{ "id": 1464509, "name": "Central Flying Service v. Crigger", "name_abbreviation": "Central Flying Service v. Crigger", "decision_date": "1949-05-30", "docket_number": "4-8715", "first_page": "400", "last_page": "407", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "215 Ark. 400" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "221 S.W.2d 45" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "219 S. W. 2d 215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1464489 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/215/0006-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 Stat. 977", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "208 S. W. 306", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "137 Ark. 217", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1568084 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/137/0217-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 S. W. 882", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 Ark. 406", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1533755 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/115/0406-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 S. W. 984", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ark. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1511797 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/91/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "149 S. W. 333", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ark. 506", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1350626 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/104/0506-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 L. R. A. N. S. 905", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.N.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "113 S. W. 647", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Ark. 576", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1519087 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/87/0576-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 S. W. 360", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 Ark. 966", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8726298 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/168/0966-01" ] }, { "cite": "239 S. W. 391", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "153 Ark. 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1362284 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/153/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "212 Ark. 17", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1470269 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/212/0017-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 S. W. 2d 21", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "194 Ark. 1076", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8726094 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/194/1076-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 S. W. 2d 971", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "187 Ark. 1107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1432144 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/187/1107-01" ] }, { "cite": "219 S. W. 2d 758", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1464463 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/215/0164-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 719, "char_count": 13226, "ocr_confidence": 0.526, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.2226809197673059e-07, "percentile": 0.5984930009432983 }, "sha256": "1beaf75572a474f13f8ecf1fc5aac1911eda8e19d5908e8e60f067ec6c2df532", "simhash": "1:0af5c248c5a652e1", "word_count": 2245 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:42:13.131733+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Millwee and George Rose Smith, JJ., dissent." ], "parties": [ "Central Flying Service v. Crigger." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Ed. F. McFaddin, Justice.\nThis action is an effort to hold appellants liable because they rented an airplane to a person whose conduct caused the death of appellees \u2019 son.\nAppellants, Garbacz and Holbert, are partners owning and operating the Central Flying Service in Little Rock. Yernon Wilkerson was a young man interested in aviation. He held a student\u2019s permit which allowed him to rent and fly a plane, but not to carry passengers. On March 23rd Wilkerson rented \u00e1 plane from appellants for three days in order to fly to Forrest City and attend a-fraternity convention; and while there, on March 24th, he took his fraternity brother J. W. Crigger, on a flight. The plane crashed and both Wilkerson and Crigger were killed.\nAppellees (plaintiffs below), as the parents and legal representatives of Crigger\u2019s estate, brought this action against appellants (defendants below) to hold them liable for his death. The theory of alleged liability was: (1) that Wilkerson was notorious for his recklessness in the operation of an airplane; (2) that Crigger was killed because of the said recklessness of Wilkerson; (3) that appellants had actual or imputed knowledge of Wilkerson\u2019s recklessness; and (-4) tliat in renting the plane to Wilkerson with such knowledge, the appellants became liable for all of his acts. Appellants denied liability; bnt a jury trial resulted in a verdict and judgment against appellants; and this appeal challenges that judgment.\nWe are presented with the question of the tort liability of one who rents an airplane to another; and very few relevant cases can be found. In Brewer v. Thompson, ante, p. 164, 219 S. W. 2d 758, a person legally riding as a passenger in a rented plane being operated by the bailee sued the bailor for damages, on the theory that the plane was defective. We denied recovery, because there was no proof of negligence on the part of the bailor. The decision in that case turned on the absence of negligence. In 4 A. L. R. 2d page 1306 there is an annotation entitled, \u201cTort liability of one renting or loaning airplane to another\u201d; and this annotation comments on the paucity of cases and also the failure of even the few cases to bottom the holdings on a uniform legal principle.\nArkansas has never adopted the Uniform Aeronautics Act; instead, the Arkansas General Assembly of 1941 by \u00a7 13 of Act 457 provided:\n\u201cThe liability of the owner or pilot of an airplane carrying passengers, for injury or death to such passengers, shall be determined by the rules of law applicable to torts on the lands or waters of this State arising out of similar relationships.\u201d Both sides to the present litigation concede the validity and applicability of tin-quoted section. Since the bailment of a motor vehicle presents, in many instances, an analagous situation to the bailment of an airplane, we turn, then, to the automobile cases for applicable rules. Our cases recognize that one who rents an automobile to a known reckless driver is liable for the damages which reasonably and proximately result from the reckless driving of such bailee. See Layes v. Harris, 187 Ark. 1107, 63 S. W. 2d 971; Chaney v. Duncan, 194 Ark. 1076, 110 S. W. 2d 21; McAllister v. Calhoun, 212 Ark. 17, 205 S. W. 2d 40.\nApparently attempting to follow the rationale -of these cases, the trial court instructed the jury, at the request of the plaintiffs, and over the general and specific objections of the defendants, as follows:\n\u201cYou are, therefore, instructed that if you find from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that the defendant, Central Flying Service, leased- or rented an airplane to Vernon Wilkerson as alleged in the complaint and if you further find from a preponderance of the evidence that at the time -said airplane was rented or leased to Vernon Wilkerson the defendant knew, or by the exercising of ordinary care could have known, that Vernon Wilkerson by reason of his want of age or experience, his physical or mental condition, or his known habit of recklessness was incompetent to safely operate the airplane, and if you further find from the evidence that because of reckless and negligent operation of said plane, if any, by Vernon Wilkerson, J. W. Crigger lost his life you are told as a matter of law that the action of the defendant(s) in leasing or renting said airplane to Vernon Wilkerson will be deemed to be the proximate cause of the death of J. W. Crigger and your verdict will be for the plaintiffs.\u201d A careful review of the record discloses sufficient evidence to. take the- case to the jury on the questions (1) whether Wilkerson was notorious for his recklessness; (2) whether Crigger was killed because of said recklessness; and (3) whether the appellants had actual or imputed knowledge of Wilkerson\u2019s recklessness. But we hold that there was no sufficient evidence to support the finding that the appellants could have reasonably anticipated that Wilkerson would take a passenger in the plane while he had it rented.\nAccording to tlie rules of the Civil Aeronautics .Board, which are controlling here, anyone sixteen or more years of age, who satisfactorily passes a mental and physical examination, may receive a student permit; after six hours of flying with an instructor \u2014 and upou approval of the instructor \u2014 the student is eligible for a solo flight; after other required hours of solo flying, the student may take a cross-country flight with an instructor, and then a solo cross-country flight; upon completion of 35 hours of flying, and with the approval of a recognized instructor, the student becomes eligible for a pilot\u2019s license, Only a person holding a pilot\u2019s license is permitted to take a passenger in the plane; but anyone holding a student\u2019s permit, who has completed his solo flight and his cross-country flight with an instructor, is eligible to rent a plane from any flying service. Wilkerson held a student\u2019s permit, and had completed his solo and cross-country flights, so it was entirely legal for the appellants to rent the plane to him. Wilkerson did not have a pilot\u2019s license, so he could not legally take a passenger in the plane.\nWe find no facts that could have imputed to appellants \u2014 when they rented the plane to Wilkerson \u2014 any . reason to believe that he would take a passenger in the plane in violation of the regulations of the Civil Aeronautics Board. As one witness expressed it, \u201che was an eager beaver about flying.\u201d He was anxious to get his pilot\u2019s license. The only former indiscretion, of whieh he was definitely shown to have been guilty, was one act of low flying which occurred several months before the events here. He had been disciplined for this low flying, and then allowed to resume the renting of planes. No reasonable person could have been required to foresee, on March 23rd when the plane was rented to him, that the next day Wilkerson would endanger his entire aviation career and lose even Ms student permit, by taking a passenger in tbe plane.\n\u2022 In our- automobile\" cases previously cited, we bave said tbat one renting a ear to a known reckless driver may be liable for injuries resulting from negligence of tbe driver. But tbat statement means tbat tbe negligence upon tbe part of tbe driver must be in tbe operation of tbe car; it does not mean tbat one renting a caito a reckless driver becomes liable for any other act of indiscretion \u2014 e. g., kidnapping \u2014 done by tbe driver of tbe car and not proximately connected with tbe driving. Tbe damage must flow from tbe driving of tbe car, and not from tbe separate tort of tbe driver. There is an exhaustive annotation in 168 A. L. B>. 1364 entitled, \u201cCommon-law liability based on entrusting automobile to incompetent, reckless or unlicensed driver\u201d; and on page 1369 of that annotation.there is a section entitled, \u201cNecessity of causal relation between injury complained of and driver\u2019s incompetency, inexperience or unfitness.\u201d It is there stated:\n\u2018\u2018 Generally, in order to recover against tbe owner of an automobile on the ground of bis negligence in entrusting tbe automobile to an incompetent driver, for injuries inflicted by the driver\u2019s operation of tbe car, tbe plamtiff must establish tbat tbe injury complained of was caused by tbe driver\u2019s disqualification, incompetency, inexperience, or recklessness. . . . most cases bold that failure to show tbat tbe matter of operation of tbe offending vehicle arose from or was induced by tbe disqualification alleged, of tbe driver to whom it was entrusted by the owner, precludes recovery against the latter under tbe common-law rule embodying tbe doctrine of liability for entrustment to an incompetent person.\u201d\nTbe necessity of establisMng causal connection between tbe negligence of tbe driver and tbe resulting damage is so clear tbat our automobile cases bave shown such connection without stating tbe necessity for its existence. We bave many cases on proximate cause and causal connection. In Wisconsin & Ark. Lbr. Co. v. Scott, 153 Ark. 65, 239 S. W. 391 this Court said: \u201cTo constitute actionable negligence, there must be negligence and injury resulting as the proximate cause of it. Proximate cause has been defined as a cause from which a person of ordinary experience and sagacity could foresee that the result might probably ensue. \u2019 \u2019\nAgain, in Meeks v. Graysonia, Nashville & Ashdown R. Co., 168 Ark. 966, 272 S. W. 360 this Court said:\n\u201cThe rule is well established in this State that, in an action for personal injuries, although the defendant may be shown to have been negligent in some manner, yet, unless the\u25a0 negligence so shown is the proximate cause of the injury complained of, no recovery can he had on account of saicl injury. It has been uniformly held that, in order to warrant a finding that negligence is the proximate cause of an injury, it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable consequence of the negligence and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of the attending circumstances. Pittsburg Reduction Co. v. Horton, 87 Ark. 576, 113 S. W. 647, 18 L. R. A. N. S. 905; St. L. & S. F. R. Co. v. Whayne, 104 Ark. 506, 149 S. W. 333; St. L. Kennett & S. E. Rd. Co. v. Fultz, 91 Ark. 260, 120 S. W. 984; Hays v. Williams, 115 Ark. 406, 171 S. W. 882; and Bona v. Thomas Auto Co., 137 Ark. 217, 208 S. W. 306.\u201d\nApplying the rules of causal connection and proximate cause to the case at bar, it follows that before the appellants could have been held liable, it was necessary for the appellees to show that the appellants could have reasonably foreseen that Wilkerson, while on his trip to Forrest City, would take a passenger in the plane in violation of the rules of the Civil Aeronautics Board. No such showing was made, nor does the inference arise as a matter of law.\nIt follows therefore that the judgment of the Circuit Court is reversed, and the cause is dismissed.\nMillwee and George Rose Smith, JJ., dissent.\nFor brevity, we have used here the word \u201crecklessness.\u201d The complaint used a more comprehensive term, i. e., \u201cwilfull and wanton negligence and misconduct.\u201d In this opinion \u201crecklessness\u201d includes the comprehensive term.\nSee footnote preceding.\nThe Uniform Aeronautics Act was approved by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1922. It may be found in vol. eleven, Uniform Laws Annotated, page 157. On page 274 of the 1948 Cumulative Annual Pocket Parts for said vol. 11, it\" is stated that this Uniform Aeronautics Act was withdrawn by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in August, 1943.\nThe latter portion of this instruction is erroneous.\n\u201cThe Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938\u201d was enacted by the Congress of the United States on June 23, 1938, c. 601. 52 Stat. 977. It may be found in U. S. C. A. title 49, \u00a7 401, et seq. Under the Civil Aeronautics Act the rules for the licensing of pilots, etc., are prescribed and regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board. Some of the rules and regulations of the Civil Aeronautics Board were referred to in our recent case of West Memphis Flying Service v. American Aviation, etc., Co., ante, p. 6, 219 S. W. 2d 215.", "type": "majority", "author": "Ed. F. McFaddin, Justice." }, { "text": "George Rose Smith, J.,\ndissenting. Justice Millwee and I are unwilling to say as a matter of law that the appellants could not reasonably have foreseen the possibility of \"Wilkerson\u2019s conduct. Tbe renting of tbe airplane to a reckless pilot had created a potentially dangerous situation; so the intervening action by Wilkerson should not be allowed to break the chain of causation unless a reasonable man would regard its occurrence as highly extraordinary. Rest., Torts, \u00a7 447. These appellants were engaged in the business of aviation. It is a fact well-known to fliers that \u201ceager beavers\u201d and \u201chot pilots\u201d often have a tendency to show off their skill by taking up passengers and performing acrobatics. We think it a question of fact whether the appellants ought to have foreseen the possibility of Wilkerson\u2019s doing just this. We therefore dissent from the order of dismissal.", "type": "dissent", "author": "George Rose Smith, J.," } ], "attorneys": [ "Busbee, Harrison & Wright, for appellant.", "J. J. Screeton and Miles & Amsler, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Central Flying Service v. Crigger.\n4-8715\n221 S. W. 2d 45\nOpinion delivered May 30, 1949.\nRehearing denied July 4, 1949.\nBusbee, Harrison & Wright, for appellant.\nJ. J. Screeton and Miles & Amsler, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0400-01", "first_page_order": 422, "last_page_order": 429 }