{ "id": 1573285, "name": "Connecticut Fire Insurance Company v. Wigginton", "name_abbreviation": "Connecticut Fire Insurance v. Wigginton", "decision_date": "1918-04-22", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "152", "last_page": "161", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "134 Ark. 152" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "70 Pac. 131", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "40 Fed. 717", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "case_ids": [ 6724749 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/f/40/0717-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 U. S. 756", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "20 N. E. 77", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "29 Mo. App. 666", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo. App.", "case_ids": [ 501812 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mo-app/29/0666-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 S. E. 45", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "9 Atl. 248", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "127 S. W. 283", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "39 N. J. Eq. 66", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 780785 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/39/0066-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 Am. Dec. 289", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Am. Dec.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "67 N. Y. 283", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2165064 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ny/67/0283-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 L. R. A. (N. S.) 785", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.N.S.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "831" } ], "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "76 Ark. 180", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1501088 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/76/0180-01" ] }, { "cite": "151 U. S. 452", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 8298925 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/151/0452-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 Ark. 226", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1529061 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "234" } ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/82/0226-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 S. W. 214", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "61 L. R. A. 137", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "73 Wis. 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis.", "case_ids": [ 8704182 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/wis/73/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 U. S. 624", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3376400 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/97/0624-01" ] }, { "cite": "6 L. R. A. 200", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "81 Ark. 269", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1530643 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/81/0269-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 Ark. 326", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1561063 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/120/0326-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 Ark. 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1540437 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/111/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 Ark. 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1511819 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/91/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 Ark. 371", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1541992 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/96/0371-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 Ark. 146", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1354004 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/102/0146-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Ark. 284", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1521464 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/86/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 U. S. 50", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "105 Ark. 37", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1347033 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/105/0037-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 Ark. 349", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1524435 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/84/0349-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 Ark. 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1497295 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/78/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 Ark. 185", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1507793 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/71/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "81 Ark. 269", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1530643 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/81/0269-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 766, "char_count": 19525, "ocr_confidence": 0.485, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.1219021816073514e-07, "percentile": 0.7646237290282175 }, "sha256": "96ad4d9d23d8ea598be5b3ca1b30e5dc9d2767af5f50b135afcc34c1f51acdfa", "simhash": "1:3e11768f36436418", "word_count": 3465 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:26:23.573803+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Mr. Justice HART concurs in these views." ], "parties": [ "Connecticut Fire Insurance Company v. Wigginton." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "HUMPHREYS, J.\nAppellees instituted suit in the Poinsett Chancery Court to reform a policy of insurance issued by appellant to J. E. Wigginton on the 4th day of February, 1913, securing him and his mortgagee, the Marked Tree Bank & Trust Company, against loss which might be occasioned by fire to a two-story frame dwelling situated on lot 1, block 3, Fitter\u2019s Third Addition to the town of Marked Tree, Arkansas; \u00e1nd to recover the amount of the policy. It was alleged that through mistake a loss payable clause, in favor of the Marked Tree Bank & Trust Company, was attached to the policy as a part thereof, instead of a standard mortgage clause; that the loss payable clause was subject to the conditions in the policy, and one condition was that no recovery could be had in case foreclosure proceedings were instituted, whereas the standard mortgage clause contained an exemption from that condition in the policy..\nAppellant answered, denying that it agreed to attach a standard mortgage clause to the policy and that its failure to attach said clause was a mistake, and set up as a defense that foreclosure proceedings were commenced on the 6th of March by the Marked Tree Bank & Trust Company against J. E. Wigginton before the building was destroyed by fire, which suit, under the contract, voided the policy.\nThe court heard the cause upon the pleadings and evidence, reformed the policy and rendered judgment for $2,000 and interest in favor of appellee against appellant.\nFrom that decree an appeal has been prosecuted to this court.\nIt is contended by appellant that the evidence is not sufficient to establish the fact that it was the intention of the parties to the contract to make the-standard mortgage clause a part of the policy. Courts will not reform instruments of writing for mistake unless the mistake is mutual and established by evidence which is \u201cclear, unequivocal and decisive.\u201d Parker v. Carter, 91 Ark. 162; Hoffman v. Rice Stix D. G. Co., 111 Ark. 205; Eureka Stone Co. v. Roach, 120 Ark. 326. As to whether the court was correct in reforming the policy must depend on whether the evidence clearly shows a mutual mistake was made in attaching a loss payable clause to the policy instead of a mortgage clause. The policy sued on was issued by appellant to appellee Wigginton on the 4th day of February, 1913, and provided that appellant would pay not to exceed $2,000 to appellee Wigginton in case his dwelling situated on lot 1, block 3, Ritter\u2019s Third Addition to the town of Marked Tree, Arkansas, should be destroyed by fire within three years after the date of the policy. The loss payable clause contained in the policy was set out in the proof of loss.\nM. W. Hazel, the vice president of the bank, testified that upon authority obtained from Wigginton he .applied to Paul Leatherwood, appellant\u2019s local agent, for the policy, paid him the premium of $50 and requested him to attach a mortgage clause in favor of the bank; that the agent delivered the policy to the bank; that he never read it; that it remained in the possession of the bank until after the fire; that he passed upon loans, and the cashier and loan board looked over the papers securing loans; that Mr. Leatherwood had his office in the bank and wrote all the policies for the bank which protected its loans; that after the fire he got the policy and directed the cashier to attend to making the proof and collecting the insurance; that he was not present at the time the proof of loss was made and knew nothing about its contents; that he first learned of the kind of protection the bank had from his attorney after the policy was delivered to the attorney for collection.\nJ. C. Hawthorne testified that he prepared the proof of loss, but did not know .a mistake had been made in attaching the loss payable clause instead of the mortgage clause until after lie had a talk with Mr: Hazel subsequent to March 6,1916.\nMr. J. A. Watkins, attorney for appellant, wrote to Hawthorne & Hawthorne, attorneys for appellees, on February 12, 1916, denying liability and calling their attention to an authority which he contended sustained his position and that firm replied on March 6 to the effect that they would test the matter in the courts unless a compromise could be effected. The mistake contended for was not called to the attention of Mr. Watkins by Hawthorne & Hawthorne in their letter to him of date Margh 6,1916.\nPaul Leatherwood testified on two different occasions. The first time, the substance of his evidence was as follows: That he was in the insurance business.and wrote the policy in question but did not remember at whose instance; that he did not remember whether any one told him how to write the policy but that he wrote it according to custom; that he did not know why he placed the loss payable clause instead of the mortgage clause on the policy; that all he remembered was that the bank had a mortgage from Wigginton on the property'and paid the premium; that his idea was to protect the bank; that he did not particularly know the difference between the clauses at that time; that he kept a daily report in triplicate, pasted one on the policy, one on daily record book and sent one to the company; that the daily record of this transaction contained the loss payable clause; that he had no recollection of ever placing a mortgage clause on any policy; that his records would show; that Mr. Du-Hard succeeded him in business and had the records; that he had both kinds of clauses.\nThe second time his evidence was in substance as follows: That he solicited the insurance from Wigginton, and, while he did not remember about the loss payable clause and mortgage clause, still, if he knew about the mortgage, it was evidently his intention at the time to place a mortgage clause on the policy.\nJ. R. Wigginton testified in substance that tbe officers of tbe bank wanted to make tbe collateral as strong as possible; that be went to Paul Leatberwood and told bim that be wanted to give tbe bank a mortgage on tbe policy and asked bim what be should do in order, to effect that purpose; that be was informed tbe company furnished blanks and tbe agent agreed to fill out and attach it to tbe policy; that in speaking of placing a mortgage on tbe policy be bad reference to a mortgage clause; at tbe time be did not know tbe difference between tbe two clauses.\nJ. D. DuBard testified, in substance, that be.was cashier of tbe bank and received tbe policy; that Wigginton owed tbe bank $2,600 in notes, with W. M. Hazel as endorser on some of them; when tbe policy was secured Hazel was relieved as endorser on the notes; that be never read tbe policy; that tbe stockholders met annually and tbe directors monthly and examined tbe affairs and securities of tbe bank; that be presumed none of tbe directors - read tbe policy in question; that at tbe time be received tbe policy be bad every reason to believe that be' knew it bad a loss payable clause but was not positive about it; that be remembered some policies held by tbe bank as security bad tbe loss payable clause on them and that be bad no recollection of any that contained tbe mortgage clause; that, at tbe time, be regarded tbe loss payable clause tbe character of protection tbe bank desired, or that tbe insurance should be made payable to tbe bank in case of loss during tbe life of tbe mortgage; that be was not sure be knew at the time a foreclosure of tbe mortgage would void tbe policy, and, if be bad known it and tbe matter bad been left to bim, perhaps be would not have accepted tbe policy with tbe loss payable clause attached.\nTbe following admission was made by appellant in tbe course of tbe trial:\n\u201cIt is admitted that T. J. Sharum, N. J: Hazel, M. W. Hazel, C. A. Dawson, C. M. Lutterlob, and tbe other directors of tbe bank, if present, would testify that they did not examine or read the insurance policy sued on. and did not know that it had a loss payable clause on it instead of a mortgage clause. \u2019 \u2019\nIt is conceded by learned counsel for appellant in his splendid brief, that recovery may be had on the policy in case it was the intention of all parties to the contract at the time the policy was written to make a part of it a standard mortgage clause. At the time of making the contract, the insurance- company was represented by Paul Leatherwood, and Wigginton and the Marked Tree Bank by'M. W. Hazel. The testimony of M. W. Hazel and J. R. Wigginton is certain and unequivocal to the effect that the agent was told to place a mortgage clause on the policy and that he agreed to do so. Paul Leatherwood, the agent, said in his first testimony that he did not remember who ordered the policy, nor what was said to him, but his idea was to protect the. bank. In his second testimony, he said if he knew about the mortgage, \u201cit was evidently his intention at the time to place a mortgage clause on the policy.\u201d The company had furnished him both kinds of blanks and the evidence is conclusive that he knew of the existence of the mortgage, so, in view of this latter statement, there is no escape from the conclusion that he intended to place a mortgage clause upon the policy. These three parties are the only three who participated in the procurement and execution of the policy, so it may be said with certainty from the evidence that there was a meeting of the minds of all the parties to the contract for a mortgage clause to be attached to the policy. The failure to attach a mortgage clause and the substitution of a loss payable clause constituted a draft of contract contrary to the intention of all the parties. Not only is this conclusion \u25a0sustained by the positive evidence of the parties, but the subsequent conduct of the bank officers points unerringly to the same conclusion. The bank would not have foreclosed its mortgage without first attempting to have the policy changed had it known that a foreclosure proceeding'with the knowledge of the assured w;ould avoid the policy. The bank evidently intended to procure a policy of insurance which would not conflict with its right to foreclose and thought it had done so, else it would not have instituted foreclosure proceedings. It seems to us the evidence and conduct of the parties under the contract is clear and convincing to the effect that a mutual mistake was\"made in the draft of the contract, and that, as written, the contract failed to express the intention of the parties.\nWe do not understand that the rule announced in Remmel v. Griffin, 81 Ark. 269, and later cases, to the effect that, \u2018 \u2018 one who takes out a policy of life insurance is required to examine it within a reasonable time after he receives it, or he will be deemed to have accepted it. * * *\u201d has any application in suits for reformation of contracts on account of mutual mistake. When it appears by clear, satisfactory and convincing evidence that the parties to a contract intended to express a different .thing from that expressed, ,a court of equity will reform the contract so as to express the real intention of the parties irrespective of whether one, both or all the parties thereto availed themselves of the opportunity to read it before signing or receiving it. So in the case at bar, the fact that the cashier received the policy and the bank retained it for a long period of time without reading it can not avail appellant as a defense, because it is established by clear, satisfactory and convincing proof that the intention of all the parties to the contract was to place a mortgage clause and not a loss payable clause,' on the policy.\nThis conclusion renders it unnecessary to discuss other questions presented by able counsel in their briefs. No error appearing, the decree is affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "HUMPHREYS, J." }, { "text": "McCULLOCH, C. J.,\n(dissenting). The policy of insurance sought to be reformed was issued on February 13, 1913, and was delivered to the Marked Tree Bank & Trust Company on that date with an endorsement thereon of what is commonly known as a \u201closs payable clause.\u201d The building was destroyed by fire on January 9, 1915, nearly two years after the issuance of the policy, without any complaint having been made concerning the form of the endorsement.\nA policy of insurance is a written contract between the insurer and the beneficiary, and the right to a reformation of the contract in equity on the ground of mutual mistake must, according to well-settled rules announced by this court, be established by evidence which is \u201cclear, unequivocal and decisive.\u201d Three witnesses testified concerning the issuance of the policy, Hazel, one of the officers of the Marked Tree Bank & Trust Company, Leatherwood, the insurance agent who wrote the policy, and Wigginton, the owner of the building. The substance of Hazel\u2019s testimony is contained in the following sentence as to his conversation with Leatherwood:\n\u201cI would not remember the exact terms, but I called him and told him I wanted him to make out an insurance policy on this property and attach a mortgage clause to it to secure the bank.\u201d\nThe witness did not state what Leatherwood\u2019s answer was. He did not say that Leatherwood promised to use any particular form of endorsement nor represented to him, when the policy was delivered, or at any other time, that the policy contained any particular form of endorsement.\nLeatherwood testified that he had no recollection of the conversation and that he did not know the difference between a \u201cstandard mortgage clause\u201d and a \u201closs payable clause.\u201d Wigginton testified that he did not know the difference between the two clauses in question and merely stated to Leatherwood that he wanted to give the bank \u201ca mortgage on that policy.\u201d Leatherwood attached the \u201closs payable clause\u201d to the policy \u2014 that is to say, a clause making the policy, in case of loss of the property by fire, payable to the Marked Tree Bank & Trust Company as its interest might appear \u2014 and delivered the policy to the cashier of the bank, who kept it until the fire occurred without raising any question as to a mistake in the form of endorsement.\nThe testimony is far from convincing, I think, that a mistake was made. It is not established by evidence \u201cclear, unequivocal and decisive.\u201d No witness puts his finger on a form of endorsement and says, \u201cThis is what we agreed upon.\u201d No witness tells of a promise on the part of Leatherwood, the agent of the company, other than to make an endorsement protecting the mortgagee in case of loss, and he did that by endorsing a clause making the policy so payable.\nMoreover, the bank is estopped to dispute the correctness of the policy by the conduct of its officers in keeping the policy for nearly two years without question. It was their duty to read the policy, and, having failed to do so, they can not be heard to say that it does not correctly express the contract. Colonial & United States Mortgage Co. v. Jeter, 71 Ark. 185; Pratt v. Metzger,, 78 Ark. 177; Mitchell Manufacturing Co. v. Kempner, 84 Ark. 349; Stewart v. Fleming, 105 Ark. 37.\nIn those cases we quoted with approval the following from an opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States:\n\u201cIt will not do for a man to enter into a contract, and, when called upon to respond to its obligations, to say that he did not read it when he signed it, or did not know what it contained. If this were permitted, contracts would not be worth the paper on which they are written. But such is not the law. A contractor must stand by the words of his contract; and, if he will not read what he signs, he alone is responsible for his omission.\u201d Upton, Assignee v. Tribilcock, 91 U. S. 50.\nWe have applied this doctrine in cases concerning the acceptance of insurance policies. Remmel v. Griffin, 81 Ark. 269; Smith v. Smith, 86 Ark. 284; Gray v. Stone, 102 Ark. 146.\nThe only exception to the rule is that where there has been a fraudulent representation concerning the contents of an instrument, the party relying upon such representation and being induced thereby to refrain from reading the contract, is not estopped to question its correctness. Stewart v. Fleming,, 96 Ark. 371. There is no such element as that in the present case, for it is not claimed by any witness that Leatherwood made any representations when he delivered the policy, or at any other time, as to the kind of endorsement he had made on the policy. It is clear from the testiiyony that when Leatherwood made the endorsement it was thought to be sufficient to protect the bank, and was accepted as such. If Mr. Hazel had in mind any particular form, which he now says he wanted endorsed on the policy, his testimony does not show that he specified it in his directions to Leather-wood. The bank could have protected itself if the officers had informed themselves of the contents of the policy and the endorsement thereon, and complied with the terms of the policy, and, having failed to do so, the bank is estopped to assert now that the policy is not in accordance with the intention of the parties.\nFor these reasons I dissent from the conclusion reached by the majority.\nMr. Justice HART concurs in these views.", "type": "dissent", "author": "McCULLOCH, C. J.," } ], "attorneys": [ "J. A. Watkins, for appellant.", "Hawthorne & Hawthorne, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Connecticut Fire Insurance Company v. Wigginton.\nOpinion delivered April 22, 1918.\n1. Reformation of instruments \u2014 mistake.\u2014Courts will not reform instruments of writing for mistake, unless the mistake is mutual and established by evidence which is clear, unequivocal and decisive.\n2. Reformation of instruments \u2014 clause attached to policy of fire insurance \u2014 mistake.-\u2014-The evidence held to show that, by mistake of all the parties, a loss payable clause was attached to a certain policy of fire insurance instead of a standard mortgage clause, and that the instrument should be reformed.\n3. Insurance \u2014 mistake as to terms \u2014 reformation.\u2014The rule that one taking out a policy of insurance is required to examine it within a reasonable time after he receives it, or he will be deemed to have accepted it, has no application in suits for the reformation of contracts on account of mutual mistake.\n4. Reformation of contracts \u2014 mistake.-\u2014Where it appears by clear, satisfactory and convincing evidence that the parties to a contract intended to express a different thing from that which was expressed, a court of equity will reform the contract so as to express the real intention of the parties, irrespective of whether one, both or all of the parties thereto availed themselves of the opportunity to read the contract before signing or receiving it.\nAppeal from Poinsett Chancery Court; Archer Wheatley\u201e Chancellor;\naffirmed.\nJ. A. Watkins, for appellant.\nIt was error to decree a reformation of the policy. A mutual mistake is not proven by that clear, decisive and convincing evidence required by courts of chancery. It is not proven that it was intended to attach the \u201cstandard mortgage clause\u201d instead of the loss payable clause. 6 L. R. A. 200; 97 U. S. 624; 73 Wis. 203; 61 L. R. A. 137; 38 S. W. 214; 2 Clements, Fire Ins. 600; 82 Ark. 226, 234; 91 Id. 171; 71 Id. 614; 111 Id. 205; 108 Id. 103; 105 Id. 455; 85 Id. 62; 151 U. S. 452, etc.\nHawthorne & Hawthorne, for appellees.\nThe testimony is clear and convincing of a mutual mistake and .sustains the reformation of the contract. 76 Ark. 180; 28 L. R. A. (N. S.) 785, 831; 67 N. Y. 283; 77 Am. Dec. 289; 39 N. J. Eq. 66; 127 S. W. 283; 9 Atl. 248; 2 Curt. C. C. 277; 67 S. E. 45; 29 Mo. App. 666; 20 N. E. 77; 93 U. S. 756; 40 Fed. 717; 17 Id. 568; 75 Id. 338. See also 55 L. E. A. 165; 36 Id. 673;'70 Pac. 131; 61 L. E. A. 131; 186 IT. S. 423." }, "file_name": "0152-01", "first_page_order": 176, "last_page_order": 185 }