{
  "id": 1459737,
  "name": "Cunningham v. Walker",
  "name_abbreviation": "Cunningham v. Walker",
  "decision_date": "1939-10-09",
  "docket_number": "4-5624",
  "first_page": "928",
  "last_page": "933",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "198 Ark. 928"
    },
    {
      "type": "parallel",
      "cite": "132 S.W.2d 24"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ark.",
    "id": 8808,
    "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 34,
    "name_long": "Arkansas",
    "name": "Ark."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "160 S. W. 392",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "109 Ark. 479",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        1341173
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/109/0479-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "18 S. W. 2d 359",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "179 Ark. 837",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        8725931
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/179/0837-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "110 S. W. 2d 497",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "194 Ark. 916",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        8725392
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/194/0916-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 490,
    "char_count": 8490,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.53,
    "pagerank": {
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    "word_count": 1407
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:30:03.341287+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "Cunningham v. Walker."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Grieein Smiti-i, C. J.\nAct No. 37, approved February 6, 1939, p. 69, by its terms directs that annually one member of the board of commissioners of certain levee and drainage improvement districts shall be elected on the first Monday in May.\nThe improvement district involved in this discussion was created under authority of Chapter XCVIII, Sandels & Hill\u2019s Digest, as amended by act No. 122 of 1911. The latter act was amendatory of act No. 9 of 1897. Provisions of the law prior to 1939 were that a board of three commissioners should be elected simultaneously on the first Monday of May of each year.\nIf act No. 37 of 1939 is valid, \u00a7 4 thereof repeals the section of the 1911 statute providing for annual election of three commissioners. Act 37 provides that commissioners of the district, as now constituted, shall hold office according to seniority. The oldest commissioner in point of service \u201c. . . shall hold office for three years; the next commissioner in point of service shall hold office for two years, and the last elected or appointed commissioner shall serve for one year, or until their successors are elected and qualified; all of said terms beginning from the first Monday in May, 1939.\u201d\nThe election commissioners disregarded act No. 37 and called the usual district election. Appellant had been a commissioner for more than twenty years. At the time the election was held May 1, 1939, under provisions of the old acts, another commissioner had served two years, and a third had served.one year. Cunningham did not qualify as a candidate, his contention being that act 37 was in effect and that it provided for the election each year of one commissioner\u2014a commissioner to succeed the incumbent who had served the shortest period of time. Appellee Walker, who had not previously served on the commission, qualified as a candidate. The election commissioners declared his election. Appellant filed his compl\u00e1int, praying that he be declared a continuing commissioner, and that appellee be ousted.\nAppellee demurred, alleging unconstitutionality of act No. 37. One reason assigned was that it contravenes Amendment No. 14 to the state Constitution. It was also alleged that the act does not state an emergency.\nSince under any of the statutes time for holding an election in 1939 has passed, we do not determine whether the measure here in issue contravenes Amendment No. 14. Act No. 37 was not in effect on the first Monday in May; therefore, other questions involving validity of the act are unimportant to a determination of appellant\u2019s rights.\nThe rule laid down in Gentry v. Harrison is decisive here. We reproduce, in parallel columns, the language held ineffective in that case, and the emergency clause in the instant controversy. The reported case appears in the first column:\n\u201cIt is hereby found and declared that the regulation of the business of insurance is a function of the state government and necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health and. safety, and that therefore an emergency exists.\u201d\n\u201cBecause of the urgent need for experienced management of improvement district affairs, this act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health and safety, and an emergency is hereby declared to exist.\u201d\nBy constitutional Amendment No. 7, the people reserved unto themselves the power to reject at the polls any measure enacted by the General Assembly. Conditions under which such rejection may be exercised are prescribed. One provision is that the effective date of an act is postponed until 90 days after adjournment of the law-making body unless the enactment shall he essential to preservation of the public peace, health and safety. In such circumstances the necessity for immediate operation of the law shall be stated in one section of the bill, . . and if. upon a yea and nay vote, two-thirds of all members elected to each house . . . shall vote upon a separate roll call in favor of the measure going into immediate operation, such emergency measure shall become effective without delay. It shall be necessary, however, to state the fact which constitutes the emergency. \u2019 \u2019\nIn Jumper v. McCollum it was held that \u201c . . . an emergency clause which did not state the fact constituting the emergency would not suffice; nor would a recited fact which was so obviously and demonstrably inefficacious to constitute an emergency that all fair-minded and reasonably intelligent men Avould'say to the contrary. But the converse of this proposition is equally true. If the fact Avhich constitutes the emergency is recited, and if fair-minded and intelligent men might reasonably differ as to the sufficiency and truth of the fact assigned for placing the act in effect immediately upon its passage, the courts are concluded by the finding.\u201d\nIt was said in Hanson v. Hodges : \u201cOne purpose of Amendment No. 10 Avas to confer upon the Legislature the poAver to pass laAvs that were necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, Avithout reference to the people under the referendum.\u201d\nAmendment No. 10 Avas superseded by Amendment No. 7. The latter amendment provided (but the former did not) that it should be necessary to state the fact constituting an emergency.\nIn the Hanson Case, decided in 1913, it Avas held that the existence or non-existence of an emergency Avas exclusively a question for legislative determination. Subsequent to this decision the people adopted Amendment No. 7 (1920), and by the terms of this amendment the General Assembly is required to state the fact constituting a recited emergency. The Jumper-McCollum decision Avas handed doAAm in 1929. Its effect is to say that the General Assembly may not arbitrarily assert\u2019 that an emergency exists, but in the exercise of sound judgment Avith respect to the subject of legislation and the effect thereof, it may do so. As Avas said in the opinion, if fair-minded and intelligent men might reasonably differ as to the sufficiency and truth of the fact assigned, the courts will not interfere, tinder this rule the courts determine whether the assigned fact is .one with respect to which fair-minded and reasonable men would differ. The precedent is analogous to that applied in sustaining the verdict of a jury-, if there is substantial evidence it will not be disturbed.\nThe question presented in the case at bar is, Does the act state facts constituting an emergency? Or, conversely, Does the legislative finding- that \u201cBecause of the urgent need for experienced management of improvement district affairs\u201d state a condition or fact which, if ignored, would imperil the public peace, health and safety?\nWe must bear in mind that by express language act No. 37 applies to all combination levee and drainage districts in Arkansas wherein the boundaries correspond to the designations of \u00a7 1. Act No. 122 of 1911 amends \u00a7\u00a7 5, 6, and 29 of act 9 of 1897, the latter being a general act. The 1911 enactment is special, applying only to Phillips county, and in it the time and manner, of elections are fixed.\nThe plan of act No. 37 was, by words relating to boundaries and areas, to avoid the consequences of Amendment No. 14. An existing special act may be repealed in whole or in part, but it may not be enlarged or extended.\nWe ag-ree with the trial court that no fact creating an emergency was stated. An academic declaration of a known governmental requirement was expressed. An administrative truism was asserted. It might as well have been\" said that because rivers are deep and currents are treacherous, steamboats must be built substantially, the public peace, health and safety requiring it. All men will agree that, with respect to improvement districts, there is need for experienced management. This admission, however, and acceptation of the conceded principle, falls far short of a finding that the existing management is without experience, that it is inefficient, or that an immediate change in management is necessary.\n\"We must, therefore, affirm that part of the judgment which holds against the emergency. It. is so ordered.\n\u201cThe General Assembly shall not pass any local or special act. This amendment shall not prohibit the repeal of local or special acts.\u201d\n194 Ark. 916, 110 S. W. 2d 497.\n179 Ark. 837, 18 S. W. 2d 359.\n109 Ark. 479, 160 S. W. 392.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Grieein Smiti-i, C. J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Peter A. Deisch, for appellant.",
      "Burke, Moore $ Walker, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Cunningham v. Walker.\n4-5624\n132 S. W. 2d 24\nOpinion delivered October 9, 1939.\nPeter A. Deisch, for appellant.\nBurke, Moore $ Walker, for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0928-01",
  "first_page_order": 944,
  "last_page_order": 949
}