{ "id": 6141742, "name": "Jessica Leann HARMON v. Frank Douglas WELLS", "name_abbreviation": "Harmon v. Wells", "decision_date": "2007-04-11", "docket_number": "CA 06-913", "first_page": "355", "last_page": "360", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "98 Ark. App. 355" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "255 S.W.3d 501" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark. Ct. App.", "id": 13370, "name": "Arkansas Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "75 Ark. App. 390", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6142338 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/75/0390-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 Ark. App. 47", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6136894 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/82/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-10-113", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(b)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "334 Ark. 100", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1655457 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/334/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "315 Ark 255", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1910476 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "259" }, { "page": "401" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/315/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 Ark. App. 481", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6142222 ], "weight": 7, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" }, { "page": "589" }, { "page": "490" }, { "page": "589" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/85/0481-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 555, "char_count": 11303, "ocr_confidence": 0.782, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.3244935434662829e-07, "percentile": 0.6275275122217551 }, "sha256": "574482b2e776739e8b9af140607815da7ad0c786436978b661bb59384413cd74", "simhash": "1:5bbba066b72b01f4", "word_count": 1863 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:09:49.949226+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Gladwin and Bird, JJ., agree." ], "parties": [ "Jessica Leann HARMON v. Frank Douglas WELLS" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Larry D. Vaught, Judge.\nOn appeal, appellant Jessica Harmon argues that the trial court erred by entering an order of custody in favor of appellee Frank Wells without requiring him to demonstrate that a material change in circumstances had occurred. Alternatively, Harmon argues that the trial court\u2019s findings relating to Wells\u2019s fitness to parent the child are clearly erroneous, arbitrary and groundless, and against the preponderance of the evidence. We affirm.\nOn January 21, 2004, Wells initiated an action to establish paternity and to gain custody of his minor son, who was born out of wedlock on December 20, 2002. On April 5, 2005, an order bearing the title \u201cTemporary Order\u201d was entered establishing Wells as the child\u2019s biological father and awarding Wells visitation. On February 7, 2006, a final custody hearing was conducted. In its final order, the trial court reasoned that \u201cif there has been an order of paternity [that] also made a final adjudication as to the primary care and custody then the father is required to prove a material change in circumstances ... if there has been no such order, then the father is not required to prove a material change in circumstances.\u201d The court noted that because it had not previously resolved the custody issue, Wells was only required to prove that he was a fit parent and that it was in the child\u2019s interest to be placed in Wells\u2019s custody.\nAt the outset, the court found that Wells was a fit parent despite Harmon\u2019s allegations otherwise. The court\u2019s finding of fitness specifically addressed Harmon\u2019s most serious allegation \u2014 that she had been raped by Wells on April 11, 2004. The court found Harmon\u2019s \u201ctestimony in this regard not to be credible.\u201d Instead, the trial court believed Wells\u2019s explanation \u2014 that the intercourse was consensual \u2014 noting that Harmon had made contact with Wells several times after the alleged rape and that her charge of rape came after he filed his petition for custody. Further, the trial court credited Wells\u2019s testimony that the parties had previously engaged in deviate sexual activity where Harmon had requested that Wells tie her up during intercourse. The court noted that Harmon had a, motive to fabricate and exaggerate her claims against Wells in order to \u201cdamage or destroy his claim for custody and possibly result in his [long-term] incarceration.\u201d Wells had eventually pleaded guilty to false imprisonment, but he testified that he never abused Harmon in any way during their time together. The judge noted that there \u201cwas no other evidence indicating that [Wells was] violent or abusive.\u201d\nAs to Harmon, the court found that she had subjected the child to \u201csevere neglect\u201d and \u201cunacceptable parental behavior\u201d based \u2014 at least in part \u2014 on an incident that occurred when the child was one year old and in his mother\u2019s care. Wells testified that he came home from work and found empty whiskey bottles and condom wrappers in a room, with his child sleeping under a bed. Wells testified that it was after this event that he petitioned for custody. Finally, the court found that Harmon had engaged in several sexual relationships with other men during the time she lived with Wells and that one of her paramours had a criminal history.\nAccording to the custody order, the. evidence also established that Wells\u2019s employment history was far more stable than Harmon\u2019s. The trial court found that she had \u201cheld at least fourteen different jobs in 2003,\u201d yet Wells had held the same job \u201csince the minor\u2019s birth.\u201d The court concluded that Wells had a \u201cgreater individual discipline toward earning an income to support and care for the minor child.\u201d The court also acknowledged Wells\u2019s \u201cextensive involvement in the minor child\u2019s life since birth in both providing monetary and non-monetary parental support.\u201d Finally, the court expressed concern that at one point, Harmon attempted to get Wells to pay her money in exchange for time with the child. The court\u2019s order admonished Harmon\u2019s by stating that a \u201cchild\u2019s access to see the other parent should not be considered something to barter or bargain with like some form of perverse currency.\u201d\nThe court ultimately concluded that the \u201ctotality of the evidence establishes that [Wells] is more stable than [Harmon] financially, emotionally[,] and in the moral sense.\u201d The court found that Wells \u201cand his new wife are sincerely concerned with the child\u2019s well being and [Wells] has demonstrated by his past conduct that he is capable of providing for the minor child\u2019s ... needs in a stable environment.\u201d Then, the court ordered that the minor child be placed in Wells\u2019s physical and legal custody. It is from this decision that Harmon appeals.\nWe first consider whether the trial court erred by not requiring that Wells prove a material change of circumstances prior to the entry of the custody order in his favor. We begin our analysis with an examination of the two controlling cases: Sheppard v. Speir, 85 Ark. App. 481, 157 S.W.3d 583 (2004), and Norwood v. Robinson, 315 Ark 255, 866 S.W.2d 398 (1993). These cases attempted to clarify Arkansas Code Annotated \u00a7 9-10-113 (Supp. 2003), which provides that an illegitimate child shall be in the custody of its mother unless a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order placing the child in the custody of another party. Freshour v. West, 334 Ark. 100, 971 S.W.2d 263 (1998). However, according to the statute, a biological father may petition the court for custody if he has established paternity in a court of competent jurisdiction. Id. Following a three-part finding \u2014 that the father is fit, that he assumed financial and supervisory support for the child, and that it is in the child\u2019s best interest \u2014 custody will be awarded to the biological father. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-10-113.\nIn Norwood, our supreme court added to these three requirements by requiring that a father attempting to gain custody of a previously identified \u201cillegitimate child\u201d also show a \u201cmaterial change of circumstances\u201d warranting a change of custody. The court reasoned that an order establishing paternity and visitation \u201cgave the statutory determination the effect of a judicial determination. Implicit in the order of paternity establishing visitation was a determination that custody should continue to rest in the mother.\u201d Norwood, 315 Ark. at 259, 866 S.W.2d at 401. In other words, an award of visitation to the father was tantamount to a finding that he was not entitled to custody and that the custody of the child should be with the mother \u2014 by order, not statute. Therefore, the father was prohibited from gaining custody of the child absent a showing of changed circumstances.\nOur court further developed the law relating to the illegitimate-child statute in the Speir case. We distinguished Nor-wood by noting that its resolution turned on the fact that the paternity order \u201cgranted appellant reasonable visitation and set the amount of child support. Two years following the entry of the paternity order, the appellant in Norwood sought to change custody.\u201d Speir, 85 Ark. App. at 490, 157 S.W.3d at 589. However, in Speir the appellant petitioned for custody prior to the entry of the paternity order (these petitions were eventually consolidated), and we noted that the visitation order entered was temporary in nature, as it specifically reserved the determination of custody for a future date. We then concluded that \u201cbecause the issue of custody was not resolved in the paternity order, Speir was not required to show a material change of circumstances.\u201d Id.\nHere, Harmon concedes that the order was titled \u201cTemporary Order\u201d but points out that unlike the order analyzed in Speir, this order did not set a final hearing date and ended with the words, \u201cthis Court retains jurisdiction of this case for such further orders as may be appropriate for the enforcement of this Temporary Order and for all matters relating to custody, visitation and support of the minor child.\u201d She argues that \u201cthese are not the words of a temporary order.\u201d She also notes that \u201cten months later, a custody hearing [was] held.\u201d\nShe also points out that a biological father may petition the circuit court for custody only when \u201che has established paternity in a competent jurisdiction.\u201d Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-10-113(b). According to her position, because Wells\u2019s petitions for custody and paternity were filed at the same time, the order awarding Wells visitation (which was entered with the order establishing paternity) \u201cwas not a temporary order but a permanent order since the petition for custody cannot be filed or considered until paternity is established.\u201d\nContrary to Harmon\u2019s assertion otherwise, the law does not prohibit a trial court from entering a temporary order of visitation in favor of the father at the same time that he is found to be the father and reserving the issue of custody for a later time. Speir, 85 Ark. App. at 490, 157 S.W.3d at 589. Therefore, the resolution of the issue before us rests entirely on whether the visitation order was permanent or temporary. If it was permanent, the trial court should have followed Norwood and required a change of circumstances. If it was temporary, the trial court should have followed Speir and should have concluded that there was no need for the father to prove changed circumstances. Although the order did not set a future date for a custody hearing, we conclude that the order was temporary in nature because it did not resolve the issue of custody. As such, the trial court was correct in not requiring a showing of changed circumstances.\nWe next consider Harmon\u2019s alternative argument that the trial court\u2019s findings relating to Wells\u2019s fitness to parent the child were clearly erroneous. If the court\u2019s best-interest finding was supported by a preponderance of the evidence, it is not clearly erroneous. See Cole v. Cole, 82 Ark. App. 47, 110 S.W.3d 310 (2003). Although we review this determination de novo, we will not reverse unless we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Id. Further, because the preponderance of the evidence turns largely on the credibility of the witnesses, we defer to the superior position of the trial court to evaluate the witnesses, their testimony, and the child\u2019s best interest. Word v. Remick, 75 Ark. App. 390, 58 S.W.3d 422 (2001).\nAlthough we are troubled by the fact that during the pendency of the custody dispute Wells was accused of raping \u2014 and pleaded guilty to falsely imprisoning \u2014 Harmon, the trial court\u2019s factual findings made it clear that it found Harmon to be incredible. Based on our review standard and the specific findings of the trial court relating to Harmon\u2019s motive, untimeliness in reporting the rape, and contact with Wells following the alleged assault, we defer to the trial court on the resolution of this serious charge. Further, the bulk of the remaining evidence strongly supports the trial court\u2019s decision to place custody of the parties\u2019 child with Wells. Therefore, we affirm on this point as well.\nAffirmed.\nGladwin and Bird, JJ., agree.", "type": "majority", "author": "Larry D. Vaught, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel Stewart, for appellant.", "Caitlin M. Stewart, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Jessica Leann HARMON v. Frank Douglas WELLS\nCA 06-913\n255 S.W.3d 501\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered April 11, 2007\nDaniel Stewart, for appellant.\nCaitlin M. Stewart, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0355-01", "first_page_order": 385, "last_page_order": 390 }