{ "id": 8727518, "name": "Jordan vs. Foster", "name_abbreviation": "Jordan v. Foster", "decision_date": "1850-01", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "139", "last_page": "144", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "11 Ark. 139" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "1 Ark. 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8728542 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/1/0224-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 Ark. 345", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727285 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/5/0345-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Wend. 514", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wend.", "case_ids": [ 2005448 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/wend/4/0514-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 620, "char_count": 12107, "ocr_confidence": 0.517, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.150723021291866e-07, "percentile": 0.5813267491656849 }, "sha256": "37c2ebb60e9441041ac95657658a11c7776a49901d4cdd5f328ecd366bafd72e", "simhash": "1:bbd233cd4a653b89", "word_count": 2121 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:09:57.742091+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Mr. Justice Scott did not sit." ], "parties": [ "Jordan vs. Foster." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Chief Justice Johnson\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nThe only questions presented by the record relate to the propriety of the instructions, and the correctness of the verdict. The first instruction given for the defendant, and objected to by the plaintiff, was \u201cThat a defect in property when sold, which is obvious to^every observer, and requires no skill to detect it, is not covered by express warranty.\u201d This instruction, as a general proposition, is absolutely correct; but, when applied to the facts of this case, is considered rather abstract, and, as a matter of course, was calculated, in a.greater or less degree, to mislead the jury. The disease, with which the negro in question was afflicted, was not of such a nature as to be perceived by every unskilled eye, and consequently could not come within the scope of the general rule asserted by the instruction. The effects of the disease, it is true, could easily be seen, and indeed seem to have been remarked by nearly all the witnesses; but the disease itself was a secret infirmity, and could be ascertained and determined only by one possessing skill. It is conceded that a general warranty will not extend to guard against defects that are plainly and obviously the object of one\u2019s senses, as if a horse be warranted perfect and wants either a tail or an ear, unless the buyer in this case be blind. But if a horse is warranted sound and he wants the sight of an eye, though this seems to be the object of one\u2019s senses, yet, as the discernment of such defect is frequently a matter of skill, it hath been held that an action on the case lieth to recover damages for this imposition. See Com. on Contracts, and the cases there cited.\nThe second instruction complained of is that, \u201c A bill of sale \u25a0nsade after the contract, and delivered upon the sale of personal, property, without evidence that it was expressly agreed between the parties that the bill of sale should be executed at an after time in fulfilment of the original contract, is without consideration and void.\u201d This direction, whether well founded in point of law or not, was certainly not warranted by the facts of the case. It is manifest, from the testimony, that the making of the bill of sale was .not a matter of subsequent agreement, but that, on the contrary, it was expressly stipulated for at the \u2022time of the original contract. When the parties came to con\u2022summate their contract and to execute the bill- of sale, the question arose as to who should execute it, and the proof clearly shows that it was a part of the original contract that the defendant should do it.\nThe third and last instruction is not exceptionable, as a general rule, but it is a matter of doubt whether it should not have been given in a different shape in order to avoid misleading the jury upon the merits. Instead of the general direction given, it would have been safer, and we think more strictly in accordance with the law, that the jury should have been told that, in case they should find, from the evidence, that no consideration passed to the defendant, that then they should find for him.\nThe next point relates to the sufficiency of the testimony to sustain the verdict. That the negro described in the declaration was warranted sound by the defendant, is abundantly proven by the bill of sale and the parol testimony adduced by the plaintiff. The question now to be decided is, whether such a consideration passed between the parties as to uphold and support the \u2022contract of warranty. The bill of sale contains an express acknowledgment of the consideration of one thousand dollars. This, it is admitted, is not conclusive evidence of the fact, yet it is prima facie, and of course all-sufficient for the purposes of the plaintiff until rebutted and completely overturned by competent proof. The only witness offered to impeach the consideration, was William Foster. He evinced no knowledge of the matter whatever, but simply gave his opinion in respect to it. He stated that he did not know of the defendant\u2019s ever having\u2019 received any consideration, and this was the extent of his evidence. This statement was utterly incompetent, as it was a mere matter of opinion, and that too without any showing as to what it was founded upon. It did not im, air the force of the case made by the bill of sale in the slightest degree,, and consequently there was a total failure in the defence upon that point.\nIt only remains now to be seen whether the allegation of un-soundnass was sustained by the proof. The testimony of Israel Ross is strong in support of this allegation. He stated that he went himself to purchase the girl Hannah, while she was in the possession of Poindexter, and before Jordan purchased her, and that, as she came up to him, he saw that there was something the matter with her, and that one side of her head seemed smaller than the other, and that he declined buying her. William Poindexter also testified that he had known the negro girl Hannah always ; that his father raised her; that, after she got large enough to walk, she always sucked her thumb; that she-appeared to walk one-sided, held her arm crooked, and always sucked her thumb; that she could straighten out her arm, but always carried it crooked; that she was in that condition when\u00a1 Jordan got her, &c. The last witness called by the plaintiff to-this point was Dr. Collins, who testified, in substance, that he was at Jordan\u2019s sometime in May, 1846 ; that he saw a likely mulatto girl come out of a negro-cabin at some distance from' him ; that he discovered her limping; that he asked Jordan if that was one of the negroes he had got of Poindexter, to which he replied that she was; that he then asked him what was the matter, that he said he did not know, and asked him to examine her. He further stated that he did examine her, and then pronounced the disease paralysis, and that she held her arm crooked and rather dragged her leg in walking. He also stated that he considered it extremely doubtful whether she would ever recover; that she would be worth nothing to him, and that she could be of little value to any one; and that her affliction never could have arisen from the sucking of her thumb. He also stated that persons not in the habit of examining, or- not acquainted with the disease, might not notice it; that the disease sometimes comes on as sudden as thought, and gradually at other times ; that no one could see the negro without discovering the defect, but that persons not skilled could not tell what caused it. The chain of testimony tending to establish the fact of unsound ness, we consider so well connected as to leave no room for a rational doubt. We are not advised whether the jury arrived at their conclusion from the instructions given by the court, or whether they were governed solely by the testimony in the cause. If the erroneous instructions had not been given, and it was clear that they rested their verdict alone upon the facts, we might feel some hesitancy in disturbing the verdict, although greatly against the weight of evidence; but, when it is considered that they might have been misled by the instructions, and also that the preponderance of testimony is greatly against the verdict, we feel that no alternative is left, and that a new trial ought to have been awarded.\nIt is therefore considered and adjudged that the judgment of the Washita circuit court herein rendered, be and the same is hereby reversed; and that the cause be remanded, with instructions to be proceeded in according to law and not inconsistent with this opinion.\nMr. Justice Scott did not sit.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Chief Justice Johnson" } ], "attorneys": [ "JoRdan, for the plaintiff." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Jordan vs. Foster.\nA defect in property when sold, -which is obvious to every observer, and requires no skill to detect it, is not covered by express warranty.\nBut where a slave, warranted sound, is afflicted with a disease of such a nature as not to be observed by an unskilled eye, though the effects of the disease might be easily seen, such defect is covered by the warranty.\nIn an action for breach of warranty of the soundness of a slave, under an issue to a plea that the bill of sale was executed without consideration, the court instructed the jury that \u201ca bill of sale without consideration is void : \u201d Helb, Thai it would have been more proper for the court to have charged the jury \u201c that, in case they should find, from the evidence, that no consideration passed to the defendant, then they should find for him.\u201d\nWhere a consideration is expressed upon the face of a bill of sale, though not conclusive, yet it is prima facie evidence of consideration, and sufficient for the plaintiff until rebutted and overturned by competent proof.\nThe opinion of a witness that no consideration actually passed, without stating what his opinion was founded upon, is not competent or sufficient evidence to rebut the acknowledgment of consideration contained in tile bill of sale.\nWhere the court erroneously instructs a jury, and it is probable they were misled thereby, and where also the verdict is greatly against the weight of evidence, a new trial should be granted.\nWrit of Error to Ouachita Circuit Court.\nThis was an action of covenant brought by Benjamin F. Jordan against Dempsey Foster, determined in (he Ouachita circuit court, before the Hon. William Davis, special Judge, at September Term, 1848.\nThe declaration alleged that, on the 13th day of March, 1846, defendant, by his writing obligatory, of that date, for and in consideration of $1,000, conveyed to the plaintiff certain slaves, to wit: Tom, a boy, aged about 11 years; Hannah, a girl, aged about 8 years; Silve Amanda, aged about 4 years ; and a girl about 4 years of age, whose name was not mentioned in the obligation. That said defendant, for the consideration aforesaid, therein and thereby warranted said slaves to be sound in body and mind, and slaves for life. Breach, that the girl Hannah was not sound, but, on the contrary, unsound and diseased, &c.\nDefendant pleaded : 1st. That the slave Hannah was sound in body and mind ; 2d. That the writing obligatory in the declaration mentioned was executed without any consideration whatever; to which pleas issues were taken. The cause was tried by a jury, and verdict for defendant. Motion for new trial on the grounds that the verdict was contrary to law and evidence, and that the court erred in charging the jury, &c.; motion overruled, and bill of exceptions setting out the evidence and instructions.\nThe testimony, as set out in the bill of exceptions, is sufficiently stated in the opinion of this court. The court gave to the jury three instructions, at the request of defendant, to which plaintiff objected; the first and second of which are copied in the opinion of this court; the third is as follows: \u201c A bill of sal\u00e9 without consideration is void.\u201d\nJoRdan, for the plaintiff.\nWhere there is an express written warranty of soundness of a negro, it is immaterial whether the vendee knew of the unsoundness or not; it is a mere matter of contract which the vendor is bound to perform according to his warranty, or pay the damages resulting from a breach of it. (Wallis vs. Frazier, 2 Nott & McCord 516. Collins el al. vs. Mc-Ccrgo, 6 Smedes & Marsh. Hep. 128. Kain vs. Liddard, 2 Bing. 183. Margision vs. Wright, 8 Bing. 454. Chit, on Con. 455.) The first instruction given for defendant was therefore erroneous. The second is also erroneous, because there is no evidence that the bill of sale was executed at a subsequent time.\nMisdirection of the court as to the law is good ground for a new trial. 4 Wend. 514. 3 J. R. 528. 10 ib. 447.\nThe warranty carries upon its face absolute verity of a good and valuable consideration, and the onus of proof to the contrary under the pleadings devolved upon the defendant. (Rankin, vs. Badgctt, 5 Ark. 345. 3 Eng. 131. 1 Ark. 224. 2 Stark. Ev. 279.) The testimony of the defendant as to this point \u2014 being merely the opinion of the witness \u2014 should have been excluded. The testimony clearly established the unsoundness of the negro, and the verdict ought to have been for the plaintiff." }, "file_name": "0139-01", "first_page_order": 139, "last_page_order": 144 }