{
  "id": 1464518,
  "name": "Kyle v. Zellner",
  "name_abbreviation": "Kyle v. Zellner",
  "decision_date": "1949-05-23",
  "docket_number": "4-8874",
  "first_page": "349",
  "last_page": "353",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "215 Ark. 349"
    },
    {
      "type": "parallel",
      "cite": "220 S.W.2d 806"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ark.",
    "id": 8808,
    "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 34,
    "name_long": "Arkansas",
    "name": "Ark."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "173 S.W. 848",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "117 Ark. 127",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        1564927
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/117/0127-01"
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    },
    {
      "cite": "55 S.W. 159",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "67 Ark. 371",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        1152565
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/67/0371-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "210 Ark. 355",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ark.",
      "case_ids": [
        8720382
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ark/210/0355-01"
      ]
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  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 421,
    "char_count": 6232,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.504,
    "pagerank": {
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    "simhash": "1:b2becb34cf659a9d",
    "word_count": 1072
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:42:13.131733+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Griittn Smith, C. J., not participating."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "Kyle v. Zellner."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "George Rose Smith, J.\nIn 1945, for a consideration of $1,000, the appellee conveyed to the appellants, Kyle and Fehr, all the \u201cmerchantable\u201d cypress timber on eighty acres of land, together with such smaller timber as might be needed for skid poles. Appellants were given two years in which to remove the timber. The* chancellor found that they cut about 280,000 feet of cypress, which they sawed into lumber and sold for $67 a thousand feet.\nAfter the timber had been cut the appellee became dissatisfied with the transaction and brought this suit to cancel the deed and to obtain an accounting. She alleged that Kyle was her employee when the trade was made and that she relied on him to negotiate with D. Goodwin, a prospective buyer of the timber. According to the complaint Kyle falsely reported that Goodwin offered only $750 for the timber, and in reliance upon that report the appellee sold the cypress to the appellants for $1,000 without making an independent investigation of its value. It was averred that the timber was worth far more than that sum and that Kyle had violated his fiduciary duty as an agent in order to obtain it for himself and Fehr,\nAt tlie trial appellee\u2019s proof failed to sustain the allegations of her complaint. The evidence showed that Goodwin had in fact offered only $750 for the cypress and that there was no breach of any fiduciary duty on Kyle\u2019s part. The chancellor found, however, that merchantable timber was intended by the parties to mean timber at least twelve inches in diameter at the stump and that appellants had cut 180,000 feet of smaller logs to which they were not entitled nnder their deed. The appellee was given judgment for $1,195, being the stumpage value of this smaller timber less a set-off conceded by appellee.\nAt the close of the plaintiff\u2019s testimony the appellants moved unsuccessfully for a dismissal and now insist that the appellee had not then made a prima facie case. It is unnecessary to decide this question. We have held that our practice does not recognize a demurrer to the evidence; in equity the defendant must either submit the case upon the plaintiff\u2019s proof or proceed with his own testimony. Kelley v. Northern Ohio Co., 210 Ark. 355, 196 S.W. 2d 235. These appellants chose to present their evidence and thus abandoned their motion to dismiss.\nIt will be seen that the chancellor\u2019s decision did not follow the plaintiff\u2019s theory of the case as set forth in her pleadings. The appellants contend that the proof was not fully developed as to the meaning of the term \u201cmerchantable\u201d and that the trial court erred in adopting a theory at variance with the complaint. Doubtless the chancellor treated the pleadings as amended to conform to the proof. If the appellants desired to adduce additional evidence on this issue their remedy was by motion to reopen the case for that purpose. The trial court must first be given >an opportunity to correct asserted errors. By taking an appeal instead of seeking to reopen the case the appellants have elected to submit the cause to us upon the record made below.\nThere was actually a great deal of testimony as to the meaning of \u201cmerchantable.\u201d Goodwin\u2019s offer was based on his belief that there were about 100,000 feet of merchantable cypress on the tract, by which he meant trees at least twelve inches thick. Kyle himself was. asked to define merchantable timber and replied, \u201cAll I have heard, twelve inches and up is merchantable timber.\u201d Others testified to the same effect. Although some of appellants\u2019 witnesses considered that merchantable meant any timber that could be used \u2014 even brush\u2014 this would render the word meaningless in the deed. We agree with the chancellor in holding that the term was not used idly, that its purpose was to limit the sale to trees at least twelve inches in diameter. The reference in the deed to smaller timber to be used as skid poles confirms this interpretation.\nThe most- difficult question is whether the evidence supports the chancellor\u2019s computation of damages. The measure of damages for the destruction of young growing trees is the difference in the value of the land with and without the trees. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Ayres, 67 Ark. 371, 55 S.W. 159; Bradley Lbr. Co. v. Hamilton, 117 Ark. 127, 173 S.W. 848. If that rule is applicable the decree is without supporting evidence, for there was no testimony as to land values.\nThe rule is evidently intended to compensate the landowner when his timber is so immature that its value in the market is materially less than its potential worth through continued growth. Even though these litigants used the word merchantable to mean twelve inch trees, it does not necessarily follow that smaller trees had value only as an investment for the future. The best indication to the contrary lies in the fact that appellants did mill these logs and sold the lumber for a uniform price of $67 a thousand feet. While the timber was not merchantable in the restricted sense in which the parties used that term, it clearly had a market value that was realized by the appellants. There is not much direct proof that appellants actually cut trees under twelve inches at the stump, the testimony being largely confined to diameter at the small end of the logs; but the inference may be drawn that smaller trees were removed. There were estimates that the tract contained about 100,000 feet of merchantable cypress; so' the total of 280,000 feet cut by appellants must have included timber not conveyed by tbe deed.\nBoth sides assail the amount of tbe judgment, appellants contending that it is excessive and tbe appellee urging on cross appeal that it is inadequate. Tbe trial court fixed tbe stumpage value of tbe timber wrongfully cut at $10 a thousand feet. Tbe witnesses\u2019 estimates ranged from a minimum of $4 to a maximum of $15 for merchantable timber. We cannot say that any revision by us, either upward or downward, would be better supported by tbe proof than is tbe figure adopted by tbe chancellor.\nAffirmed.\nGriittn Smith, C. J., not participating.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "George Rose Smith, J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Hopson <& Hopson, for appellants.",
      "Warren E. Wood and Griffin Smith, Jr., for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Kyle v. Zellner.\n4-8874\n220 S. W. 2d 806\nOpinion delivered May 23, 1949.\nHopson <& Hopson, for appellants.\nWarren E. Wood and Griffin Smith, Jr., for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0349-01",
  "first_page_order": 371,
  "last_page_order": 375
}