{ "id": 1488145, "name": "McClure v. McClure", "name_abbreviation": "McClure v. McClure", "decision_date": "1943-06-14", "docket_number": "4-7101", "first_page": "1032", "last_page": "1037", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "205 Ark. 1032" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "172 S.W.2d 243" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "21 W. Va. 445", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "W. Va.", "case_ids": [ 8640770 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/w-va/21/0445-01" ] }, { "cite": "37 S. W. 230", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "62 Ark. 611", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1905632 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/62/0611-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 S. W. 2d 388", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "192 Ark. 509", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1415042 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/192/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 A. L. R. 212", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 S. W. 2d 15", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 Ark. 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8719851 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/186/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "276 Pac. 300", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Wash. 480", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash.", "case_ids": [ 816004 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash/151/0480-01" ] }, { "cite": "162 N. Y. S. 1123", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "176 App. Div., 914", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.", "case_ids": [ 2890179, 2891110, 2893351, 2892650, 2892202, 2889935, 2897460, 2887862, 2888669, 2889502, 2895263 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ad/176/0914-08", "/ad/176/0914-05", "/ad/176/0914-01", "/ad/176/0914-06", "/ad/176/0914-07", "/ad/176/0914-02", "/ad/176/0914-11", "/ad/176/0914-10", "/ad/176/0914-04", "/ad/176/0914-03", "/ad/176/0914-09" ] }, { "cite": "156 N. Y. S. 688", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.", "case_ids": [ 3284112 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nys/156/0688-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 N. Y. S. 2d 110", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "5 Neb. 283", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Neb.", "case_ids": [ 5378633 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/neb/5/0283-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 Ind. 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1500675 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/60/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 Am. St. Rep. 195", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Am. St. Rep.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 La. 121", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "La.", "case_ids": [ 2630871 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/la/117/0121-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Pac. 2d 1103", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "165 Wash. 255", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash.", "case_ids": [ 842486 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash/165/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "177 S. E. 440", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 W. Va. 604", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "W. Va.", "case_ids": [ 8638164 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/w-va/115/0604-01" ] }, { "cite": "257 S. W. 363", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ark. 31", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1385598 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/162/0031-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 S. W. 893", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 Ark. 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1903672 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/60/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "37 Ark. 215", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1870973 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/37/0215-01" ] }, { "cite": "36 Ark. 84", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1872476 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/36/0084-01" ] }, { "cite": "32 Ark. 187", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1877181 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/32/0187-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 566, "char_count": 10376, "ocr_confidence": 0.506, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.276976116573457e-07, "percentile": 0.9800536633602963 }, "sha256": "d94a0f18b62b582adf98af4bf07e96bc9d91f77a1576fa7d73f6686c8c581dba", "simhash": "1:9924cd4a23c59c22", "word_count": 1757 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:00:03.571044+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "McClure v. McClure." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Robins, J.\nThe determination of the question presented on this appeal requires a construction of the following subdivision (No. 7) of \u00a7 2 of Act No. 20 of the General' Assembly of Arkansas, approved January 27, 1939, entitled \u201cAn Act to Amend \u00a7 4381 of Pope\u2019s Digest\u2019 of the Laws of the State of Arkansas, and for Other Purposes\u201d: \u201cWhere either husband or wife have lived separate and apart from the other for three consecutive years, without cohabitation, the court shall grant an absolute decree of divorce at the suit of either party, whether such separation was the voluntary act or by the mutual consent of the parties, and the question of who is the injured party shall he considered only in the settlement of the property rights of the parties and the question of alimony.\u201d\nThe lower court dismissed for want of equity appellant\u2019s complaint, in which he prayed for an absolute divorce from appellee. The ground on which appellant sought this divorce was that appellant and appellee had lived separate and apart without cohabitation for more than three consecutive years next' before the institution of his suit. Appellee denied that any such separation had existed and' alleged that appellant and appellee had cohabited a few days before the institution of the suit. She admitted that she and appellant had not, since 1935, lived under the same roof, but she testified that from time to time, while they were living in separate dwelling places in the city of Texarkana, appellant visited her at night and that on several occasions she had visited him at his room at night, and that on each of these visits, one of which had occurred only a short time before the filing of the suit, she and her husband resumed their marital relation, at least for the time being. Appellant denied that any of these acts of marital intercourse occurred after the separation, but the testimony of appellee on this phase of the case was somewhat corroborated by other testimony, and it is not seriously urged by appellant in this court that the chancellor\u2019s finding that these acts did occur is against the preponderance of the evidence.\nTo reverse the decree of the lower court appellant urges here that, even if the testimony of appellee as to these acts of marital intercourse is true, appellant is nevertheless entitled to a divorce because the acts testified to by appellee did not constitute cohabitation. It is insisted by appellant that \u201ccohabitation,\u201d as used in the above-quoted statute, means living together, and that proof of isolated or intermittent acts of intercourse between a husband and wife does not establish cohabitation within the meaning of this statute.\n.The word \u201ccohabitation\u201d has two well-recognized meanings. Under the strict or derivative definition \u201ccohabitation\u201d means living together in the same abode, while under the other, or popular, definition \u201ccohabitation\u201d means sexual intercourse. Many cases decided by this and other courts in which the literal or derivative definition of the word \u201ccohabitation\u201d has been sustained, by the court are cited in the exhaustive brief of appellant. The Arkansas cases, in which the literal or derivative definition of the word \u201ccohabit\u201d was sustained, are: Sullivan v. State, 32 Ark. 187; Taylor v. State, 36 Ark. 84; Bush v. State, 37 Ark. 215; Turney v. State, 60 Ark. 259, 29 S. W. 893; and Hovis v. State, 162 Ark. 31, 257 S. W. 363. In all of these cases, except that of Hovis v. State, the court had under consideration \u00a7 3287 of Pope\u2019s Digest which provides: \u201cIf any man and woman shall cohabit together as husband and wife without being, married, each of them shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, . . .\u2019\u2019In the Hovis case the statute involved was \u00a7\u00a7 2601 and 2602 of Crawford & Moses\u2019 Digest (%% 3288 and 3289 of Pope\u2019s Digest) forbidding \u201cconcubinage,\u201d which was defined by \u00a7 2602 (\u00a7 3289 of Pope\u2019s Digest) as follows: \u201cThe living together or cohabitation of persons of the Caucasian and of the Negro race shall be proof of the violation of the provisions of \u00a7 2601 (\u00a7 3288 of Pope\u2019s Digest). For the purpose of this act, concubinage is hereby defined to be the unlawful cohabitation of persons of the Caucasian race and of the Negro race, whether open or secret.\u201d It is apparent that by these acts the legislature was not seeking to punish occasional wrongful acts of intercourse between the -sexes, but was forbidding a meretricious relation which, because of its continuance, was a scandal and an offense to the sense of decency of the community. The holding of this court in these cases that \u201ccohabitation\u201d meant more than occasional wrongful acts was in accord with the-plain meaning of the term as shown by the connection in which it was used by the legislature, and in our opinion these decisions do not sustain the contention of appellant in the case at bar..\nExamples of cases in which courts have adhered to-the popular definition of \u201ccohabit\u201d and \u201ccohabitation\u201d are: DeBerry v. DeBerry, 115 W. Va. 604, 177 S. E. 440; Thorp v. Thorp, 165 Wash. 255, 4 Pac. 2d 1103; State v. Freddy, 117 La. 121, 41 S. 436, 116 Am. St. Rep. 195; Burns v. Burns, 60 Ind. 259; State v. Way, 5 Neb. 283; Bracksmayer v. Bracksmayer, 22 N. Y. S. 2d 110; and Herrman v. Herrman, 156 N. Y. S. 688, affirmed 176 App. Div., 914, 162 N. Y. S. 1123.\nIn the DeBerry case, supra, the court said: \u201cThe literal or derivative meaning of the word \u2018cohabit\u2019 is to live together while its popular and often legal significance is to copulate. The latter interpretation was, in our opinion, intended by our legislature. \u2019 \u2019\nIn the Thorp case, supra, the Washington Supreme Court held that where the husband and wife sporadically spent the night together this amounted to a cohabitation. To the same effect is the decision in the case of Walker v. Walker, 151 Wash. 480, 276 Pac. 300.\nThe Louisiana Supreme Court, in the case of State v. Freddy, supra, held, in construing a statute of that state declaring that persons who, within certain degrees of consanguinity, should intermarry or cohabit without marriage were guilty of incest that the word \u201ccohabit\u201d meant sexual intercourse.\nIn the Burns case, supra, the Indiana Supreme Court held that the word \u201ccohabit,\u201d as used in establishing implication of condonation from \u201ccohabitation\u201d meant sexual intercourse.\nLikewise, the Nebraska court in the case of State v. Way, supra, held that the word \u201ccohabit,\u201d as used in certain legislation, meant sexual intercourse.\nIn the Bracksmayer case, supra, it was said: \u201cSo, in the statute here under consideration, the term \u2018cohabitation\u2019 is, in my opinion, used synonymously with sexual intercourse. \u2019 \u2019\nJudge Cavegan, in the Ilerrman case, supra, said: \u201cIn addition to its literal meaning of \u2018living together,\u2019 the word \u2018cohabitation\u2019 in its popular sense purports sexual intercourse. . . . I am of the opinion that its popular, rather than its derivative, meaning must be applied in determining the legislative intent. . . . \u201d -\nIn determining the meaning.to be given to words used by the legislature, recourse often must be had to the context in which the language is used. \u201cTo arrive at the meaning of a statutory term, the connection in which it is used and the evident purpose of the legislature must be considered.\u201d (Headnote 2) Rose v. W. B. Worthen Co., 186 Ark. 205, 53 S. W. 2d 15, 85 A. L. R. 212, \u201cNot only do courts refuse to resort to general rules of construction where the legislative intent clearly appears from the context by the language employed, but they must give effect to all language employed in the context if reasonable and consistent.\u201d Wiseman v. Affolter, 192 Ark. 509, 92 S. W. 2d 388.\nTo accord to the words \u201cwithout cohabitation,\u201d in .the statute under consideration, the import insisted upon by appellant would render these words meaningless, or make them redundant, and we are therefore of the opinion that, when the legislature used this language, the popular, rather than the literal, or derivative, meaning was intended.\nFurthermore, we do not believe that a husband who, though not actually living under the same roof with his wife, during a stated period, from time to time resumes marital intercourse with her, can be truly, said to be living \u201cseparate and apart\u201d from her during this time.\nThe legislature certainly intended that such separation and living apart for three years as would entitle either of the parties to a divorce should be continuous and uninterrupted. The language \u201cthree consecutive years\u201d clearly indicates this legislative intent.' While separation for three years, as a ground for divorce, is' an entirely different ground from that of desertion, yet, in determining the fact of the separation, pronouncements of courts, as to the necessity of continuity of desertion, in cases where divorce is sought on that ground, shed light on the question here under consideration.\nJudge Riddick, speaking for the court, in the case of Reed v. Reed, 62 Ark. 611, 37 S. W. 230, said: \u201cBut, if he goes further, and continues to exercise the right of matrimonial intercourse upon sucli visits, lie will be treated as having condoned the conduct of the wife, and the continuity of her desertion will he hr oleen.\u201d (Italics supplied) > To tlie same effect is the decision of the Supreme Court of West Virginia in the case of Burk v. Burk, 21 W. Va. 445, in which the court said: \u201cThe matrimonial cohabitation cannot be broken off by the mere fact of living in separate' houses, while the husband constantly or at any time occupies the marriage-bed. If such a thing could for a moment be tolerated, then, a man would have a legal warrant for the space of three years to make his wife his mere mistress, an act as shocking to the law as it is to morality and religion. \u2019 \u2019\nIn his work on Marriage, Divorce and Separation, vol. 1, \u00a7 1773, Bishop states the rule as follows: \u201cIf, 'after a wife\u2019s desertion, the husband has access to her person as often as he chooses, the continuity (of desertion) is destroyed.\u201d\nWe conclude that the lower court did not err in its construction of the statute involved in this case nor in its finding on.the fact situation presented by the evidence. The decree appealed from is accordingly affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Robins, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Steel <& Edwardes, for appellant.", "Lincoln & Harris and Ned A. Stewart, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "McClure v. McClure.\n4-7101\n172 S. W. 2d 243\nOpinion delivered June 14, 1943.\nSteel <& Edwardes, for appellant.\nLincoln & Harris and Ned A. Stewart, for appellee." }, "file_name": "1032-01", "first_page_order": 1052, "last_page_order": 1057 }