{ "id": 6142297, "name": "Eugene FRANKLIN v. ARKANSAS KRAFT, INC. & EMPLOYERS INSURANCE COMPANY OF WAUSAU", "name_abbreviation": "Franklin v. Arkansas Kraft, Inc.", "decision_date": "1982-06-30", "docket_number": "CA 82-138", "first_page": "264", "last_page": "271", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "5 Ark. App. 264" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "635 S.W.2d 286" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.", "id": 13370, "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "218 Ark. 136", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1612072 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/218/0136-01" ] }, { "cite": "262 Ark. 575", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1675925 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/262/0575-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Ark. App. 247", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6140599 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/4/0247-01" ] }, { "cite": "260 Ark. 486", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1616706 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/260/0486-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ark. 717", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1737882 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/237/0717-01" ] }, { "cite": "210 Ark. 40", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717899 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1946, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/210/0040-01" ] }, { "cite": "267 Ark. 926", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1719945 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/267/0926-01" ] }, { "cite": "2 Ark. App. 185", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6139960 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/2/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "233 Ark. 629", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1691688 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/233/0629-01" ] }, { "cite": "257 Ark. 799", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8723888 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/257/0799-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ark. 752", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1488247 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1943, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/205/0752-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ark. 438", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1475761 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/209/0438-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 S.W.2d 444", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 Ark. 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1614197 ], "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/216/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 Ark. 54", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717515 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/226/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "228 Ark. 345", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8720221 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/228/0345-01" ] }, { "cite": "260 Ark. 486", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1616706 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/260/0486-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 605, "char_count": 10793, "ocr_confidence": 0.826, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.8534943604711665e-07, "percentile": 0.8408582894215069 }, "sha256": "d23b83c23cf238b7c2136fd0287e7797d3942433e85c4d28654ea65b83128a77", "simhash": "1:9c5d4dd445e9df1e", "word_count": 1805 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:41:16.889106+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Glaze, J., concurs.", "Mayfield, C.J., dissents." ], "parties": [ "Eugene FRANKLIN v. ARKANSAS KRAFT, INC. & EMPLOYERS INSURANCE COMPANY OF WAUSAU" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "James R. Cooper, Judge.\nThis is a workers\u2019 compensation case, in which the sole issue is whether, at the time of his injury, appellant was an employee of appellee Arkansas Kraft, Inc., or an independent contractor performing services for Arkansas Kraft. The appellant suffered an accidental injury while cutting pulpwood from a tract of timber which had been purchased by Arkansas Kraft.\nThe appellant and Arkansas Kraft had executed a written contract on May 26, 1978. The contract provided for the cutting and hauling of all pine timber (which had been previously marked) from certain lands located in Logan County, Arkansas. The timber was to be cut into logs of a length and size specified in the contract, and appellant was to be paid the sum of $22.50 per cord. The contract was to be completed by July 2, 1978.\nThe contract further provided that no timber except that which had been marked was to be cut, and that the stumps were to be left no higher than four inches above the ground. The contract required that appellant provide his own tools, equipment and materials, and that he choose the means and methods of performing the contract without supervision by Arkansas Kraft. Arkansas Kraft retained the right to inspect the results of the work, and to require that the work conform to the requirements of the contract.\nUnder the contract, appellant had the right to employ other persons to assist him, and it provided that such persons were not to be considered agents, servants, or employees of Arkansas Kraft. The contract further provided that the appellant was to be considered an independent contractor, rather than a sub-contractor or employee of Arkansas Kraft. Arkansas Kraft did not retain the right to exercise any discretion or judgment regarding the appellant\u2019s working hours, but it did retain the right to require that the contract be completed by the date specified in the contract.\nThe contract also provided that Arkansas Kraft was not to be held liable for its failure to accept deliveries, if it had notified appellant that it could not accept deliveries because of strikes, acts of God, oversupply, or other specified reasons. There were various other provisions contained in the contract, but they are not relevant to this appeal.\nFollowing the injury, appellees denied coverage,.and a hearing before an administrative law judge, the Honorable Michael L. Ellig, was held. Appellant sought to prove that he was an employee of Arkansas Kraft, and the appellees contended that he was an independent contractor. The administrative law judge found that the appellant was an employee of Arkansas Kraft, and awarded benefits. On appeal, the full Commission reversed, finding that the appellant had failed to meet his burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that he was an employee. The Commission made no findings of fact or conclusions of law, except as stated above, and therefore we are unable to determine what factors were considered by the Commission in deciding to reverse the administrative law judge. From the Commission\u2019s decision, comes this appeal.\nThe issue of whether an individual was functioning, at the time of an injury, as an employee or an independent contractor must depend on the particular facts of each case. Moore v. Long Bell Lumber Co., 228 Ark. 345, 307 S.W.2d 533 (1957); Hollingsworth & Frazier v. Barnett, 226 Ark. 54, 287 S.W.2d 888 (1956); Farrell-Cooper Lumber Co. v. Mason, 216 Ark. 797, 227 S.W.2d 444 (1950); Parker Stave Co. v. Hines, 209 Ark. 438, 190 S.W.2d 620 (1945); Irvan v. Bounds, 205 Ark. 752, 170 S.W.2d 674 (1943).\nThe question of an injured person\u2019s status has been the subject of much litigation. There are numerous cases involving the timber industry alone, and the cases are not consistent. Compare Dallas County Pulpwood Company v. Strange, 257 Ark. 799, 520 S.W.2d 247 (1975), with West v. Lake Lawrence Pulpwood Co., 233 Ark. 629, 346 S. W.2d 460 (1961).\nIn workers\u2019 compensation cases, our standard of review may compound the appearance of inconsistency. On appeal, we are required to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commission\u2019s decision and to uphold that decision if it is supported by substantial evidence. In order to reverse a decision of the Commission, the appellate court must be convinced that fair-minded persons, with the same facts before them, could not have reached the conclusion arrived at by the Commission. Office of Emergency Services v. Home Ins. Co., 2 Ark. App. 185, 618 S.W.2d 573 (1981); Bunny Bread v. Shipman, 267 Ark. 926, 591 S.W.2d 692 (Ark. App. 1980). A reading of the cases involving the issue of employee versus independent contractor indicates that such cases are frequently very close. In many of those cases, a decision either way would have been supported by substantial evidence, and therefore, the appellate court would have been required to affirm, regardless of the result reached by the Commission. See Dallas County Pulpwood Company v. Strange, 257 Ark. 799, 520 S.W.2d 247 (1975); Wren v. D. F. Jones Const. Co., 210 Ark. 40, 194 S.W.2d 896 (1946).\nMost of the cases have basically followed the common-law rule that the governing test is whether the asserted employer had the right to control the injured person in his work. Clarksville Meat Co. v. Brooks, 237 Ark. 717, 375 S.W.2d 671 (1964). Apparently, that is the test which was applied by the Commission, although the opinion of the Commission does not say so in so many words. In finding that the appellant was an employee, the administrative law judge considered factors other than just control, but the Commission seemed to indicate that it believed that the control test was the only test available under Arkansas law.\nOn appeal, the appellant argues that the \u201crelative nature of the work\u201d test enunciated by Professor Larson has been adopted by the Arkansas Supreme Court in Sandy v. Salter, 260 Ark. 486, 541 S. W.2d 929 (1976), and that that test should have been applied by the Commission in the case at bar.\nIn Sandy, supra, the Arkansas Supreme Court said:\nLarson reasons that in a case such as the one at bar, the law should consider, in determining whether an employer-employee status exists, not only the matter of control but also the relationship between the claimant\u2019s own occupation and the regular business of the asserted employer. Larson, \u00a7\u00a7 43.50 and 43.51. With regard to the latter aspect of the problem, two considerations have weight: first, how much of a separate calling or profession is the claimant\u2019s occupation? How skilled is it? To what extent may it be expected to carry its own share of the workmen\u2019s compensation responsibility? Second, what relationship does the claimant\u2019s work bear to the regular business of the asserted employer? Is there a continuous connection or only an intermittent one, or is there no connection at all. See Larson, \u00a7 43.52. [Emphasis added].\nWhile the Arkansas Supreme Court did discuss the \u201crelative nature of the work\u201d test in Sandy, supra, it is not clear whether the Court actually applied that test. After holding that the Commission\u2019s decision (which was based on the \"control\u201d test) was supported by substantial evidence, the Court proceeded to discuss Larson\u2019s test, arid appeared to view it very favorably. In any event, the \u201crelative nature of the work\u201d test appears to be available under Arkansas law based on Sandy, supra.\nIn making the factual determination of whether the injured person is an employee or an independent contractor, it is the Commission\u2019s duty to follow a liberal approach and to resolve any doubts in favor of the person\u2019s status as an employee. Liggett Construction Co. v. Griffin, 4 Ark. App. 247, 629 S.W.2d 316 (1982); Purdy v. Livingston, 262 Ark. 575, 559 S.W.2d 24 (1977); Feazell v. Summers, 218 Ark. 136, 234 S.W.2d 765 (1950). In order to make a factual determination under the requirements stated above, it may not be enough, in a particular case, to consider only the question of control.\nThere are numerous factors which may be considered in determining whether an injured person is an employee or an independent contractor for purposes of workers\u2019 compensation coverage. Obviously, the relative weight to be given the various factors must be determined by the Commission. Some of the factors which might be considered, depending on the facts of a given case, are:\n(1) the right to control the means and the method by which the work is done;\n(2) the right to terminate the employment without liability;\n(3) the method of payment, whether by time, job, piece or other unit of measurement;\n(4) the furnishing, or the obligation to furnish t the necessary tools, equipment and materials;\n(5) whether the person employed is engaged in a distinct occupation or business;\n(6) the skill required in a particular occupation;\n(7) whether the employer is in business;\n(8) whether the work is an integral part of the regular business of the employer; and\n(9) the length of time for which the person is employed.\nThese are not all the factors which may conceivably be considered in a given case, and it may not be necessary in some cases for the Commission to consider all of these factors. Traditionally, the \u201cright to control\u201d test has been sufficient to decide most of the cases, although many variations of \u201ccontrol\u201d have probably been squeezed into that test.\nIt may be that the Commission in the case at bar considered factors other than control. We are unable to determine what factors were considered by the Commission, since there are no findings of fact contained in the opinion. The case is reversed and remanded to the Commission for a reconsideration of the facts of this case in light of the foregoing opinion. Nothing in this opinion should be construed as a hint of the result we think the Commission should reach on remand. The Commission has the duty to weigh the facts and apply the law, and it is not our function to suggest a result.\nReversed and remanded.\nGlaze, J., concurs.\nMayfield, C.J., dissents.", "type": "majority", "author": "James R. Cooper, Judge." }, { "text": "Tom Glaze, Judge,\nconcurring. I believe the majority opinion fails to clearly hold whether we adopt the \u201crelative nature of the work\u2019 \u2019 test discussed in Sandy v. Salter, 260 Ark. 486, 541 S. W.2d 929 (1976). I concur for the sole reason that I would be more unequivocal in our adoption of the test announced in Sandy.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "Tom Glaze, Judge," }, { "text": "Melvin Mayfield, Chief Judge,\ndissenting. I think the decision of the Commission is supported by substantial evidence and I would affirm.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Melvin Mayfield, Chief Judge," } ], "attorneys": [ "Bethell, Callaway & Robertson, by: Donald P. Calla-way, for appellant.", "Harper, Young, Smith ir Maurras, by: Tom Harper, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Eugene FRANKLIN v. ARKANSAS KRAFT, INC. & EMPLOYERS INSURANCE COMPANY OF WAUSAU\nCA 82-138\n635 S.W.2d 286\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered June 30, 1982\nBethell, Callaway & Robertson, by: Donald P. Calla-way, for appellant.\nHarper, Young, Smith ir Maurras, by: Tom Harper, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0264-01", "first_page_order": 286, "last_page_order": 293 }