellant could be facing if he were caught with a large quantity of marijuana. Spivey again asked the appellant for permission to search and the appellant responded in the affirmative. Spivey testified that no force or coercion was used in obtaining the appellant\u2019s consent. In addition, Deputy Sheriff Russell Carmack stated that the appellant nodded his head acknowledging that he twice consented to a search of his vehicle. Considering the above testimony, we are unable to say that the appellant\u2019s consent was not freely and voluntarily given.\nWe note that the appellant relies heavily upon Kaiser v. State, 296 Ark. 125, 752 S.W.2d 271 (1988), in arguing that the record is devoid of evidence establishing the reliability of the informant. The decision in Kaiser is distinguishable from the present case because in Kaiser the sole basis for the stop of Kaiser\u2019s car was information received from the Missouri State Police who told the Randolph County Sheriff their information came from a reliable informant. Here, Polk County authorities received information from an informant who had previously given testimony resulting in at least four felony drug convictions. Based upon the proven past reliability of the informant and the verification of the informant\u2019s information due to the officer\u2019s observation, the investigative stop and subsequent search of the appellant\u2019s vehicle was proper.\nAfter a thorough and careful review of the record, we find no error in the trial judge\u2019s denial of the motion to suppress. We, therefore, affirm the appellant\u2019s conviction and sentence of four years in the Arkansas Department of Correction.\nAffirmed\nCracraft, C.J., and Jennings, J., agree.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Judith Rogers, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Daniel D. Becker for appellant.",
      "Steve Clark, Att\u2019y Gen., by: John D. Harris, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "John Mark BLISS v. STATE of Arkansas\nCA CR 90-174\n802 S.W.2d 479\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division II\nOpinion delivered January 30, 1991\nDaniel D. Becker for appellant.\nSteve Clark, Att\u2019y Gen., by: John D. Harris, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0121-01",
  "first_page_order": 143,
  "last_page_order": 147
}