{ "id": 8720130, "name": "Lewis v. Tate, Mayor", "name_abbreviation": "Lewis v. Tate", "decision_date": "1946-07-01", "docket_number": "4-7996", "first_page": "326", "last_page": "333", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "210 Ark. 326" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "195 S.W.2d 640" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "211 S. W. 170", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 Ark. 339", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1566985 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/138/0339-01" ] }, { "cite": "187 S. W. 905", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "125 Ark. 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1553250 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/125/0126-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ark. 1094", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1475806 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/209/1094-01" ] }, { "cite": "49 S. W. 2d 1037", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ark. 846", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1435229 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/185/0846-01" ] }, { "cite": "75 S. W. 2d 223", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "189 Ark. 819", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1425498 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/189/0819-01" ] }, { "cite": "200 S. W. 279", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "132 Ark. 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1576772 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/132/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 S. W. 170", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "138 Ark. 339", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1566985 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/138/0339-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 729, "char_count": 15953, "ocr_confidence": 0.519, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.10557368627794e-07, "percentile": 0.5694590688491877 }, "sha256": "a732cd472d7a4d057a00dcf503cd3cb19dd5006062e6f63154c2c6ce02de2681", "simhash": "1:e5a2ee6172894717", "word_count": 2692 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T23:00:55.346799+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Mr. Justice McHaNey concurs in this dissent." ], "parties": [ "Lewis v. Tate, Mayor." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GeiffiN Smith, Chief Justice.\nThe question is whether bonds Mulberry proposes to issue are valid: or, rather, whether matters of which complaint is made deprive municipal officials of power to execute the securities.\nMulberry was incorporated in 1880. October 2,1945, its Council passed Ordinance No. 78, calling an election under Act 211 of 1939, the issue being whether the town should be advanced to a City of the Second Class. Notice was published in out-of-town newspapers, there being none in Mulberry. The Mayor also caused notices to be posted. November 6, 96 votes were cast in favor of the ordinance'and none against it. A certified copy of the result was duly made, and on November 23, at a regular meeting of the Council, that body passed Ordinance No. 80, calling for a special election \u201c. . . to submit to the voters the question of issuing bonds under Amendment No. 13 to the Cbnstitution . . . for the purpose of constructing sewers.\u201d The complaint incident to this appeal recites that \u201cThe County Boaid of Election Commissioners appointed qualified electors of Mulberry as judges and clerks of the election, . . . held January 2, 1946.\u201d The vote was 103 for the issue, and none against it.\nMarch 5,1946, the Council unanimously passed Ordinance No. 86. It provides for an issue of $34,000 3% sewer revenue bonds, converted to $36,250 3% bonds.\nContention is(a) the Sheriff did not proclaim an election, as provided by \u00a7 4672 of Pope\u2019s Digest; (b) there was no reorganization of the city government after November 15, 1945, when the State Board of Municipal Corporations authorized the upgrading to a City of the Second Class, and prior to April 2, 1946, when new officers were elected, three wards were designated, and other municipal procedure consonant with the new status was taken; (c) requirements of Amendment No. 13 to the Constitution in respect of notice was not complied with, and (d) the City is proposing to issue two kinds of bonds for the same purpose.\nThe answer admits most of the material facts alleged; but insistence is that authority was appropriately exercised. On this final point the contention is that \u2018 \u2018. . . there is no Constitutional or statutory prohibition upon [the City\u2019s] right to issue bonds under Amendment No. 13 and [under] the provisions of Act 132 of 1933, as amended; that the bonds are separate issues and are payable from entirely separate funds, and there is nothing in either the Amendment or the statute which requires that either issue by itself be large enough to pay the entire cost of the sewer system.\u201d\nThe Court found that the answer stated defenses to the complaint. Appeal is from the Court\u2019s action in overruling a demurrer to the answer.\nOur attention is first directed to Amendment No. 13 to the Constitution. It amends Art. XVI, \u00a7 1, of the Constitution of 1874. Cities of the First and Second Class are authorized to issue bonds for enumerated purposes, one of which is construction of sewers and comfort stations. In Snodgrass v. Pocahontas, 189 Ark. 819, 75 S. W. 2d 223, it was held that the Amendment did not pro-Mbit cities and towns from making improvements fbr which interest-bearing evidences of indebtedness might be issued, if tbe debt be payable solely from revenues derived from sucb improvement. In discussing the question Mr. Justice Mehaefy said for tbe Court: \u201cIt was manifestly tbe intention of tbe framers of Amendment No. 13 to prohibit cities and towns from issuing interest-bearing evidences of indebtedness, to pay which tbe people would be taxed, or their property appropriated to pay tbe indebtedness, or any indebtedness that placed any burden on tbe taxpayers. (Citing McCutchen v. Siloam Springs, 185 Ark. 846, 49 S. W. 2d 1037.) \u201d\nIt must be observed, however, that Amendment No. 13 only allows Cities of tbe First and Second Class to issue bonds payable from a tax not to exceed five mills; \u201ctowns,\u201d so-called,' are not within the purview of tbe Amendment\u2019s exceptions. Preceding tbe proviso just referred to, tbe language is: \u201c. . . nor shall any county, city, town or municipality ever issue any interest-bearing evidences of indebtedness, except sucb bonds as may be authorized by law to provide for and secure tbe payment of the indebtedness existing at tbe time of tbe adoption of tbe Constitution of 1874.\u201d\nTbe case turns upon power by the town authorities to authorize a millage tax. It is not necessary to discuss tbe want of a proclamation by tbe Sheriff. Assuming, without deciding, that appellee bad tbe right to pledge surplus revenues to cover tbe issue of $34,000 converted bonds, (see City of Harrison v. Braswell, 209 Ark. 1094, 194 S. W. 2d 12) still there was no authority for issuance of tax-secured bonds until Mulberry became a City of tbe Second Class. This status bad not been acquired when the election was held, except to the extent that tbe serving officers were cle facto officials with power to function regarding those things an Incorporated Town might do.\nIt is insisted that \u00a7 9494 of Pope\u2019s Digest confers the necessary authority. The section is taken from Act 212, approved March 23, 1915. The Act is curative. It deals with governments of municipalities \u201c which the Legislature has declared to he 'Cities of the 'Second Class,\u201d and makes officers so serving the de facto officials of such governments. There is reference to the fact that some time must elapse before a government can be organized in such municipalities as incorporated towns, [therefore] the present officers of such municipalities are confirmed . . . and declared to be the de facto and de jure officers of said municipalities.\nThe next section requires the Governor to call special elections, \u2018\u2018 to be held in all municipalities which have been raised by Act of the General Assembly from the grade of Incorporated Towns to the grade of Cities of the Second Class.\u201d\nAct 334, approved March 25, 1937, authorized \u201cany incorporated town which is a county seat\u201d to become a city of the second class by following the procedure outlined. The 1937 law was amended by Act 211, approved \u2022 March 9, 1939. The requirement that the incorporated town be a county seat was eliminated. Prior to 1937 an incorporated town could not be advanced unless its population was in excess of 1,750. .See Act 119, approved March 9,1931; Pope\u2019s Digest, \u00a7 9483.\nIn Cotten v. Hughes, 125 Ark. 126, 187 S. W. 905, it was held that acts of municipal officers in creating a local improvement district and levying assessments (such acts having been performed subsequent to the passage of Act 212 of 1915, and before new municipal officers were elected) were valid. The opinion, however, carefully pointed out that . . creation of the improvement district was entirely within the statutory power of an Incorporated Town, as much so as within the powers of cities of either class, and the Legislature did not attempt to confer any new power in authorizing the Council to perform acts for and on behalf of the Incorporated Town.\u201d\nBoard of Improvement of Gravette Waterworks Improvement District v. Carman, 138 Ark. 339, 211 S. W. 170, is in point In respect of Act 212 of 1915 it says: \u201cTMs Act undertook to legalize the acts of de facto governments of . . . municipalities and to constitute the de facto governments the de jure governments until such time as an election could he held for the election of the officers provided for by law for Incorporated Towns.\u201d But \u00a7 2 of Act 212 required the Governor to, call special elections, and it was never contemplated that the de facto status should be unending.\nThe Carman case also held \u2014 as to the principle there presented: \u201cWe would have a very different question if there had been no legislative authority to create improvement districts in Incorporated Towns.\u201d\nThe Carman opinion says: \u201cBut [in the Cotten-Hugkes case] we expressly pretermitted any discussion of the validating effect of [Act 212] on acts [of municipalities] which had been performed prior to its passage. That case is distinguishable from the instant case in this, that the improvement district, the organization of which was there upheld, was created by the Council of the town of Benton after the passage of Act 212 of 1915 and while the Council was acting under the authority there conferred by that Act as the Council of the Town of Benton, pending the election of their successors, which had not then been held; while here the improvement districts were established by aldermen who were assuming to act as aldermen of a City of the Second Class and prior to passage of the act.\u201d\nUnless Act 212 of 1915 was intended as a bridge between incorporated towns and cities of the second class, the provisions of which should continue until altered by the General Assembly, there was no authority in the instant appeal for procedure under Amendment No. 13; but since an Incorporated Town may pledge a surplus the right to issue revenue bonds existed. This is the majority view, although the writer of this opinion, in dissenting in City of Harrison v. Braswell, supra, expressed the view (which he still entertains) that any pledge involving funds \u201cin excess of the revenue for such City or Town for the current fiscal year\u201d is void. See Amendment No. 10 to the Constitution.\nThe decree is reversed.\nThe Chief Justice, and Mr. Justice McF addin, wrote Separate dissenting opinions in the Harrison-Braswell case. While the dissents were noted in The Reporter, the opinions were not published, but appear in official report of this case, and will be printed in the 209th Arkansas Reports.\nThe record in this case shows that $34,000 of 3%% revenue bonds were authorized to be sold with privilege of conversion to 3% bonds. The record also discloses that when converted the amount would be $36,250. In a memorandum it is insisted that the municipality sold $34,000 of 314% bonds, instead of 314%, with the privilege of conversion to 3%. The memorandum also shows that 3%% bonds so converted to 3% would correspond to an issue of $36,250, which amount would appear to be approximately correct. Seemingly, however, if 3%% bonds were sold by the municipality (as reflected by the record) then approximately only $$5,000 in principal of 3% bonds could be issued. Either the record is wrong as to the rate of interest to be borne by the bonds prior to conversion, or the conversion to $36,250 at 3% is wrong. Actually, if the municipality authorized the sale of $34,000 of 3%% bonds, then the conversion to $36,250 of 3% bonds, although not a true conversion, for all practical purposes would be correct. However, if 314 % bonds were authorized, then the conversion to 3% would indicate an issue of approximately $35,000, if the computations here made are correct. The net result would seem to be that if 3%% bonds were authorized, the municipality should receive $34,000; but if 3%% bonds were authorized, the excess, or over-issue, would be more than $1,000.", "type": "majority", "author": "GeiffiN Smith, Chief Justice." }, { "text": "Holt, J.\n(dissenting). With all due regard for the opinion of the majority, I am impelled to dissent.\nThe facts are not in dispute. By appropriate procedure, the incorporated town of Mulberry, Arkansas, was raised to a city of the second class and officially so declared to be by the State Board of Municipal Corporations on November 15, 1945. During the period between November 15,1945, and April 2,1946, on which latter date an election was held and municipal officers, for the second class city of Mulberry, were elected and took office, the municipal officers who were serving Mulberry, while it was an incorporated town, continued to hold over and function. It was during this interim, or hold over period, and, as indicated, after Mulberry had been raised to a city of the second class that the holdover officials of the city passed the ordinance giving to the electorate of Mulberry the opportunity to vote upon themselves the bond issues for the construction of the sewer system here involved. The election was duly held and by an almost unanimous vote, the bond issues carried.\nIn these circumstances, the appellant contends and the majority opinion holds, as I construe it, that the acts \u25a0of the holdover officers or city council of the town of Mulberry subsequent to November 15, 1945, when Mulberry was raised to a city of the second class,* are absolutely void and of no effect in so far as their acts permitted the issuance of \"tax secured bonds,\u201d and therefore, that any ordinance which these officials attempted to pass in order to permit the people of Mulberry to vote upon themselves tax secured bonds was of no effect, or invalid.\nIt is my view, both by present statute and former decisions of this court, authority is found for the acts of these holdover officers for the reason that they were acting at least in the capacity of cle facto officers and while so acting, their acts in the circumstances were valid and binding. Section 9793, Pope\u2019s Digest,-provides in part as follows: \"The ' corporate authority of incorporated towns organized or to be organized for general purposes shall vest in one mayor, one recorder and five aldermen, who shall be qualified electors residing within the limits of the corporation, and shall hold their office for two years and until their successors are elected and qualified.\u201d\nIt is obvious that some time must elapse after the incorporated town of Mulberry was officially declared to he a city of the second class and the date on which municipal officers could be elected, and qualified and take office in Mulberry, as a city of the second class.\nIt seems to me that any other construction would mean that there would be an interim when Mulberry would be without any kind of government, and as this court said in Board of Improvement of Gravette Waterworks Improvement District v. Carman, 138 Ark. 339, 211 S. W. 170: \"It is intolerable that there could be a period during which a governmental entity (referring to the incorporated town of G-ravette) should be without a government. \u2019 \u2019\nI think that the old officers of the town of Mulberry held over and continued in office until their successors were elected and qualified as the statute seems to provide.\nIt must be noted here that what these holdover officers attempted to do was within the power of cities of the second class, under Amendment 13 of the Constitution of Arkansas, to perform. I think, as holdover officers,- they had the same powers that would be accorded to officers duly elected and qualified after Mulberry became a city of the second class.\nHere, there is no suggestion or intimation of fraud or lack of good faith on the part of these holdover officers. The people of Mulberry were given the opportunity by these officers to vote, and did vote these bond issues upon themselves. This small progressive city now operates and owns a waterworks system and I can conceive of no improvement that would be more effective in preserving and protecting the health and welfare of. the people within Mulberry than an adequate sewer system.\nIn Faucette, Mayor, v. Gerlach, 132 Ark. 58, 200 S. W. 279, Judge Hast, speaking for this court, quoted with approval from Kent\u2019s Commentaries, 14 Ed., vol. 2, p. 295, and said: \u201cIn the case of public officers, who are such de facto acting under color of office by an election or . appointment not strictly legal, or without having qualified themselves by the requisite tests, or by holding over after the period prescribed for a new appointment, as in the case of sheriffs, constables, etc.; their acts are held valid as respects the rights of third persons who have an interest in them, and as concerns .the public, in order to prevent a failure of justice.\u201d\nAccordingly, it is my view the decree of the lower court should be in all things affirmed. .\nMr. Justice McHaNey concurs in this dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Holt, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Greefcmore & Robinson, for appellant.", "Batchelor & Batchelor, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Lewis v. Tate, Mayor.\n4-7996\n195 S. W. 2d 640\nOpinion delivered July 1, 1946.\nGreefcmore & Robinson, for appellant.\nBatchelor & Batchelor, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0326-01", "first_page_order": 342, "last_page_order": 349 }