{ "id": 1378526, "name": "Black v. Stephenson", "name_abbreviation": "Black v. Stephenson", "decision_date": "1924-11-03", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "429", "last_page": "435", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "166 Ark. 429" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "195 S. W. 673", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "167 S. W. 22", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "case_ids": [ 8269921, 8269878 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/sw/167/0022-02", "/sw/167/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 Ark. 578", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1545347 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/94/0578-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 Ark. 318", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1347029 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/105/0318-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Ark. 77", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1885668 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/27/0077-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 Ark. 232", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1152505 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/67/0232-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Ark. 139", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1322203 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/55/0139-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 Ark. 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1509545 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/70/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 Ark. 118", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1315916 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/98/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 Ark. 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1884428 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/28/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 Me. 258", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Me.", "case_ids": [ 638220 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/me/88/0258-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 Pa. St. 282", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 999768 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/51/0282-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 S. E. 201", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "83 Ky. 440", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ky.", "case_ids": [ 4398476 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ky/83/0440-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ind. 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1398925 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/131/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 318", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.N.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 Am. St. Rep. 114", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Am. St. Rep.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Am. St. Rep. 233", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Am. St. Rep.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 N. E. 835", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "130 Ill. 649", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 12132370 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/130/0649-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 L. R. A. 157", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Pa. St. 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 420660 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/46/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 Ky. 503", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ky.", "case_ids": [ 4393691 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ky/78/0503-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 N. E. 254", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "47 Md. 513", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Md.", "case_ids": [ 1819055 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/md/47/0513-01" ] }, { "cite": "26 N. E. 56", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "127 Ind. 276", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1392433 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ind/127/0276-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 Ark. 539", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1505558 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/72/0539-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 Ark. 319", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8722472 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/69/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 Ark. 369", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1333965 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/68/0369-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 625, "char_count": 12642, "ocr_confidence": 0.503, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.5908090567103695e-08, "percentile": 0.35068280042581634 }, "sha256": "055d0f0f98b6d5f7b51571761fb7a5ced38d2c7032f43cdec84ae59f5b36ecd4", "simhash": "1:888ce41b2a87e99f", "word_count": 2287 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:22:16.783155+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Black v. Stephenson." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Smith, J.\nThis appeal presents a controversy between the widow of Willis Stephenson and certain of his heirs over a tract of land in Benton County. Various findings were made by the court, and the respective interests of the parties were adjudged. The court found that the widow of Stephenson was entitled to homestead and dower, and'that all the parties took their respective interests subject to these marital rights of the widow. The appeal is from the finding that the widow was entitled to homestead and dower.\nThe rig\u2019hts of the parties are referable to the following deed, so much of it being copied as is relevant to its proper construction:\n\u201cKnow all men by these presents: That we, James Smith and Sophronia Smith, his wife, for and in consideration of the sum of four hundred dollars, to us in hand paid by May, Lelia, Thaddeus W-, Willis and Annie and the heirs of Willis Stephenson, do hereby grant, bargain and sell unto the said heirs of Willis Stephenson and unto their heirs and assigns forever, the following lands, lying in the county of Benton and State of Arkansas, to-wit (Description by metes and bounds of the lands conveyed, same being 142 acres).\n\u201cTo have and to hold the same unto the said heirs of the said Willis Stephenson and unto their heirs and assigns forever, with all appurtenances thereunto belonging.\n\u201cAnd we hereby covenant with the said heirs of the said Willis Stephenson that we will forever warrant and defend the title to said lands against all claims whatever.\n\u201cAnd I, Sophronia Smith, wife of the said James Smith, for and in consideration of the said sum of money, do hereby release and relinquish unto the said heirs of the said Willis Stephenson all my right of dower in and to the said lands.\n\u201cWitness our hands and seals on this 23rd day of February, 1878.\n\u201cJames x Smith, mark\n\u201cSopronia Smith.\u201d\nIt was the opinion of the court below that the deed was void for uncertainty, in that the grantees were not sufficiently designated, but that, inasmuch as Willis Stephenson had paid the consideration, his children therein named being all infants, and had for many years occupied the land, he had acquired the title by adverse possession. That, the deed being void for uncertainty, only the grantor could question Stephenson\u2019s title, and the grantor was barred bv adverse possession. Upon this finding and the assumption that Stephenson was seized of the land at the time of his death, the court proceeded to adjudge the respective interests of his heirs, and held that all had taken subject to the. rights of his widow to homestead and dower.. Stephenson was survived by ten children or the descendants of children, and certain of these heirs had executed to one of the sons a conveyance of their interests, but this son had died, and his interest in the land was apportioned to the other heirs.\nWe do not set out all these facts which are recited in the decree herein appealed from, as we do not agree with the court below in his construction of the deed. We do not think the deed was void for uncertainty. On the contrary, it is our opinion that the deed was valid as a conveyance to the children of Willis Stephenson who were named in the deed.\nIt is insisted that, if the deed is not held void for uncertainty, as the court below held, it should be construed as a deed to all the children, or descendants of children, living at the time of the death of Willis Stephenson, which event occurred on May 8, 1911. But we do not concur in that view.\nIt is true that the undisputed proof shows that Willis Stephenson paid the consideration named in the deed, as his children then living who were named as grantees were infants of tender age; but it is very clear that he did not have the conveyance made to himself.\nThe ]habendum clause reads as follows: \u201cTo have - and to hold the same unto the said heirs of the said Willis Stephenson and unto their heirs and assigns forever, with all appurtenances thereunto belonging.\u201d\nWe must look to the preamble or the premises of the deed to determine who the \u201csaid heirs of the said Willis Stephenson\u201d were, who, with their heirs and assigns, were to have and to hold the land forever, with all appurtenances thereunto belonging.\nThese grantees are named in the premises as \u201cMay, Lelia, Thaddeus W., Willis and Annie and the heirs of Willis Stephenson.\u201d The words, \u201cand the heirs of Willis Stephenson,\u201d must be construed as descriptive of the persons previously named, as if the deed had read, \u201cwho are.the heirs of .Willis Stephenson.\u201d\nBy the use of the word \u201cheirs,\u201d children may have been intended; but these children are named, and were persons in being. Certainly, there was a conveyance to May, Lelia, Thaddeus W, Willis and Annie Stephenson, and, if there was in fact an intention that children thereafter born to Willis Stephenson, should be included, that intention was ineffective and unavailing, because they were not in being at that time, and a deed to a person not in being is void for uncertainty.\n\u201cA deed made of a present estate to a party not living at the time of its execution is void. Where there is a reasonable doubt of either of the parties being in esse at the time the deed is delivered, his existence must be shown as an affirmative fact to render the conveyance operative.\u201d 1 Devlin on Real Estate (Deeds), 3rd ed., \u00a7 123.\nBut the deed here under review was not void on that account, because it- named as grantees the five living children of Willis Stephenson, and the rule in such cases is that the conveyance operates to pass the title to the persons in being, to the exclusion of after-born heirs.\nIn the case of Tharp v. Yarbrough, 11 Am. St. 439, a deed was made to the \u201cheirs of Robert A. Tharp,\u201d and it was contended that the word \u201cheirs\u201d should be \u25a0construed as meaning \u201cchildren.\u201d In construing this deed the Supreme Court of Georgia said: \u201cThere seems to be no difficulty in reaching the conclusion that the word \u2018heirs\u2019 in this deed did mean \u2018children;\u2019 but did it mean only the three then in existence? or will it extend to those who were born afterwards? We think the judge below ruled correctly. Every deed must have parties. This deed expressly defines who are the parties to it, viz: Cicero A. Tharp of the one part, and the heirs of Robert A. Tharp of the other part. A deed must not only have parties to it, but they must necessarily be in existence at the time of its execution, unless, by its own terms, it provides a beneficial interest for parties yet to be born. If Mr. Tharp had conveyed to the heirs, or to the children, of his brother, now born, or who may hereafter be born, it would seem clear the latter would take an interest under the conveyance when they came into life, but he did not so convey.\u201d See also Miller v. McAlister, 64 N. E. 254; Tucker v. Tucker, 78 Ky. 503; Lillard v. Rucker, 9 Yerger (Tenn.) 64; Hall v. Leonard, 1 Pickering (Mass.) 27; Morris v. Stephens, 46 Pa. St. 200; Baird v. Brookin, 12 L. R. A. 157; Faloon v. Simshauser, 130 Ill. 649, 22 N. E. 835; Hogg v. Odom, Dudley\u2019s Report (Ga.) 185; Davis v. Hollingsworth, 84 Am. St. Rep. 233, and note on p. 236; Hollis v. Lawton, 73 Am. St. Rep. 114, and note on p. 119; Roberson v. Wampler, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 318, and note on p. 319; Duffield v. Dufield, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 859, and note on p. 864; City Bank v. Plank, 18 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 869, and note on p. 871; Tinder v. Tinder, 131 Ind. 381; Brann v. Elzey, 83 Ky. 440; Campbell v. Everhart, 52 S. E. 201; Huss v. Stephens, 51 Pa. St. 282.\nIt appears therefore that the- deed set out above was not void for uncertainty, but was valid as a conveyance to the living children of iWillis Stephenson there named, and they therefore took the title to the property conveyed. This being true, Willis Stephenson was never seized of the land, and his residence there with his children did not make it his homestead. This being true, his widow did not take either dower or homestead in the land, and the decree of the court below awarding her these estates must be reversed, and the cause will bo remanded with directions to the court below to enter a decree denying her those estates.\nIt follows from what we have said that we do not concur in the decree of the court below adjudging\u2019 that all the children of Willis Stephenson took title as his heirs, but, inasmuch as there was no appeal from any part of the decree except that awarding homestead and dower to the widow, and no other question is presented for review, we do not disturb..that part of the decree.\nThe Chief Justice concurs in the reversal as to allowance of homestead and dower, but holds that the deed included after-born children.", "type": "majority", "author": "Smith, J." }, { "text": "McCulloch, C. J.\n(concurring). The rule that the use of the word \u201cheirs\u201d in a conveyance may be construed to mean \u201cchildren,\u201d when it is obvious that it was so intended by the person who made the conveyance, has been applied in this court to the construction of hoth testamentary conveyances and deeds. Wyman v. Johnson, 68 Ark. 369; Myers v. Weiner, 69 Ark. 319; Shirey v. Clark, 72 Ark. 539. In the opinion in Wyman v. Johnson, supra, this court compared the two cases of Kilgore v. Kilgore, 127 Ind. 276, 26 N. E. 56, and Shotts v. Poe, 47 Md. 513, in one of which it was held that the language of the devise was sufficient to include after-born children, and in the other it was held that the language was not sufficient to embrace them, and this court followed the latter rule, but distinctly recognized that, if the language was sufficient to indicate an intention to include after-born children, the failure to expressly include them would not defeat that intention.\nIt has often been held by this court and is, I believe, a rule of universal application, that the whole of an instrument is to be construed in determining the meaning of the language used, and that effect should be\u2019 given to all of the language used if possible to do so. Now, the effect of the construction placed by the majority upon the deed of conveyance before us for consideration excludes entirely the words \u201cand the heirs of Willis Stephenson,\u201d for, if the conveyance is limited to the four children named, then no effect whatever is given to the words quoted above. It is clear, from a consideration of this language, that the grantor meant to include other persons than those specifically named, and, as he mentioned all of the children of Willis Stephenson then in being, it was necessarily intended to include after-born children. The fact that the four children then in being were named shows that the other language referred to heirs or children other than named.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "McCulloch, C. J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Bice & Bice, for appellants.", "W. O. Young and G. T. Sullins, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Black v. Stephenson.\nOpinion delivered November 3, 1924.\n1. Deeds \u2014 conveyance to a person\u2019s heirs. \u2014 Under deed to the heirs of a named person to have and to hold unto said heirs, naming them, \u201cand unto their heirs and assigns forever\u201d held that the Word \u201cheirs\u201d means \u201cchildren,\u201d and that the deed is not void for uncertainty hut is valid as a conveyance to the living children of the person named.\n2. Deeds \u2014 effect of conveyance to heirs. \u2014 Under a deed to the heirs (meaning children) of W. S., the latter was never seized of the land, and his residence there with his children did not make it his homestead, nor entitle his widow to either dower or homestead in the land.\n3. Deeds \u2014 grantees in esse. \u2014 A deed to the children of a named person conveyed title only to his children in esse at the time the deed is delivered, and not to after-born children.\nAppeal from Benton Chancery Court; Ben F. McMahan, Chancellor;\nreversed.\nBice & Bice, for appellants.\nWhere a complaint or answer is insufficient, no amount of proof will warrant a recovery. There is no allegation or proof that Willis Stephenson, Sr., was ever married, nor is there any proof that he was ever seized, two necessary prerequisites of dower. 88 Me. 258; 28 Ark. 19. It is necessary that there should be an actual corporeal seizin in the husband during coverture to entitle the widow to dower. 98 Ark. 118. The right of homestead is a personal privilege, and homestead must be availed of by the claimant as the law prescribes. 70 Ark. 69; 55 Ark. 139; 67 Ark. 232. A resulting trust will not attach in the person paying the purchase money if it was not the intention of .either that the estate should vest in him. 27 Ark. 77; 105 Ark. 318; lliS Ark. 146.\nW. O. Young and G. T. Sullins, for appellee.\nAn agreement is not binding upon the court when it is shown that it is contrary to law. 94 Ark. 578. A deed or grant to a person who does not exist at the time of the grant is void. 141 Wise. 653; 18 Ann. Cas. 869; 167 S. W. 22; 195 S. W. 673; 79 Ca. 382." }, "file_name": "0429-01", "first_page_order": 455, "last_page_order": 461 }