{ "id": 6139428, "name": "Douglas KIRK v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Kirk v. State", "decision_date": "1992-05-27", "docket_number": "CA CR 91-212", "first_page": "159", "last_page": "165", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "38 Ark. App. 159" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "832 S.W.2d 271" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.", "id": 13370, "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "435 N.W.2d 487", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "174 Mich. App. 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich. App.", "case_ids": [ 2318446 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich-app/174/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "523 N.E.2d 1359", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 10944085 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ne2d/523/1359-01" ] }, { "cite": "249 Kan. 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan.", "case_ids": [ 1505238 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/kan/249/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 So.2d 88", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 7544388 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/531/0088-01" ] }, { "cite": "557 A.2d 322", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 N.J. 169", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.", "case_ids": [ 318663 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nj/115/0169-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 S. Ct. 1982", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "case_ids": [ 6227938 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Scalia, J., concurring" }, { "parenthetical": "Scalia, J., concurring" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/500/0565-01" ] }, { "cite": "480 U.S. 321", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1131527 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/480/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "297 Ark. 405", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1891366 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/297/0405-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 U.S. 385", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6180644 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/437/0385-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 S. Ct. 757", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 Ark. 202", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1882725 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/303/0202-01" ] }, { "cite": "577 N.E.2d 826", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "217 Ill. App. 3d 712", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5283220 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/217/0712-01" ] }, { "cite": "479 U.S. 367", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6216740 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/479/0367-01" ] }, { "cite": "495 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 633863 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/495/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "428 U.S. 364", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177992 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/428/0364-01" ] }, { "cite": "413 U.S. 433", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11341150 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/413/0433-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 Ark. 55", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1664756 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/265/0055-01" ] }, { "cite": "268 Ark. 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1715507 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/268/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "404 U.S. 837", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6240354, 6240674, 6241604, 6239779, 6239141, 6240069, 6241896, 6238795, 6241239, 6238073, 6238426, 6239485, 6240927 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/404/0837-08", "/us/404/0837-09", "/us/404/0837-12", "/us/404/0837-06", "/us/404/0837-04", "/us/404/0837-07", "/us/404/0837-13", "/us/404/0837-03", "/us/404/0837-11", "/us/404/0837-01", "/us/404/0837-02", "/us/404/0837-05", "/us/404/0837-10" ] }, { "cite": "440 F.2d 1105", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 760404 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/440/1105-01" ] }, { "cite": "474 F.2d 174", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1252112 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/474/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 U.S. 98", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1787600 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/448/0098-01" ] }, { "cite": "297 Ark. 568", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1891436 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/297/0568-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 Ark. 428", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1873751 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/290/0428-01" ] }, { "cite": "440 U.S. 648", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6187389 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/440/0648-01" ] }, { "cite": "475 U.S. 106", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6198038 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "118-19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/475/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 U.S. 830", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 600768, 601219, 599459, 602243, 599499, 600556, 602352, 602416, 600661, 601048, 600697, 599994 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0830-12", "/us/484/0830-07", "/us/484/0830-02", "/us/484/0830-10", "/us/484/0830-01", "/us/484/0830-04", "/us/484/0830-03", "/us/484/0830-06", "/us/484/0830-05", "/us/484/0830-09", "/us/484/0830-08", "/us/484/0830-11" ] }, { "cite": "724 S.W.2d 160", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1872699, 1872691 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/291/0260-01", "/ark/291/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "291 Ark. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1872699 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/291/0260-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 648, "char_count": 10253, "ocr_confidence": 0.876, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6215701100493532e-07, "percentile": 0.6873321572029875 }, "sha256": "c9a76ba67bfd0ec3a80a721465100ec80d0a14d076b92bdb93258f010a54afbc", "simhash": "1:c996ec020485831e", "word_count": 1749 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:57:25.403717+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Cooper and Rogers, JJ., agree." ], "parties": [ "Douglas KIRK v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "John E. Jennings, Judge.\nDouglas Kirk was injured in a one vehicle accident in White County. Kirk was rendered unconscious and taken by ambulance to the hospital; his car was rendered inoperable.\nWhite County Deputy Ed Meharg arrived at the accident scene and began looking through the car for registration papers. In the process he found a black box between the console and the driver\u2019s seat. When he opened the box he found several small plastic bags containing white powder. The powder was later identified as methamphetamine and Kirk was charged with its possession. When the trial judge denied Kirk\u2019s motion to suppress the evidence, Kirk entered a conditional plea of guilty under Rule 24.3(b) of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure, reserving his right to appeal. The sole issue before us is whether the search of appellant\u2019s car violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We conclude that it did and that the case must be reversed.\nThe State\u2019s only witness at the suppression hearing was Deputy Meharg. He testified that the car was \u201ctotaled out\u201d and was located on private property. He said that he did not think that there was a license plate on the car and that, as best he could remember, there was some reason why he was trying to find out who the owner of the automobile was. He knew that Kirk was the driver because emergency personnel had given him Kirk\u2019s driver\u2019s license. He thought that Kirk may have been unconscious.\nDeputy Meharg testified that the car was filled with \u201cbingo cards or papers.\u201d He testified that he opened the black box in the front seat because he thought there might be some identifying papers in it. He said that he had no reason to believe that the car was stolen, but that he was \u201cjust curious who it belonged to.\u201d There was no indication that the car was obstructing a public way, and it had not been impounded.\nThe State concedes that the officer\u2019s actions constituted a \u201csearch\u201d within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. All searches conducted without a valid warrant are unreasonable unless shown to be within one of the exceptions to the rule that a search must rest upon a valid warrant. Johnson v. State, 291 Ark. 260, 724 S.W.2d 160 (1987) cert. denied, 484 U.S. 830. While the interior of an automobile is not subject to the same expectation of privacy that exists with respect to one\u2019s home, a car\u2019s interior, as a whole, is nonetheless subject to Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable intrusions by the police. New York v. Class, 475 U.S. 106 (1986). A citizen does not surrender all the protections of the Fourth Amendment by entering an automobile. See Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979). When a search is made without a warrant, the burden of proof rests on those who seek to justify it. Dominguez v. State, 290 Ark. 428, 720 S.W.2d 703 (1986).\nThe State first argues that the defendant abandoned his automobile and thus relinquished any reasonable expectation of privacy. See Wilson v. State, 297 Ark. 568, 765 S.W.2d 1 (1989). One who has no reasonable expectation of privacy lacks standing to complain of an illegal search. Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 (1980).\nAbandonment, in this sense, is primarily a matter of intent. United States v. Colbert, 474 F.2d 174 (5th Cir. 1973); United States v. Manning, 440 F.2d 1105 (5th Cir. 1971) cert. denied, 404 U.S. 837.\nThe issue is not abandonment in the strict property-right sense, but whether the person prejudiced by the search had voluntarily discarded, left behind, or otherwise relinquished his interest in the property in question so that he could no longer retain a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to it at the time of the search.\nWilson v. State, supra (quoting U.S. v. Colbert) (emphasis added); State v. Tucker, 268 Ark. 427, 597 S.W.2d 584 (1980). In the case at bar the defendant was removed from his vehicle while unconscious and taken to the hospital. There was no evidence of intent to abandon. It cannot be said that he \u201cvoluntarily\u201d left his car behind. This is also not a case of apparent abandonment as in Lipovich v. State, 265 Ark. 55, 576 S.W.2d 720 (1979); here, the officer was aware of the facts regarding the vehicle.\nThe State next contends that the intrusion into the vehicle here was pursuant to the \u201ccommunity caretaking functions\u201d of the police and that the search was in the nature of an inventory. The State relies in large part on Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433 (1973), and South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364 (1976). If we assume that the search was in the nature of an inventory search, it is governed by the principle stated in Florida v. Wells, 495 U.S. 1 (1990). In that case, Wells was arrested and his car was impounded. In the subsequent inventory search, officers found a locked suitcase in the trunk of the car. The suitcase was opened and found to contain marijuana. There was no evidence of any police department policy on the opening of closed containers found in the course of an inventory search. Chief Justice Rehnquist, speaking for the Court, said:\nOur view that standardized criteria, or established routine, must regulate the opening of containers found during inventory searches is based on the principle that an inventory search must not be a ruse for a general rummaging in order to discover incriminating evidence. . . .\n... We hold that absent such a policy the instant search was not sufficiently regulated to satisfy the Fourth Amendment and that the marijuana which was found in the suitcase, therefore, was properly suppressed by the Supreme Court of Florida. [Citations omitted.]\nBoth Cady v. Dombrowski and South Dakota v. Opperman are distinguishable. In both cases the police had lawfully impounded an automobile and the subsequent inventory was pursuant to standard police procedures. The opening of closed containers in an inventory search is permissible only if officers are following standard police procedures. See Colorado v. Bertine, 479 U.S. 367 (1987). It is apparent that the burden rests on the State to show what the standard policy is. See Florida v. Wells, supra; People v. Lear, 217 Ill. App. 3d 712, 577 N.E.2d 826 (1991).\nThe case at bar shows factual similarity to Asher v. State, 303 Ark. 202, 795 S.W.2d 350 (1990) cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 757. In that case, however, there apparently was no issue raised relating to the opening of closed containers and the vehicle had been impounded.\nIt could also be argued that the situation is similar to the facts in New York v. Class, 475 U.S. 106 (1986). There the defendant was stopped for speeding. While the driver was outside the car talking to one officer, another officer opened the car door to look for a vehicle identification number. In doing so he moved some papers obscuring the dashboard where the number was located and saw a gun. The driver was arrested on a firearms violation.\nThe Court held that the intrusion by the officer was a search, but that in balancing the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual\u2019s Fourth Amendment interests against the governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion, the Court concluded that the search was permissible. Significantly, the Court in Class noted:\nThe officer did not root about the interior of the respondent\u2019s automobile before proceeding to examine the VIN. He did not reach into any compartments or open any containers. He did not even intrude into the interior at all until after he had checked the door jamb for the VIN. When he did intrude, the officer simply reached directly for the unprotected space where the VIN was located to move the offending papers. We hold that this search was sufficiently unintrusive to be constitutionally permissible in light of the lack of a reasonable expectation of privacy in the VIN and the fact that the officers observed respondent commit two traffic violations.\n475 U.S. at 118-19.\nWe also recognize that the decision in Class was based, in part, on the fact that federal law requires that the VIN be placed in the plain view of someone outside the vehicle. 745 U.S. at 111-12.\nWe conclude that in the absence of any evidence as to the standard policy regulating the opening of closed containers, the State\u2019s contention that the search can be justified under the \u201ccommunity caretaking\u201d or inventory search exception to the warrant requirement cannot be sustained under Florida v. Wells. We also conclude that the search here cannot be sustained under the exception to the warrant requirement established in New York v. Class. Finally, just as there is no murder scene exception to the warrant requirement, Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978), we know of no exception permitting a general search of a wrecked car for evidence of ownership, at least when the identity of the driver is known.\nThe State\u2019s contention that the search can be justified under the \u201cplain view\u201d doctrine is without merit. While the container here may have been in plain view from outside the vehicle, its contents clearly were not. See, e.g., State v. Risinger, 297 Ark. 405, 762 S.W.2d 787 (1989); see also Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321 (1987).\nReversed and remanded.\nCooper and Rogers, JJ., agree.\nIt has been said that the warrant requirement has become so riddled with exceptions that it is basically unrecognizable. California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. _, 111 S. Ct. 1982, 114 L. Ed. 2d 619 (1991) (Scalia, J., concurring).\nBut see State v. Hill, 115 N.J. 169, 557 A.2d 322 (1989), Caplan v. State, 531 So.2d 88 (Fla. 1988), and State v. Teeter, 249 Kan. 548, 819 P.2d 651 (1991). (An inventory search in an attempt to discover ownership papers could not be upheld when the car had not been legally impounded.)\nPaschall v. State, 523 N.E.2d 1359 (Ind. 1988), and People v. Russell, 174 Mich. App. 357, 435 N.W.2d 487 (1989), both offer some support for the State\u2019s position. Those cases, however, were decided prior to the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Florida v. Wells, which we are clearly bound to follow.", "type": "majority", "author": "John E. Jennings, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Robert Meurer, for appellant.", "Winston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Teena L. White, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Douglas KIRK v. STATE of Arkansas\nCA CR 91-212\n832 S.W.2d 271\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division I\nOpinion delivered May 27, 1992\nRobert Meurer, for appellant.\nWinston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Teena L. White, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0159-01", "first_page_order": 179, "last_page_order": 185 }