{ "id": 6138855, "name": "Carl CLAUSEN v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Clausen v. State", "decision_date": "1995-07-05", "docket_number": "CA CR 94-571", "first_page": "149", "last_page": "154", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "50 Ark. App. 149" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "901 S.W.2d 35" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.", "id": 13370, "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "8 F.3d 1296", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 10515785 ], "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/8/1296-01" ] }, { "cite": "983 F.2d 818", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 11646201 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/983/0818-01" ] }, { "cite": "306 Ark. 360", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1900957 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/306/0360-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 Ark. 524", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1882796 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/303/0524-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 U.S. 56", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1787607 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/448/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 U.S. 805", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6219632 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "821" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/497/0805-01" ] }, { "cite": "502 U.S. 346", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6226656 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/502/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "19 Ark. App. 9", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6643203 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "11, 12" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/19/0009-01" ] }, { "cite": "779 F.2d 430", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1539605 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "436" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/779/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Ark. App. 242", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6141039 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "246" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/27/0242-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 600, "char_count": 9894, "ocr_confidence": 0.888, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.610666561159592e-08, "percentile": 0.49026893073688854 }, "sha256": "f70adc79c7929cbb22cee448612d8e31a709f34a2b5e619ee652aa7eb7303b0a", "simhash": "1:3ebcac7c6f8b2b1c", "word_count": 1662 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:44:23.701832+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Robbins and Rogers, JJ., agree." ], "parties": [ "Carl CLAUSEN v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "John E. Jennings, Chief Judge.\nCarl Clausen was charged in Independence County Circuit Court with battery of his three-year-old stepdaughter. He was found guilty by a jury of battery in the second degree and sentenced by the court to two years imprisonment and a fine of $1,000.00. Clausen\u2019s conviction rested largely on the testimony of Dr. Brock Allen, who testified that the child told him during his examination of her that appellant had caused her injury. The circuit judge found at trial that the child was not competent to testify.\nFor reversal Clausen contends that the trial court erred in admitting the doctor\u2019s testimony under Ark. R. Evid. 803(4) and that the admission of the doctor\u2019s testimony violated appellant\u2019s rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution. We find no error and affirm.\nOver appellant\u2019s objection, Dr. Allen, an emergency room physician in Batesville, testified:\nOn March 17, 1993 I was on duty at White River Medical Center emergency room. On that date, I conducted an examination of Samantha Johnson. State\u2019s Exhibit #23 is a copy of my record of my examination of Samantha Johnson. When I examined Samantha I saw that she had numerous bruises on different portions of her body and different stages of healing. When you first sustain a bruise usually it will be in a bluish color and as it ages it will become more brown, so some of these bruises were new and some of them were old, and they were on various parts of her body, and after examining her I felt that her injuries were consistent with possible child abuse. State\u2019s Exhibit #5 depicts Samantha Johnson\u2019s ear \u00e1nd an abrasion consistent with what I\u2019ve seen due to cigarettes in the past, on other children. State\u2019s Exhibit #6 depicts Samantha Johnson\u2019s back and there is a browning portion up there, and then on the buttocks there\u2019s some fresher, bluer, deeper marks, and down on the leg appears tabe some fresher marks. Brown areas are older in nature. Bluer marks are from a more recent injury. Normally, a bruise dissipates within 21 days. She had bruises consistent with injuries that had occurred at different stages, at different days. These bluer bruises were probably within a week of age and these older bruises, the brownish looking ones, were at least 14 to 21 days in age. Samantha Johnson struck me as being a very bright three year old and answered questions very appropriately. I was fearful that she may be very withdrawn, but she was able to answer questions as I directed toward her, and was very willing to do so. After I completed my examination of this child, I asked the child who caused these injuries to her.\nIn making a diagnosis and a determination in any child abuse case, it is part of my procedure and diagnosis to ask the victim who the perpetrator was. The way that I always ask this is I try to ask this question openly, and I said can you tell me what happened. And then she told me at that point that she was hit with a stick by Carl. And that\u2019s what she told me. She also indicated that she was whipped on several occasions. She stated that the injuries she had on her body were done to her by Carl.\nThe circuit judge admitted this evidence under Rule 803(4) of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence:\nStatements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensation, or the inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.\nAppellant argues that the testimony of the doctor was inadmissible under the general principles that we stated in Huls v. State, 27 Ark. App. 242, 770 S.W.2d 160 (1989). In Huls we quoted from United States v. Renville, 779 F.2d 430 (8th Cir. 1985), with approval:\nStatements of identity seldom are made to promote effective treatment; the patient has no sincere desire to frankly account for fault because it is generally irrelevant to an anticipated course of treatment. Additionally, physicians rarely have any reason to rely on statements of identity in treating or diagnosing a patient. The statements are simply irrelevant in the calculus of devising a program of effective treatment.\nHuls, 27 Ark. App. at 246.\nThe Court in Renville, however, recognized an exception to the general rule that a declarant\u2019s statements disclosing the identity of the person said to be responsible for his injuries is inadmissible:\nWe believe that a statement by a child abuse victim that the abuser is a member of the victim\u2019s immediate household presents a sufficiently different case than that envisaged by the drafters of Rule 803(4) that it should not fall under the general rule. Statements by a child abuse victim to a physician during an examination that the abuser is a member of the victim\u2019s immediate household are reasonably pertinent to treatment. [Emphasis in original.]\nRenville, 779 F.2d at 436. In Stallnacker v. State, 19 Ark. App. 9, 715 S.W.2d 883 (1986), we expressly approved the exception stated in Renville and agreed with the Eighth Circuit\u2019s stated rationale for the exception. See Stallnacker, 19 Ark. App. at 11, 12. McCormick\u2019s appraisal is not at variance with the holdings in Renville and Stallnacker. \u201cThe test for admissibility is whether the subject matter of the statements is reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment \u2014 an apparently objective standard. Descriptions of cause are similarly allowed if they are medically pertinent, but statements of fault are unlikely to qualify.\u201d John W. Strong, McCormick on Evidence \u00a7 277 at 489 (4th ed. 1992).\nAppellant attempts to distinguish Stallnacker on the basis that, unlike the situation in Stallnacker, the victim in the case at bar had been interviewed by two social workers before the child saw Dr. Allen. We do not agree that this is a valid distinction. Compare White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992). We hold that the trial court did not err in admitting the doctor\u2019s testimony under Rule 803(4).\nAppellant\u2019s second argument is that the admission of Dr. Allen\u2019s testimony violated his right under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution, and under the equivalent provision of the Arkansas Constitution, to be confronted with the witnesses against him.\nIn Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990), the United States Supreme Court affirmed the Idaho Supreme Court\u2019s reversal of a trial court\u2019s admission of testimony by a doctor concerning statements made by a 2 1/2-year-old child as to sexual abuse. The doctor\u2019s statement was admitted by the trial court under a general residual hearsay exception provided for in the Idaho Rules of Evidence. The United States Supreme Court specifically held that the supreme court of Idaho had \u201cproperly focused on the presumptive unreliability of out-of-court statements and on the suggestive manner in which Dr. Jambura conducted the interview.\u201d\nThe Court in Wright said that a statement may pass muster under the Confrontation Clause in either of two ways: where the hearsay statement falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception or where it is supported by a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness, citing Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980). The Court also approved a number of factors that other courts had considered in determining whether hearsay statements by a child witness in child sexual abuse cases are reliable. Those considerations include, (1) spontaneity and consistent repetition; (2) mental state of the declarant; (3) use of terminology unexpected of a child of similar age; (4) lack of motive to fabricate. Wright, 497 U.S. at 821. The Court also made it clear that these factors are not exclusive. Also see generally Smith v. State, 303 Ark. 524, 798 S.W.2d 94 (1990); George v. State, 306 Ark. 360, 813 S.W.2d 792 (1991).\nThere are two important differences between Idaho v. Wright and the case at bar. First, the doctor\u2019s testimony in Wright was admitted under the residual hearsay exception, not the exception for statements for the purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment. Second, Dr. Allen\u2019s testimony describing his manner of questioning the child was not at all like the manner of questioning by the doctor in the Wright case, which the United States Supreme Court set forth at length. See Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. at 810 and 811.\nIs a statement made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment a \u201cfirmly rooted hearsay exception\u201d? The decision in White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992), indicates that it is. Wig-more said that the exception rested chiefly on an opinion of Lord Ellenborough in Aveson v. Kinnaird, 6 East 188 (1805). 6 Wig-more, Evidence \u00a7 1714 (Tillers rev. 1983). We recognize that the court in Ring v. Erickson, 983 F.2d 818 (8th Cir. 1992), held that this particular application of the exception is not \u201cfirmly rooted.\u201d But see United States v. Barrett, 8 F.3d 1296 (8th Cir. 1993). Nevertheless the child in White v. Illinois was four years old and, in that context, the Supreme Court appears to have treated this application of the exception as \u201cfirmly rooted.\u201d\nUnder the circumstances presented we have also considered the illustrative factors set forth by the Court in Idaho v. Wright. In the case at bar the child\u2019s statements appear to be spontaneous and consistent. There is no use of terminology unexpected of a child of her age, and there is no evidence of any motive to fabricate. We conclude that the trial court\u2019s admission of Dr. Allen\u2019s testimony did not violate appellant\u2019s rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment.\nAffirmed.\nRobbins and Rogers, JJ., agree.", "type": "majority", "author": "John E. Jennings, Chief Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "A. Wayne Davis, for appellant.", "Winston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Carl CLAUSEN v. STATE of Arkansas\nCA CR 94-571\n901 S.W.2d 35\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas Division I\nOpinion delivered July 5, 1995\nA. Wayne Davis, for appellant.\nWinston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0149-01", "first_page_order": 173, "last_page_order": 178 }