{ "id": 8719268, "name": "Lester Willis v. Ray Elledge", "name_abbreviation": "Willis v. Elledge", "decision_date": "1967-04-10", "docket_number": "5-4186", "first_page": "305", "last_page": "314", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "242 Ark. 305" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "413 S.W.2d 636" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "352 S. W. 2d 96", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1688453 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/234/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 Ark. 1007", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8726311 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/226/1007-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 A. L. R. 2d 203", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "218 Ark. 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1612102 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/218/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Ark. 246", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1467026 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/213/0246-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 S. W. 452", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ark. 79", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1350604 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/104/0079-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 801, "char_count": 14664, "ocr_confidence": 0.486, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.0569837941663453e-07, "percentile": 0.7560303708826267 }, "sha256": "294424a82971e3b64f440b28c66314d8d63d5e1ba3f2eefa92e27a523414ed85", "simhash": "1:176ca048df8040b2", "word_count": 2560 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:00:12.038660+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "George Bose Smith, Foglemah, and Byrd, JJ., dissent.", "George Rose Smith and Fogleman, JJ., join in this dissent." ], "parties": [ "Lester Willis v. Ray Elledge" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Carleton Harris, Chief Justice.\nAn automobile driven by appellant, Lester Willis, struck the rear of an automobile operated by appellee, Ray Elledge, on West Markham Street in Little Rock about 5:30 P.M. in December, 1965, the Elledge vehicle being stopped at the time, awaiting the clearance of westbound traffic. El-ledge instituted suit against appellant for damages, alleging personal injuries, and contending that Willis was guilty of negligence, and further asserting that appellant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages, and had voluntarily rendered himself unfit to operate his automobile. The complaint sought the recovery of $25,-350.00 for compensatory damages, and also asked punitive damages in the amount of $5,000.00. On trial, the jury returned a verdict awarding compensatory damages in the sum of $2,500.00, and also awarded the additional sum of $5,000.00 as punitive damages. This appeal is taken from that portion of the judgment awarding punitive damages. Only one point is relied upon, vis.:\n\u201cThe verdict awarding punitive damages to Appel-lee in the amount of $5,000.00 is not supported by the evidence and is excessive, evidencing passion and prejudice on the part of the jury.\u201d\nElledge and Officer W- H. Armstrong were the only persons to testify on behalf of appellee relative to appellant\u2019s alleged intoxication. Elledge\u2019s testimony on this point is as follows:\n\u201cQ. Now, getting back to the accident for a moment, Mr. Elledge, did you detect any. odor of alcohol on the person of Mr. Willis?\nA. Yes, sir. I did.\nQ. Did you form any opinion as to the sobriety...\nMR. GANNAWAY:\n* * * your Honor, I don\u2019t believe that would be admissible.\nTHE COURT:\nHe can tell what he saw, physical facts, but lie can\u2019t give his opinion whether or not he was sober at the time.\nME. HENDBICKS:\nQ. All right. Mr. Elledge, in addition to the odor of alcohol that you smelled, was there anything unusual in Mr. Willis\u2019 movements, conduct?\nA. Yes sir he didn\u2019t talk very good.\nQ. In what way?\nA. Well he was kind of incoherent.\nQ. Was his speech slurry?\nA. And he leaned up against the car and staggered and his eyes were kind of, I don\u2019t know you could tell he was drunk.\u201d\nOfficer Armstrong gave the following testimony on that point:\n\u201cQ. Did you detect any odor of alcohol about the defendant, Lester Willis?\nA. Yes, sir, I did.\nQ. Did Mr. Willis make any statements to you, Officer, regarding drinking?\nA. Yes, sir. When I first arrived I talked to Mr. Willis, along with Mr. Elledge, and he stated that he had one beer. At the scene of the accident he was staggering and incoherent and I told Mr. Willis it was to my opinion he had more than one beer and he said that he was out West Markham earlier in the afternoon and that he was having target practice with a 22 caliber rifle he had in the back of his car, and that he had been drinking about all afternoon.\nQ. Did you form any opinion as to the sobriety of Mr. Willis?-\nA.' Yes., sir, I kind of felt that he was drunk.\u201d\nWillis testified that he had been out \u201ctarget shooting\u201d during the afternoon with a friend, and that he had consumed one quart of beer from 1:30 P.M. through the balance of the afternoon. He denied that he was intoxicated in any degree, and said that he did not see ap-pellee\u2019s. car until revealed by his own lights.\n\u201cWell, I came over the hill, coming east, and I hadn\u2019t much more than got straightened out until my light hit this car up in front of me. That\u2019s all I saw, this bulk up in front of me and I immediately put on my brakes as hard as I could and it wasn\u2019t enough to stop me.\u201d\nHe testified that he was operating his car well within the speed limit (40 miles per hour), and there is no evidence to the contrary. Willis, a carpenter and-veteran of World War II (Seabees), apparently as a matter of minimizing the effect of the evidence about his \u201cstaggering,\u201d stated:\n\u201cI am rated 10 per cent disabled, service-connected on my left shoulder due to a neuritis condition and 10 per cent on my feet.\u201d\nHe testified that he wore \u201cbuilt-up\u201d shoes to support his feet, and exhibited the shoes to the jury.\n\u201cBy the end of the day, when I finish my work, by the time I put in eight hours walking around or working I am limping. It\u2019s painful to be on my feet. I will limp after I have been on my feet for around eight to nine hours.\u201d\nAppellant first argues that there was not enough evidence to submit the issue of punitive damages to the jury, but we cannot consider this question, since an instruction on punitive damages, was given the jury without objection on the part of appellant. The failure to object to an instruction operates as a waiver of any error that might be committed in giving it. Evins v. St. Louis & S. F. Rd. Co., 104 Ark. 79, 147 S. W. 452.\nIt is next argued that the amount recovered was. excessive. Four, cases are cited by the parties on this point. In Miller v. Blanton, 213 Ark. 246, 210 S. W. 2d 293, the opinion reflects, that the vehicle driven by appellant Miller was coming over a hill and traveling on Blanton\u2019s half of the highway. Further, from the opinion:\n\u201cWhen persons living nearby reached the scene the abnormal condition of appellant Miller was apparent. One of these testified that Miller\u2019s breath smelled of liquor, and that his tongue seemed to be thick. Another witness noticed the liquor on his breath and said that he staggered when he tried to walk. This witness expressed the opinion that Miller was drunk. Uncertainty about his condition was removed by the testimony of Miller himself. He testified that during a few hours before he left Mena he had consumed \u2018four or five highballs\u2019 and that he was \u2018half-drunk.\u2019 He admitted that he was on the wrong side of the road when his ear struck appellee\u2019s, automobile, and could give no reason whatever for driving over this hill on his left-hand side of the highway.\u201d\nMiller also testified that he had pleaded guilty to a charge of reckless driving, the court pointing out that this offense is defined as, \u201cAny person who drives .any vehicle in such a manner as to indicate either a willful or a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. \u2019 \u2019 The jury had awarded punitive damages of $500.00 for Mr. Blanton. These judgments were affirmed. It will be at once noted that the testimony as to intoxication is vastly stronger than the evidence in the present case, and that the amount awarded to both appellees only totaled $1,000.00..\nIn Hall v. Young, 218 Ark. 348, 236 S. W. 2d 431, an award of $100.00 punitive damages was given appel-lee. The court reviewed the testimony relating to punitive damages as follows:\n\u201c***Appellant and four other young men were returning to Marvell from a night club near Forrest City, Arkansas. Appellant and two of his companions, had been drinking heavily since early in the afternoon and had stopped at Walnut Corner for the last drink shortly before the collision. It was raining and the highway was only 14 feet wide at the point of the collision. The shoulders of the road had been recently graded and were muddy.\n\u2018\u2022\u2018We will not attempt to detail the testimony. It is sufficient to say that the jury was warranted in concluding that the collision was the proximate result of appellant's gross and wanton negligence in operating his car on a rainy night over the narrow, slippery road at an excessive speed while intoxicated. Under our holding in. the recent case of Miller v. Blanton, 213, Ark. 246, 210 S. W. 2d 293, 3 A. L. R. 2d 203, the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to appellee, was sufficient to sustain the verdict for both compensatory, and punitive damages.\u201d\nAgain, the evidence of intoxication is considerably greater than in the present instance, and, as stated, the amount awarded was only $100.00. In Vogler v. O'Neal, 226 Ark. 1007, 295 S. W. 2d 629, the opinion reflects the evidence to he as follows:\n\u201cWe hold, however, that $10,000 allowed by the jury for exemplary damages was excessive and that this amount should be reduced to $5,000. From the testimony presented, the jury had this situation before it: Vogler bought two half-pints of whiskey in Walnut Ridge, drank them before he got to Little Roek, was traveling 60 miles per hour across the Main Street Bridge from North Little Rock to Little Rock; drove his ear from the extreme west of the bridge across to the extreme east of the bridge and struck appellee; was so drunk he didn\u2019t recall any of the details of the accident; was so indifferent to O\u2019Neal\u2019s injuries, that he didn\u2019t bother to see Mr. O\u2019Neal after the accident until the day of the trial. In these circumstances, the jury was warranted in assessing in effect, Vogler\u2019s. conduct as willful, and that he was exhibiting a wanton disregard for other people\u2019s rights. * * *\n#' * *\n\u201cWe can well understand that the jury here was justifiably outraged at the reckless and wanton conduct of this drunken appellant, and that it felt warranted in fixing his penalty high, as a warning to intoxicated operators of automobiles., however we have concluded, as indicated, that such penalty should not be greater than $5,000.\u201d\nThe final case cited is Holmes v. Hollingsworth, 234, Ark. 347, 352 S. W. 2d 96. Both appellant and appellee cite this, case in support of their respective positions. There, Mrs. Hollingsworth was awarded $2,500.00 compensatory damages and $2,500.00 punitive damages; her child was awarded $1,500.00 compensatory damages and $2,500.00 punitive damages. On appeal, this court said:\n\u201cThere was ample evidence to take the ease to the jury on the question of punitive damages. It was shown that Mr. Holmes was intoxicated at the time he drove into the rear of the Hollingsworth car; that he got out of his car and went to the Hollingsworth car and insisted that there was nothing wrong with the baby, who at the time was unconscious and barely breathing; and it was shown that Holmes\u2019 conversation and locomotion were noticeably affected.by the intoxicants.\u201d\nWe reduced the awards of punitive damages to $1,-250.00 for each appellee, \u00f3r a total of $2,500.00.\nThe cases all point out that it is difficult to lay down a rule for testing the excessiveness of a verdict for punitive damages, hut it is evident that in each of the four cases mentioned, there was more evidence of intoxication, and likewise, more evidence of hazardous driving than in the case before us. In other words, there was a much stronger showing of wrong-doing, so as to justify the awards of exemplary or punitive damages. Yet, in two of the four cases, the awards were reduced 50%, and the other two cases only involved awards of $500.00 and $100.00. Here, there is no evidence of violation of the speed limit, no evidence of driving on the wrong side of the street, and no evidence of a slick highway or other hazardous conditions. Nor is the testimony of the officer unequivocal as to appellant\u2019s condition. \u201cYes, sir, I hind of [our emphasis] felt that he was drunk.\u201d We have reached the conclusion that an award of $2,500.00 for punitive damages would be fair and reasonable.\nIf, therefore, within seventeen calendar days, the appellees will enter remittitur for punitive damages in excess of $2,500.00, the judgment 'will be affirmed. Otherwise, the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.\nGeorge Bose Smith, Foglemah, and Byrd, JJ., dissent.", "type": "majority", "author": "Carleton Harris, Chief Justice." }, { "text": "CoNley Byrd, Justice,\ndissenting'. I dissent from that portion of the majority opinion that reduces the jury\u2019s $5,000 punitive damage award to $2,500.\nThe evidence fails to show any indication of prejudice or passion on the part of the jury, particularly in the awarding of. the compensatory damages in the amount of $2,500. Begarding the compensatory damages, the testimony shows that appellee had a pre-existing arthritis of his neck which was aggravated by the hyper-extension flexion injury of his neck, and that he also had a lumbosacral strain or a sprained back. The doctor testified that, although the accident happened on December 4, on December 21 the muscle spasm in appellee\u2019s neck could be seen completely across the room. Appellee lost work from December 4 to February 18, incurred doctor bills of $461.50, and has a continuing drug bill of $18 per month. The $2,500 compensatory judgment for these damages is, most modest, and in fact appellant does not argue that it is excessive.\nIn addition to the facts set out in the majority opinion, the record shows that appellant did not see appel-lee\u2019s stopped car until he was within 60 feet of the rear thereof, even though he had an unobstructed view in excess of 150 feet before the point of impact. The facts surrounding appellant\u2019s activities on that day, together with.his attitude which was observed by the jury, belie his \u201cone-beer\u201d story. It is true that he admits that he bought one quart of beer from a grocery store in the morning, which he says he drank from some time about 1:30 until around 5 o\u2019clock. While so testifying about the one beer, he states that the reason for his having been out to do some target practicing was. that he had built up a gun which he wanted to test. On cross examination, however, he admitted that he had split his thumb the day before he went out to test the gun, and because of the sore thumb he was unable to try out the gun.\nMany other inconsistencies in appellant\u2019s story could be shown from the record, including his failure to respond to pertinent questions put to him op cross examination.\nViewing the record in its total perspective, it is my opinion that there was testimony from which the jury could have found that appellant had been drinking all afternoon immediately preceding the accident; that he was drunk at the time of the accident; that he ran into the rear of appellee\u2019s car on one of the busiest streets in Little Bock; and that there was a lack of candor in his testimony in the court room, particularly with reference to the distance from which he could see the car and the tail lights on the car. In my opinion, a drunk in an automobile on either Markham Street or University Avenue in the vicinity of Park Plaza shopping center on a Saturday afternoon at or near 5 o\u2019clock is. as hazardous as would be a lunatic firing a gun. When his drunken condition is considered along with his lack of candor in testifying, in my opinion the jury was. certainly justified in awarding a verdict of $5,000 for punitive damages.\nFor these reasons I would affirm the judgment.\nGeorge Rose Smith and Fogleman, JJ., join in this dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "CoNley Byrd, Justice," } ], "attorneys": [ "Gannaway & Barrow, for appellant.", "Martin, Dodds & Kidd; By Lowber Kendricks, Jr., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Lester Willis v. Ray Elledge\n5-4186\n413 S. W. 2d 636\nOpinion delivered April 10, 1967\nGannaway & Barrow, for appellant.\nMartin, Dodds & Kidd; By Lowber Kendricks, Jr., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0305-01", "first_page_order": 327, "last_page_order": 336 }