{ "id": 8720232, "name": "PICKENS-BOND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY and AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY CO. v. NORTH LITTLE ROCK ELECTRIC COMPANY", "name_abbreviation": "Pickens-Bond Construction Co. v. North Little Rock Electric Co.", "decision_date": "1970-11-09", "docket_number": "5-5352", "first_page": "389", "last_page": "404", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "249 Ark. 389" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "459 S.W.2d 549" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "320 F. 2d 685", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 3649132, 154233, 3647380, 154245 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/320/0685-02", "/f2d/320/0685-01" ] }, { "cite": "325 F. 2d 605", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 109039 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/325/0605-01" ] }, { "cite": "200 F. Supp. 264", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 28029 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/200/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "207 Ark. 750", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1481888 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/207/0750-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 A. 2d 403", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 N. J. Super. 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Super.", "case_ids": [ 438829 ], "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nj-super/49/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 So. 2d 893", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9823671, 9823792, 9823731, 9823830, 9823703, 9823772 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/201/0893-01", "/so2d/201/0893-05", "/so2d/201/0893-03", "/so2d/201/0893-06", "/so2d/201/0893-02", "/so2d/201/0893-04" ] }, { "cite": "196 So. 2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9792060 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/196/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 S. W. 927", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 Ark. 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1314450 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/99/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "9 S. W. 2d 10", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "177 Ark. 912", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725669 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/177/0912-01" ] }, { "cite": "198 Ark. 729", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1459834 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/198/0729-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 S. W. 2d 181", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "187 Ark. 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1432078 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/187/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "257 F. 2d 410", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 454745 ], "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/257/0410-01" ] }, { "cite": "221 Ark. 450", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1656454 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/221/0450-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 Ark. 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1646561 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/224/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 S. W. 249", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 Ark. 256", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1513865 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/90/0256-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 A. L. R. 3d 663", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "274 F. 2d 819", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1956768 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/274/0819-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 A. L. R. 2d 1134", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 2d", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 F. 2d 581", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1962976 ], "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/272/0581-01" ] }, { "cite": "8 L. Ed. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 S. Ct. 949", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "396 U. S. 860", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11369122, 11369575, 11369405, 11368912, 11369298, 11368819, 11369654, 11369494, 11369208, 11369021 ], "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/396/0860-04", "/us/396/0860-09", "/us/396/0860-07", "/us/396/0860-02", "/us/396/0860-06", "/us/396/0860-01", "/us/396/0860-10", "/us/396/0860-08", "/us/396/0860-05", "/us/396/0860-03" ] }, { "cite": "296 F. 2d 256", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 218667 ], "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/296/0256-01" ] }, { "cite": "24 F. 2d 347", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1713645 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/24/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 F. 2d 746", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 537232 ], "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/214/0746-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 N. E. 2d 415", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1949, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 Ill. App. 168", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5011211 ], "year": 1949, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/339/0168-01" ] }, { "cite": "288 N. W. 226", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "206 Minn. 193", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Minn.", "case_ids": [ 239202 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/minn/206/0193-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 A. 2d 877", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 8127742 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/131/0877-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 S. W. 2d 621", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10168680 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/365/0621-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N. E. 2d 23", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 N. E. 2d 797", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "315 F. 2d 856", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 172813 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/315/0856-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 N. E. 591", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1931, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Ohio App. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ohio App.", "case_ids": [ 1325405 ], "year": 1931, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ohio-app/39/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 A. L. R. 1", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "182 P. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "27 Wash. 2d 901", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2520563 ], "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash-2d/27/0901-01" ] }, { "cite": "340 P. 2d 604", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 411", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr. 2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 A. L. R. 2d 604", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 2d", "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 A. 2d 274", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "38 N. J. 549", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.", "case_ids": [ 1937784 ], "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nj/38/0549-01" ] }, { "cite": "180 N. E. 102", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1932, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 N. Y. 415", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 1999735 ], "year": 1932, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/258/0415-01" ] }, { "cite": "127 F. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1077864 ], "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/127/0128-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 Ore. 275", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Or.", "case_ids": [ 4972636 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1944, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/or/173/0275-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ore. 47", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Or.", "case_ids": [ 2088922 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/or/176/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 A. L. R. 8", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "year": 1948, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "449 S. W. 2d 944", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "247 Ark. 1036", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1600664 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/247/1036-01" ] }, { "cite": "247 Ark. 521", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1600547 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/247/0521-01" ] }, { "cite": "246 Ark. 559", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1604070 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/246/0559-01" ] }, { "cite": "225 S. W. 593", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 Ark. 127", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1585016 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/146/0127-01" ] }, { "cite": "212 Ark. 743", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1470182 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/212/0743-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 S. W. 2d 611", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "180 Ark. 140", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1393525 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/180/0140-01" ] }, { "cite": "243 Ark. 981", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725210 ], "weight": 4, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/243/0981-01" ] }, { "cite": "199 F. Supp. 286", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 32651 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/199/0286-01" ] }, { "cite": "11 L. Ed. 2d 61", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 S. Ct. 74", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "375 U. S. 830", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11728968, 11729231, 11729167, 11729110, 11728926, 11729023 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/375/0830-02", "/us/375/0830-06", "/us/375/0830-05", "/us/375/0830-04", "/us/375/0830-01", "/us/375/0830-03" ] }, { "cite": "316 F. 2d 858", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 169112 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/316/0858-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 Ark. 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1314450 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/99/0149-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1215, "char_count": 30617, "ocr_confidence": 0.85, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.049869706855745e-07, "percentile": 0.966243784869311 }, "sha256": "2ea7d042bf79db41f2079f090149041ff70aacd594383ed0d29816a4b2416abe", "simhash": "1:0b3dd66c14cd995d", "word_count": 5086 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:50:24.525274+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Byrd, J., concurs." ], "parties": [ "PICKENS-BOND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY and AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY CO. v. NORTH LITTLE ROCK ELECTRIC COMPANY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "John A. Fogleman, Justice.\nAppellant Pickens-Bond Construction Company and its liability insurance carrier Aetna Casualty & Surety Company sought to recover from appellee North Little Rock Electric Company all sums paid by the carrier in settlement of personal injury claims of an employee of appellee. Pickens-Bond was the general contractor on a construction job, and appel-lee was the electrical subcontractor. The employee was injured while performing work for this subcontractor on the job site. He was burned by explosion of liquid fuel obtained from a heating stove. The fuel, its container and the stove all belonged to Pickens-Bond. The can of fuel was near the heating stove when the explosion occurred. The only persons in the vicinity of the stove and fuel can at the time were North Little Rock Electric Company employees, although Pickens-Bond employees were working on the job site on that day. While specified employees of Pickens-Bond had the responsibility of refueling the stove from time to time, employees of other subcontractors occasionally put fuel in the stove. The identity of neither the person who last filled the stove before the explosion, nor of the one who placed the fuel can in proximity to the stove, is known.\nAppellants\u2019 suit was based upon an indemnity clause contained in the contract between Pickens-Bond and North Little Rock Electric Company. The circuit court granted appellee\u2019s motion for summary judgment. It found the agreement too broad in its terms. That court held that the clause should not be construed to indemnify against the negligence of the indemnitee because this intention is not expressed in unequivocal words. We reverse the judgment because we feel that a question of fact must be determined before the question of coverage of the negligence of Pickens-Bond can be considered. The clause in question follows:\nParty of the second part shall be responsible for his own work and every part thereof, and all of the work of every description used in connection therewith. He shall specifically and distinctly assume, and does assume, all risks of damage or injury from whatever cause to property or persons used or employed on or in connection with his work, and of all damage or injury from any cause to property wherever located, resulting from any action or operation under this sub-contract or in connection with his work, and undertake and promise to protect and defend the party of the first part against all claims on account of any such damage or injury.\nAppellants contend that the subcontractor, by this clause assumed all risk of injury to his employees from any cause whatever, including the negligence of the general contractor. Appellee contends that the indemnity does not cover injuries resulting from negligence of the general contractor. It contends that the indemnity is only effective against injuries to employees resulting from any action or operation under the subcontract in connection with the work thereon. In order .to demonstrate these conflicting constructions we set out the two versions of appellee\u2019s undertaking.\nAPPELLANTS\u2019 VERSION\nHe shall specifically and distinctly assume all risks\n(1) of damage or injury from whatever cause to property or persons used or employed (a) on or (b) in connection with his work,\nand\n(2) of all damage or injury from any cause to property wherever located, resulting from any action or operation under this subcontract or in connection with his work,\nand undertake and promise to protect and defend the [general contractor] against all claims on account of any such damage or injury.\nAPPELLEE\u2019S VERSION\nHe shall specifically and distinctly assume all risks\n(1) of damage or injury from whatever . cause to property or persons used or employed on or in connection with his work\nand\n(2) of all damage or injury from any cause to property wherever located\nresulting from any action or operation under this subcontract or in connection with his work, and undertake and promise to protect and defend the [general contractor] against all claims on account of any such damage or injury.\nIt will readily be seen that if appellee\u2019s construction is adopted there are many unnecessary words in the clause. A contract of indemnity is to be construed in accordance with the rules for the construction of contracts generally. Anthony v. Louisiana and Arkansas Railway Co., 316 F. 2d 858 (8th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 375 U. S. 830, 84 S. Ct. 74, 11 L. Ed. 2d 61 (1963), aff\u2019g 199 F. Supp. 286 (W. D. Ark. 1961) involving Arkansas contract and Arkansas law; 41 Am. Jur. 2d 697, Indemnity \u00a7 13; 42 C. J. S. 574, Indemnity \u00a7 8. In construing a contract, the courts must endeavor to give meaning and effect to every word and may discard words as surplusage only when the intention of the parties clearly makes them such. Miller v. Dyer, 243 Ark. 981, 423 S. W. 2d 275; Fowler v. Unionaid Life Ins. Co., 180 Ark. 140, 20 S. W. 2d 611. Repetition of the preposition \u201cof\u201d in the two \u201cdamage\u201d clauses clearly indicates a parallel of two separate and distinct types of damage or injury: first, to persons or property used on or in connection with the subcontractor\u2019s work, from whatever cause; and second, to property, wherever located, from any cause resulting from any action or operation under the subcontract or in connection with the work of the subcontractor. Then, if appellee is correct, there would have been no necessity for repetition of the words damage or injury. Furthermore, the word \u201cproperty\u201d need not have been repeated. If there be any doubt about the surplusage of the above words, we are sure that the words \u201cin connection with his work\u201d would not have been repeated if the parties intended the result appellee urges.\nSurely if the parties had intended to contract according to appellee\u2019s version the opening clause would have read:\nHe shall specifically and distinctly assume all risks of damage or injury to persons used or employed on the work or to property, wherever located, from any cause resulting from any action or operation under this subcontract or in connection with his work # * #\nThe contrast between the words \u201cfrom whatever cause\u201d and \u201cfrom any cause\u201d also indicates that the modifying clause \u201cresulting from any action or operation under this subcontract or in connection with his work\u201d is intended to limit the latter phrase only and serves as a contrast of \u201cwhatever cause\u201d where persons and property \u201cused or employed on or in connection with his work\u201d are concerned with \u201cany cause\u201d where \u201cproperty wherever located\u201d is involved.\nWe cannot agree with appellee\u2019s construction of the contract. It seems clear to us that appellants\u2019 version is the correct construction. We find no ambiguity in the language of the contract, which would cause us to resort to rules of construction to ascertain the meaning of its words. Thus, for example, we are not called upon to construe the contract most strictly against Pickens-Bond, who apparently prepared it. Miller v. Dyer, 243 Ark. 981, 423 S. W. 2d 275; Coffelt v. Decatur School District, 212 Ark. 743, 208 S. W. 2d 1; Stoops v. Bank of Brinkley, 146 Ark. 127, 225 S. W. 593.\n\u00d3ur construction of the contract, however, does not completely foreclose appellee\u2019s argument that, in the absence of specific words requiring indemnification of Pickens-Bond against liability for its own negligence, the contract cannot bind appellee to this liability. There is an important factual problem confronting us before we can reach this argument of appellant. In this case, the language \u201cdamage or injury from whatever cause\u201d is about as broad and comprehensive language as is likely to appear in such a contract. A literal construction of it would certainly include the negligence of the indemnitee. We have stated our position on a contract such as this in Hardeman v. Hass Company, 246 Ark. 559, 439 S. W. 2d 281. We said:\nThe precise question is whether this indemnity provision obligates the subcontractor to indemnify the prime contractor for damages arising out of the negligence of prime contractor which was the proximate cause of Turpin\u2019s injuries. The intention of Hass to so obligate itself must be expressed in clear and unequivocal terms and to the extent that no other meaning can be ascribed. 41 Am. Jur. 2d, Indemnity \u00a7 15. Where an injury is caused by the sole negligence of the indemnitee many courts, in interpreting the indemnity contract, predicate their interpretation on the theory that such a liability would be unusual and harsh; consequently, the courts endeavor to relieve the indemnitor of liability to the negligent indemnitee. 175 A. L. R., p. 32, \u00a7 18.\nThe burden of demonstrating the nonexistence of questions of fact lay upon appellee. Mason v. Funderburk, 247 Ark. 521, 446 S. W. 2d 543. It has failed to discharge this burden. In determining this point the evidence must be liberally construed in favor of the party opposing the motion, all doubts resolved against the judgment and all presumptions and inferences resolved against the movant. Wilson v. McDaniel, 247 Ark. 1036, 449 S. W. 2d 944; Mason v. Funderburk, supra.\nWe cannot say as a matter of law that the injuries of Cornelius were caused, either wholly or in part, by negligence of Pickens-Bond. If the negligence of Pickens-Bond was not a proximate cause of these injuries, then it seems clear that the resulting damages come within the coverage of the indemnity clause. In that event, it would be unnecessary to determine whether the agreement is as comprehensive as appellants contend.\nBecause there is an unresolved fact question, we must remand the case for further proceedings. Since the question posed by appellee will arise if it be shown that the negligence of Pickens-Bond was a proximate cause of the injuries to Cornelius, we will consider appellee\u2019s argument as to the effect of the lack of express words in order to guide the trial court and the litigants. The question has given us a great deal of difficulty. We find no ruling precedent in our own jurisdiction, and a wide divergence of authority on this subject. Decisions based upon public policy considerations bave little bearing here, because of the position we took in the Hardeman case. By the same token, we disregard those factors which would govern if Pickens-Bond were a public utility, a common carrier, a public service agency or the conductor of any business coupled with a public interest.\nIt seems that a majority of decisions in other jurisdictions support the rule that mere general, broad and seemingly all-inclusive language is insufficient to create a binding agreement to indemnify a party against the consequences of his own negligence. See 13 Am. Jur. 2d 152, Building and Construction Contracts \u00a7 141; 41 Am. Jur. 2d 699, Indemnity \u00a7 15; Annot. 175 A. L. R. 8 (1948). This rule arises from the natural aversion of the courts to hold one liable for the acts or omissions of another over whom he has no control. It also has its basis in the rule of strict construction, which probably should have no application where there is no ambiguity.\nSome of these cases are based upon clauses somewhat different from the clause at hand, as we have construed it, in that the claim for damage or injury must have resulted from the performance, nonperformance or malperformance of the contractual undertaking of the indemnitor. See, e. g., Glens Falls Indemnity Co. v. Reimers, 176 Ore. 47, 155 P. 2d 923 (1945). Others merely hold that indemnity agreements containing broad, general language such as that employed here do not cover losses caused solely by the negligence of the indemnitee. See, e. g., Southern Pac. Co. v. Layman, 173 Ore. 275, 145 P. 2d 295 (1944) and cases cited therein.\nThere are also holdings that general terms are sufficient where the injuries result from concurring negligence of indemnitor and indemnitee, even though not requiring indemnity where the sole cause is the indemnitee\u2019s negligence. See, e. g., Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. v. Thornley, 127 F. 2d 128 (10th Cir. 1942). Some courts hold that a contractor\u2019s or subcontractor\u2019s agreement to indemnify an owner or contractor against liability for damage to person or property cover injuries caused, in part, by the contractor\u2019s or subcontractor\u2019s negligence for which the owner or contractor would have been liable only for passive negligence in failing to perform a duty to the injured party. See, e. g., Dudar v. Milef Realty Corporation, 258 N. Y. 415, 180 N. E. 102 (1932); Mayer v. Fairlawn Jewish Center, 38 N. J. 549, 186 A. 2d 274, 97 A. L. R. 2d 604 (1962). In the same vein, it has been said that coverage should be excluded by the rule of strict construction in cases involving affirmative acts of negligence. See Vinnell Company v. Pacific Electric Railway Co., 52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 411, 340 P. 2d 604 (1959).\nWe also find many cases, based upon persuasive reasoning, holding that clauses similar to that involved here do cover damages resulting from the negligence of an indemnitee who was a general contractor or owner. See, e. g., Griffiths v. Broderick, 27 Wash. 2d 901, 182 P. 2d 18, 175 A. L. R. 1 (1947); Standard Accident Ins. Co. v. National Fire Proofing Co., 39 Ohio App. 1, 176 N. E. 591 (1931); American Agric. Chem. Co. v. Tampa Armature Works, 315 F. 2d 856 (5th Cir. 1963); New Amsterdam Cas. Co. v. Kilroy Structural Steel Co., 159 N. E. 2d 797 (Ohio Ct. App. 1959); St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Kopp, 121 N. E. 2d 23 (Ohio Ct. App. 1954); Ohio Oil Company v. Smith, 365 S. W. 2d 621 (Tex. Sup. Ct. 1963); Princemont Const. Corp. v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 131 A. 2d 877 (Mun. Ct. App. D. C. 1957); Northern Pac. Ry. Co. v. Thornton Bros. Co., 206 Minn. 193, 288 N. W. 226 (1939); Russell v. Shell Oil Co., 339 Ill. App. 168, 80 N. E. 2d 415 (1949). See also, Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Robertson, 214 F. 2d 746 (4th Cir. 1954); Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. v. Louisville & N. R. Co., 24 F. 2d 347 (6th Cir.1928). Most of them point out that rules of strict construction against the indemnitee have no application where the language is unambiguous or that the fact that the language is general and comprehensive does not render it unclear, equivocal or uncertain. In at least one case it was said that to apply the strict construction rule to reach an opposite result would cause a construction patently inconcistent with the plain and clear language of the contracting parties. Jacksonville Terminal Co. v. Railway Exp. Agency, 296 F. 2d 256 (1962), cert. denied, 396 U. S. 860, 82 S. Ct. 949, 8 L. Ed. 2d 18. Many recent cases have tended to follow this trend. In one of these [General Acc. F. & L. Assur. Corp. Ltd. v. Smith & Oby Co., 272 F. 2d 581 (6th Cir. 1959), 77 A. L. R. 2d 1134, reh. denied, 274 F. 2d 819] it was suggested that, if the liability for negligence were spelled out specifically, the clause might be limited to liability only for negligence. In Moses-Ecco Company v. Roscoe-Ajax Corporation, 320 F. 2d 685 (D. C. Ct. App. 1963), the court said:\nIt is difficult to conceive of any phraseology broader than Moses-Ecco\u2019s agreement to indemnify Roscoe-Ajax against \u201cany and all loss, cost, damage, or expense * * * on account of any claim, demand or suit * * * by or on behalf of any employee of [Moses-Ecco] * * Since the parties specified that \u201call\u201d losses on \u201cany\u201d claims included those of Moses-Ecco\u2019s employees, we think further specification would be superfluous and ritualistic. Moreover, it would appear that no valid claim by an employee of Moses-Ecco could arise against Roscoe-Ajax except through Roscoe-Ajax\u2019s own negligence. Consequently to exclude losses caused by Roscoe-Ajax\u2019s negligence would deprive that part of the clause which refers to the claims by employees of Moses-Ecco against Roscoe-Ajax of virtually the only meaning it can possibly have.\nThe appellate division of the New Jersey Superior Court has wrestled with the problem in considering an indemnity agreement between an owner and a contractor. There a building owner was sued by an employee of the contractor engaged in converting the owner\u2019s building. The employee was injured when a part of the ceiling fell on him. He alleged that the injury was the result of the owner\u2019s failure to furnish a safe place to work in that the ceiling was in a weakened state of repair. The contractor defended the owner\u2019s suit to recover for the amount paid by the latter on account of the employee\u2019s injury on the ground that the contract should not be construed to indemnify the owner against losses arising out of his own negligence. The New Jersey court\u2019s critical evaluation of the cases in support of the rule requiring a clear and unequivocal expression of the intent to indemnify against the in-demnitee\u2019s negligence revealed that it was not generally applied to frustrate coverage of losses partially attributable to negligence of the indemnitee, if the language of the agreement and the surrounding circumstances are indicative of a contractual intent that broad. That court said the weight of authority supported the rule that something less than an express reference to losses from an indemnitee\u2019s negligence was sufficient if the intent otherwise appears from the language of the contract and surrounding circumstances. Among the circumstances there considered were the passive nature of any circumstances there considered were the passive nature of any negligence on the part of the owner and the likelihood that negligence of the owner and negligence of the contractor were concurring causes. It was pointed out that to preclude recovery in every case where the negligence of the indemnitee contributed in any degree to the loss would leave practically rio occasion where the indemnity was actually operative. The ultimate holding was that the claim was a contemplated basis for indemnification under the agreement regardless of negligence of the owner with reference to the condition of the ceiling, even though the contractor may have been guilty of no negligence. The court stated that the intent expressed would be frustrated if the obligation were construed to be qualified by the kind or degree of fault or negligence causally related to the injuries, so long as they were precipitated by any phase of doing the work contracted. Still, a distinction seems to have been made between the applicability of the clause in cases of active and those of passive negligence. This distinction may be attributable to the fact that the entire project was under the contractor\u2019s control, and he was to have had exclusive possession of the premises as well. Particular attention was called in the opinion to cases holding that the negligence of the indemnitor is immaterial as long as the negligence of the indemnitee was not the sole cause.\nAn extensive annotation on a building contractor\u2019s liability upon an agreement to indemnify an owner for injury to third persons resulting from an owner\u2019s negligence appears in 27 A. L. R. 3d 663 (1969). There, it was indicated that even in the absence of specific coverage of an owner\u2019s negligence, it is generally held that the owner is afforded protection where his passive or secondary negligence concurs with the contractor\u2019s active or primary negligence, but not when the owner\u2019s active or primary negligence was the sole or concurring cause. However, the annotator found a number of cases where the owner has been held to be entitled to indemnity under clauses similar to the one involved here, even though the injuries involved were caused or con-tribu ted to by his own negligence, and others in which the courts have been aided in holding that general clauses afford indemnity where the owner\u2019s negligence was a factor, upon the basis that otherwise the clause would be meaningless, or virtually so. The annotator also found that the great majority of the courts had held or recognized that specific or express language covering the owner\u2019s negligence, including active or affirmative negligence, is unnecessary, if the intention to afford such protection clearly appears from the language used, the surrounding facts and circumstances and the purposes and objects of the parties. Among the circumstances considered by these courts were the existence of insurance or contractual requirements pertaining thereto, other contract provisions and the extent of the possession and control of the work premises. While a number of cases were cited denying coverage of injuries caused solely by primary or active negligence on the part of the owner, some jurisdictions (Pa. and N. Y.) seem to deny coverage where active negligence of the owner was a concurrent cause. No real basis exists for making a distinction between rules of law applicable to contracts between owners and contractors and to those between contractors and subcontractors.\nResort to other clauses in the contract at hand discloses that appellee was required to furnish statutory workmen\u2019s compensation and public liability insurance, and, apparently, security for his \u201chold harmless agreement.\u201d The certificate of insurance furnished Pickens-Bond covers these requirements and specifically mentions the \u201chold harmless agreement\u201d as an adjunct of a comprehensive general liability policy. If it was intended that appellee\u2019s indemnity cover only the injuries to its employees arising out of the employment, the workmen\u2019s compensation policy would have adequately covered the situation. Since no valid claim could possibly be asserted against the general contractor in the absence of some negligence on its part, it seems obvious that the contract clause should cover situations in which there is some legal basis for liability on the part of Pickens-Bond. This conclusion, however, does not amount to a complete solution, because there is a logical basis for the passive-active negligence and sole-concurring cause distinctions.\nIn reaching our conclusion, in the absence of direct precedent, we must be quided by the spirit of our law expressed in decisions involving other relationships. In Gulf Compress Co. v. Harrington, 90 Ark. 256, 111 S. W. 249, 23 L. R. A. (n. s.) 1205, we held that a stipulation in a warehouse receipt that the warehouseman was \u201c[n]ot responsible for loss by fire\u201d did not provide exemption from liability for loss by fire resulting from the warehouseman\u2019s negligence, in the absence of express words indicating the intention to do so. The court said that the fact that the warehouseman would not have been liable in the absence of the clause unless he were negligent was not significant because the same contract also enumerated other exemptions from liability for which there would have been no legal basis. This latter argument cannot be advanced as to the contract before us.\nEven though an exculpatory, rather than an indemnity clause, was involved in the Gulf Compress case, it would not seem consistent with its holding to say that the general words employed here were sufficiently clear to impose indemnity for injuries of which the sole proximate clause was the general contractor\u2019s active negligence.\nIt is quite a different matter, however, where there was no negligence on the part of the general contractor, or where his negligence is only a concurring cause. If we held that the general contractor was not indemnified under this clause in those situations, then the clause would be virtually meaningless. Under our law, the general contractor may be held liable for the full amount of damages to a subcontractor\u2019s employee who has been fully compensated under the latter\u2019s workmen\u2019s compensation insurance, if the former\u2019s negligence contributed to the employee\u2019s injury in any degree, however slight. The Baldwin Company v. Maner, 224 Ark. 348, 273 S. W. 2d 28. But the general contractor who has paid such a judgment cannot recover contribution from his subcontractor who was a joint tort-feasor, even though the latter may have been guilty of 99% of the negligence causing the injuries. C. & L. Rural Electric Coop Corp. v. Kincaid, 221 Ark. 450, 256 S. W. 2d 337. This clause in the contract was obviously addressed, at least in part, to avoidance of this inequitable result. It would also avoid litigation as to degrees of negligence. The case just cited recognized the enforceability of a proper indemnity agreement in such circumstances. Consequently, we find that the clause in question clearly and unequivocally provides indemnity to the general contractor, even though he was guilty of negligence contributing to injury and damage to the subcontractor\u2019s employee, unless the general contractor\u2019s active negligence was the sole proximate cause.\nOf course, there is no reason why an indemnity against the general contractor\u2019s being held liable for acts or omissions of third parties should not be given by a subcontractor. In Batson-Cook Company v. Industrial Steel Erectors, 257 F. 2d 410 (5th Cir. 1958), relied upon by appellee, it was clearly recognized that the indemnity would cover injuries or damages caused neither by indemnitor nor indemnitee, but by unrelated third parties, even though the court held that the indemnity did not cover the consequences of the indemni-tee\u2019s own negligence. Unlike the contract here, the clause in question provided indemnity against injury or damage \"sustained or alleged to have been in connection with or to have arisen out of or resulting from the performance of the work by the Subcontractor * * The purpose of the indemnity is not confined to requiring the subcontractor to save the general contractor harmless from acts or omissions of the subcontractor. It is general in scope and would cover any situation where the damage or injury is not due to the general contractor\u2019s sole active negligence, which is eliminated only for the reasons hereinabove stated. The shifting of the risk of incidents for which the contractor has no responsibility is not unreasonable, particularly when we realize, as we must, that the real responsibility assumed is actually that of the payment of insurance premiums.\nWe should not read the conjunction \u201cor\u201d as \u201cand\u201d in order to restrict the indemnity to matters 'which are, or might be, under the subcontractor\u2019s control. It is permissible to so read the word \u201cor\u201d when the context in which it is used requires that it be done to effectuate a manifest intention or when not to do so would render the meaning of the clause ambiguous or result in an absurdity. Hines v. Mills, 187 Ark. 465, 60 S. W. 2d 181; McCarroll v. Southwest Distilled Products, 198 Ark. 729, 131 S. W. 2d 5; Beasley v. Parnell, 177 Ark. 912, 9 S. W. 2d 10; Williams v. State, 99 Ark. 149, 137 S. W. 927, Ann. Cas. 1913A 1056. No such condition exists in the clause before us.\nThe summary judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nByrd, J., concurs.\nThis case applied what was thought by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals to be Florida Law. In Gulf Oil Corp. v. Atlantic Coast Line, 196 So. 2d 456 (Fla. App. 1967), cert. denied, 201 So. 2d 893 (1967), the rule requiring explicit and specific language was applied. Although a subsequent case in that United States Circuit Court of Appeals applied the rule of this Florida decision, the language referred to in the text seems no less appropriate.\nSee Stern v. Larocca, 49 N. J. Super. 496, 140 A. 2d 403 (1958).\nThis holding was recognized in Missouri Pac. Transportation Co. v. Williams, 207 Ark. 750, 182 S. W. 2d 762.\nSee also, Fidelity if Casualty Co. of New York v. J. A. Jones Construction Co., 200 F. Supp. 264 (E. D. Ark. 1961), aff'd 325 F. 2d 605 (1963).", "type": "majority", "author": "John A. Fogleman, Justice." }, { "text": "Conley Byrd, Justice,\nconcurring. I concur with the reversal and virtually arrive at the same result, but it appears to me that so long as the risk of damage or injury must arise, \u201cin connection with (the subcontractor\u2019s) work,\u201d any injury resulting from the general contractor\u2019s sole active negligence is excluded from the indemnity agreement. Since it is possible that a subcontractor\u2019s employee can be injured from a risk not arising in connection with his employer\u2019s work and not from the sole active negligence of the general contractor, then it appears that the majority is making the indemnity broader than the parties bargained for.\nSuppose that the general contractor was building a 24 story skyscraper, that the subcontractor was installing electrical wiring on the 12th floor and that a boiler manufacturer in testing the pressure of a boiler in the basement caused the boiler to explode in such manner as to cause the building to fall. In this case the injury to the subcontractor\u2019s employees would not be caused by the general contractor\u2019s sole active negligence but the language of the majority opinion could lead one to think that the subcontractor\u2019s indemnity agreement here involved would protect the general contractor. On the other hand, if the indemnity agreement is construed as protecting only those injuries of employees arising in connection with the subcontractor\u2019s work, the general contractor would be without indemnity. It seems to me that the latter interpretation is the more preferable construction because it would give the subcontractor some control, by safety rules or inspections, over those matters under his control.\nAdmittedly in arriving at my construction of the indemnity agreement, I am reading the word \u201cor\u201d as \u201cand\u201d in the phrase, \u201cemployed on or in connection with his work.\u201d This is in accord with the authorities. They point out that the popular use of \u201cor\u201d and \u201cand\u201d is so loose and frequently inaccurate that their strict meaning is more readily departed from than that of other words and that one may be read in place of the other in deference to the meaning of the context. See Williams v. State, 99 Ark. 149 (1911). Furthermore, this construction comports with the first sentence of the clause which provides: \u201cParty of the second part shall be responsible for his own work and every part thereof, and all of the work of every description used in connection therewith.\u201d Other phrases of the same clause refers to damages . . . \u201cresulting from any action or operation under this sub-contract or in connection with his work.\u201d\nFor the reasons stated, I only concur with the result of the majority opinion.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "Conley Byrd, Justice," } ], "attorneys": [ "Smith, Williams, Friday & Bowen; By: William S. Sutton and Max C. Mehlburger, for appellants.", "Wright, Lindsey & Jennings; By: James D. Storey, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "PICKENS-BOND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY and AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY CO. v. NORTH LITTLE ROCK ELECTRIC COMPANY\n5-5352\n459 S. W. 2d 549\nOpinion delivered November 9, 1970\nSmith, Williams, Friday & Bowen; By: William S. Sutton and Max C. Mehlburger, for appellants.\nWright, Lindsey & Jennings; By: James D. Storey, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0389-01", "first_page_order": 411, "last_page_order": 426 }