{ "id": 1675859, "name": "Herschell Milton FINCH v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Finch v. State", "decision_date": "1977-10-17", "docket_number": "CR 77-149", "first_page": "313", "last_page": "319", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "262 Ark. 313" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "556 S.W.2d 434" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "210 Ark. 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717935 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/210/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "215 Ark. 732", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1464613 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/215/0732-01" ] }, { "cite": "242 Ark. 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717992 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/242/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 S.W. 2d 29", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "196 Ark. 1179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "205 Ark. 386", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1488147 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/205/0386-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ark. 806", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1488128 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/205/0806-01" ] }, { "cite": "244 Ark. 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8720642 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/244/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 Ark. 323", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1597821 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/248/0323-01" ] }, { "cite": "253 Ark. 864", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1627348 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/253/0864-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 N.E. 2d 881", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1949, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "227 Ind. 672", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1709444 ], "year": 1949, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/227/0672-01" ] }, { "cite": "351 P. 2d 401", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10490807 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/351/0401-01" ] }, { "cite": "148 Neb. 645", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Neb.", "case_ids": [ 2460312 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/neb/148/0645-01" ] }, { "cite": "299 S.W. 2d 468", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10177000 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/299/0468-01" ] }, { "cite": "454 S.W. 2d 189", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 8506117 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tenn-crim-app/2/0423-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 L. 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Ct.", "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "402 U.S. 914", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11744448, 11744512, 11743941, 11744006, 11744071, 11743878, 11744369, 11744209, 11744596, 11744276, 11744152 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/402/0914-09", "/us/402/0914-10", "/us/402/0914-02", "/us/402/0914-03", "/us/402/0914-04", "/us/402/0914-01", "/us/402/0914-08", "/us/402/0914-06", "/us/402/0914-11", "/us/402/0914-07", "/us/402/0914-05" ] }, { "cite": "459 S.W. 2d 826", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10151276 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/459/0826-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 Ark. 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1684736 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/235/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "371 S.W. 2d 518", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1737939, 1738045 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/237/0005-01", "/ark/237/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ark. 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1738045 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/237/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 Ark. 818", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725211 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/226/0818-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 Ark. 157", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1633373 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/251/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 Ark. 39", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1473194 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/211/0039-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 Ark. 1016", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725197 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/197/1016-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ark. 864", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1488250 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/205/0864-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 Ark. 318", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1597812 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/248/0318-01" ] }, { "cite": "256 Ark. 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717644 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/256/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "150 S.W. 690", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "105 Ark. 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1347121 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/105/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "222 S.W. 1066", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "144 Ark. 564", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1588007 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/144/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 Ark. 543", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1646652 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/224/0543-01" ] }, { "cite": "219 Ark. 376", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1609185 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/219/0376-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 S.W. 2d 133", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "192 Ark. 445", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "253 Ark. 816", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1627474 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/253/0816-01" ] }, { "cite": "233 Ark. 96", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1691608 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/233/0096-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ark. 478", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1738034 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/237/0478-01" ] }, { "cite": "44 L. 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Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "421 U.S. 930", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 541603, 541417, 541066, 541100, 541619, 541683, 541207, 541529, 541047 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/421/0930-04", "/us/421/0930-05", "/us/421/0930-08", "/us/421/0930-01", "/us/421/0930-09", "/us/421/0930-03", "/us/421/0930-07", "/us/421/0930-02", "/us/421/0930-06" ] }, { "cite": "257 Ark. 144", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8718349 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/257/0144-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 649, "char_count": 9591, "ocr_confidence": 0.878, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0378388784141509e-06, "percentile": 0.9838766661685682 }, "sha256": "ce307de8c97a78816880a2c66c028fc8d7fd479ab24ec7c88af79e9aaf86f6a4", "simhash": "1:725ccc776024808a", "word_count": 1697 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:27:42.068781+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "We agree. George Rose Smith, Holt, Roy and Hickman, JJ." ], "parties": [ "Herschell Milton FINCH v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "John A. Fogleman, Justice.\nHerschell Milton Finch was found guilty of battery in the first degree. He presents three points for reversal. In none of them do we find reversible error.\nAppellant Finch first claims error in the trial judge\u2019s refusal to permit his attorney to examine prospective jurors on voir dire with reference to his being appointed by the court to represent appellant. It is not clear from the record that appellant asked permission to do so, but the record does disclose that before voir dire, the trial judge responded to the statement of one of appellant\u2019s attorneys that he intended to mention that they were court appointed, by stating that it was the policy of the trial court not to permit either side to comment on that fact.\nThe extent and scope of voir dire examination is largely a matter lying within the sound judicial discretion of the trial judge and the latitude of that discretion is rather wide. Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 39-226 (Repl. 1962); Rogers v. State, 257 Ark. 144, 515 S.W. 2d 79, cert. den. 421 U.S. 930, 95 S. Ct. 1656, 44 L. Ed. 2d 87; Hogg v. Darden, 237 Ark. 478, 374 S.W. 2d 184. His restriction of that examination will not be reversed on appeal, unless that discretion is clearly abused. Lauderdale v. State, 233 Ark. 96, 343 S.W. 2d 422; Curbo v. Harlan, 253 Ark. 816, 490 S.W. 2d 467; Baldwin v. Hunnicutt (on rehearing), 192 Ark. 445, 93 S.W. 2d 133. This rule has not been materially affected by Rule 32.2 (b), Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure, which requires the trial judge to permit such questions by the defendant or his attorney as the judge deems reasonable and proper.\nPunishment was imposed on appellant under the Habitual Criminal Act. The original information charging him with the basic offense contained no allegation that appellant had been previously convicted of a felony. Whenever the state seeks to charge one as a previous offender or habitual criminal in order to warrant the imposition of additional punishment for the offense charged, the previous offense is an essential element in the punishment, which must be alleged in the indictment or information. Robbins v. State, 219 Ark. 376, 242 S.W. 2d 640; Switzer v. Golden, 224 Ark. 543, 274 S.W. 2d 769; Hettle v. State, 144 Ark. 564, 222 S.W. 1066. See also, Kightlinger v. State, 105 Ark. 172, 150 S.W. 690. The purpose of this requirement is to afford appellant notice of essential elements upon which the state relies for assessment of punishment and to give him the opportunity to refute such assertions. Baugh v. State, 256 Ark. 64, 505 S.W. 2d 519; Robbins v. State, supra; Switzer v. Golden, supra.\nAppellant contends that the trial court erred in allowing the state to amend its information after the trial had started in order to permit the imposition of more severe punishment on him. Proper amendments of informations have been permitted under Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 43-1024 (Repl. 1964) after the jury has been sworn but before the case has been submitted to it, so long as the amendment does not change the nature or degree of the crime charged, if the accused is not surprised. Washington v. State, 248 Ark. 318, 451 S.W. 2d 449; Underwood v. State, 205 Ark. 864, 171 S.W. 2d 304; Johnson v. State, 197 Ark. 1016, 126 S.W. 2d 289; Ingle v. State, 211 Ark. 39, 198 S. W. 2d 996. See also, Ridgeway v. State, 251 Ark. 157, 472 S.W. 2d 108.\nThis amendment did not change either the nature or the degree of the crime. Nor does our habitual criminal act. See McIlwain v. State, 226 Ark. 818, 294 S.W. 2d 350; Osborne v. State, 237 Ark. 170, 371 S.W. 2d 518. It simply authorizes a more severe punishment. Higgins v. State, 235 Ark. 153, 357 S.W. 2d 499. ft does not create a distinct additional offense or independent crime but simply affords evidence to increase the punishment and to furnish a guide for the court or jury in fixing the final punishment in event of conviction of the offense charged. See Commentary, Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 41-1001, Arkansas Criminal Code; Hathorne v. State, 459 S.W. 2d 826 (Tex. Cr. App., 1970), cert. den. 402 U.S. 914, 91 S. Ct. 1398, 28 L. Ed. 2d 657; Morelock v. State, 2 Tenn. Cr. App. 423, 454 S.W. 2d 189; State v. Thompson, 299 S.W. 2d 468 (Mo., 1957); Gamron v. Jones, 148 Neb. 645, 28 N.W. 2d 403 (1947); Ervin v. State, 351 P. 2d 401 (Okla. Crim. App., 1960); Smith v. State, 227 Ind. 672, 87 N.E. 2d 881 (1949); 5 Wharton\u2019s Criminal Law & Procedure (Anderson) 435, \u00a7 2218. It is based upon the theory that one who is a persistent offender warrants an increased punishment for the offense of which he is found guilty, for the protection of the community, because he has not been deterred by previous punishment. See 4 Wharton\u2019s fCriminal Procedure (12th Ed.) 285, \u00a7 631.\nThere was no error in allowing the amendment, but the court erred in denying appellant\u2019s motion for continuance after the amendment was made. The first notice given to appellant that he was being charged as a recidivist was given by a copy of a letter to the circuit judge over the signature of the deputy prosecuting attorney. The copy went to appellant\u2019s attorney. The letter gave notice to the judge that the state intended to produce evidence of prior felony convictions under Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 41-1001. No specification was made of time or place of the convictions or of the crimes involved. The number of convictions was not mentioned. The letter was dated on December 3, 1976. The case had been set for trial, and went to trial, on the following Monday, December 6.\nWhen the court granted the state\u2019s motion to amend the information to allege that appellant had been previously convicted of felonies, appellant promptly moved for a continuance. This motion was promptly denied, solely upon the ground that appellant was a pauper who had been in jail since September 1. Still, appellant has not shown how he was prejudiced. The abbreviated record before us, on appellant\u2019s designation, does not disclose what evidence of prior convictions was introduced, but we assume that the state showed the same four convictions set out in the state\u2019s petition for revocation of the portions of sentences on prior convictions which had been suspended, filed after the jury verdict was returned in this case. Appellant was sentenced to a total of 21 years on those charges upov the court\u2019s revocation of the suspensions. All of the suspended sentences, one of which was for 15 years, are to run consecutively. The five year sentence in this case is to run concurrently with the other sentences.\nWe do not reverse the action of a trial judge in denying a continuance in the absence of a clear showing of abuse of discretion in the matter and in the absence of a showing of prejudice. See Thacker v. State, 253 Ark. 864, 489 S.W. 2d 500; Nash v. State, 248 Ark. 323, 451 S.W. 2d 869. On appeal, the state relies only upon appellant\u2019s failure to demonstrate prejudice, and properly so. It is readily apparent that appellant\u2019s attorney could not be prepared to investigate, much less prepare to challenge the four previous convictions found by the jury, over the weekend, assuming that he received the copy of the letter on the date it bore, particularly when the letter did not specifically identify any conviction. The denial of the motion was clearly an abuse of discretion.\nNot only do we not know what objections were offered to the evidence of prior convictions (other than the objection to its being admitted at all), but appellant has not availed himself of any means of showing prejudice.\nAppellant was not prevented from giving evidence to show how he was prejudiced by his inability to make the showing when the court denied his motion for continuance or even when the evidence of prior convictions was offered. Even though a motion for new trial is no longer a requisite for appellate review, it is still a permissible procedure. Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 43-2704 (Supp. 1971). A trial court may grant a new trial when the defendant\u2019s substantial rights have been prejudiced by a verdict, if the court is of the opinion that the defendant has not received a fair and impartial trial. Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 43-2203 (Repl. 1964). The circuit court\u2019s refusal to grant a continuance would have been a proper ground for such a motion, if it had been made to appear that there was an abuse of discretion or manifest denial of justice. See Figeroa v. State, 244 Ark. 457, 425 S.W. 2d 516; Jones v. State, 205 Ark. 806, 171 S.W. 2d 298; French v. State, 205 Ark. 386, 168 S.W. 2d 829; 58 Am. Jur. 2d 325, New Trial, \u00a7 117. On making such a motion, appellant would have been afforded an opportunity to tender evidence to show prejudice, if it was impossible to do so at the time of his motion for continuance. See Tyson v. State, 196 Ark. 1179, 120 S.W. 2d 29; Gross v. State, 242 Ark. 142, 412 S.W. 2d 279; Cooper v. State, 215 Ark. 732, 223 S.W. 2d 507; Pinson v. State, 210 Ark. 56, 194 S.W. 2d 190; 58 Am. Jur. 2d 422, New Trial, \u00a7 204.\nSince appellant failed to avail himself of any opportunity to make a showing of prejudice and to afford the trial judge a chance to review his action denying a continuance in the light of a showing which could not have been made during the trial, we cannot hold that the error was prejudicial.\nThe judgment is affirmed.\nWe agree. George Rose Smith, Holt, Roy and Hickman, JJ.", "type": "majority", "author": "John A. Fogleman, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Bowie & Erwin, by: Harold S. Erwin, for appellant.", "Bill Clinton, Atty. Gen., by: Robert A. Newcomb, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Herschell Milton FINCH v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 77-149\n556 S.W. 2d 434\nOpinion delivered October 17, 1977\n(Division II)\nBowie & Erwin, by: Harold S. Erwin, for appellant.\nBill Clinton, Atty. Gen., by: Robert A. Newcomb, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0313-01", "first_page_order": 345, "last_page_order": 351 }