{ "id": 1672686, "name": "Carl DUNCAN v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Duncan v. State", "decision_date": "1978-04-17", "docket_number": "CR 77-213", "first_page": "242", "last_page": "248", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "263 Ark. 242" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "565 S.W.2d 1" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "250 Ark. 812", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1636888 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/250/0812-01" ] }, { "cite": "238 Ark. 484", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1734240 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/238/0484-01" ] }, { "cite": "249 Ark. 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717520 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/249/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "260 Ark. 491", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1616682 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/260/0491-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 Cal. Rptr. 736", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "10 Cal. App. 3d 343", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4401132 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-3d/10/0343-01" ] }, { "cite": "54 Utah 225", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Utah", "case_ids": [ 8872123 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1919, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/utah/54/0225-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 Kan. 474", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan.", "case_ids": [ 486785 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1931, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/kan/132/0474-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 Idaho 622", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Idaho", "case_ids": [ 4374397 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1928, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/idaho/46/0622-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 P. 1036", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1909, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "51 Wash. 664", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash.", "case_ids": [ 544135 ], "year": 1909, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/wash/51/0664-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Mont. 113", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mont.", "case_ids": [ 4709511 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1918, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/mont/55/0113-01" ] }, { "cite": "73 Idaho 191", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Idaho", "case_ids": [ 4475206 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1952, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/idaho/73/0191-01" ] }, { "cite": "297 P. 2d 428", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "46 Cal. 2d 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4370448 ], "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/cal-2d/46/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "161 Neb. 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Neb.", "case_ids": [ 5296678 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/neb/161/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 Ala. App. 667", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ala. App.", "case_ids": [ 1699397 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ala-app/38/0667-01" ] }, { "cite": "258 S.W. 401", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "162 Ark. 584", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1385546 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/162/0584-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 Ark. 690", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1705490 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/227/0690-01" ] }, { "cite": "249 Ark. 73", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717779 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/249/0073-01" ] }, { "cite": "255 Ark. 956", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725785 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/255/0956-01" ] }, { "cite": "152 S.W. 990", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "106 Ark. 160", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1345591 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/106/0160-01" ] }, { "cite": "207 S.W. 55", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "136 Ark. 473", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1570036 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/136/0473-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 Ark. 624", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8728577 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/15/0624-01" ] }, { "cite": "244 S.W. 463", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "155 Ark. 419", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1360487 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/155/0419-01" ] }, { "cite": "233 S.W. 1081", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "150 Ark. 193", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1367953 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/150/0193-01" ] }, { "cite": "200 Ark. 947", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1453356 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/200/0947-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 S.W. 704", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "135 Ark. 342", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1571593 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/135/0342-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 Am. St. Rep. 93", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Am. St. Rep.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "125 S.W. 416", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "93 Ark. 406", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1546901 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/93/0406-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 693, "char_count": 11259, "ocr_confidence": 0.882, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.191858230581949e-07, "percentile": 0.9746622293423285 }, "sha256": "a9819999596ae369c15759e23c8f71d6a95026dfb136772958f503660b25885a", "simhash": "1:2b8ae49dc72e94a3", "word_count": 1916 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:12:30.639178+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Fogi.eman and Byrd, JJ., dissent.", "I am authorized to state that Mr. Justice Byrd joins in this opinion." ], "parties": [ "Carl DUNCAN v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Darrell Hickman, Justice.\nCarl Duncan was charged and convicted of rape before the new Arkansas Criminal Code was adopted. We reversed his first conviction for prejudicial error. Duncan v. State, 260 Ark. 491, 541 S.W. 2d 926 (1976). Duncan was again tried on the same information, convicted and now alleges one error on appeal.\nBefore the trial the trial judge ruled in chambers that the victim could not be cross-examined about her previous sexual conduct or misconduct. The court also informed the lawyers that the defendant could not be examined about his previous sexual behavior or sexual offenses. Duncan\u2019s lawyer objected to the court\u2019s ruling which apparently was based on Act 197 of 1977.\nThis act was passed after Duncan\u2019s first trial and after the new criminal code was adopted. Duncan was tried for forcible rape under the old rape statute. Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 41-3401 (Repl. 1964). Generally, Act 197 prohibits inquiry of a victim\u2019s previous history of sexual conduct. The act provides for the exclusion of evidence of a rape victim\u2019s prior sexual conduct unless it is determined to be relevant at a pre-trial hearing.\nThere were three objections to the court\u2019s ruling: (1) it denied the defendant\u2019s right to equal protection of laws and right to due process of law as guaranteed by the United States and Arkansas Constitutions; (2) the act is void and unconstitutional for the same reasons; and, (3) it prohibited the defendant from questioning the victim as to her virginity or offering extrinsic evidence regarding her virginity.\nThe appellant did not proffer any evidence at this hearing or later during trial; nor did appellant renew his objection at any other time. During the trial the victim was subjected to a rather pressing cross-examination. However, the appellant argues that his cross-examination was limited by the court\u2019s ruling.\nThe appellant did question a doctor who examined the victim about all his findings as to. the victim\u2019s physical appearance after the incident. He also obtained information about the condition and size of her vaginal cavity. This was some of the evidence that he argued he would be prohibited from presenting.\nWe cannot say from this record that Duncan was prejudiced by the ruling of the court. First of all, virginity is not relevant per se in a rape case. The courts have historically permitted a defendant\u2019s attorney to cross-examine in detail a victim as to her complete sexual history. This information is usually totally irrelevant to the charge of rape. Act 197 was obviously designed to limit this type of examination and protect the victim from unnecessary humiliation.\nThere was no proffer whatsoever of any extrinsic evidence that Duncan may have had, bearing on the victim\u2019s sexual history, to aid us in determining if Duncan was prejudiced. Duncan indicated he had such evidence. We have said many times that the failure to proffer evidence so that we can see if prejudice results from its exclusion precludes review of the evidence on appeal. Goodin v. Farmers Tractor & Equip. Co., 249 Ark. 30, 458 S.W. 2d 419 (1970); Barnes v. Young, 238 Ark. 484, 382 S.W. 2d 580 (1964); cf., Hill v. State, 250 Ark. 812, 467 S.W. 2d 179 (1971). See also, Rule 103(a)(2) Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 28-1001 (Supp. 1977).\nDuncan argues on appeal, in addition to the constitutional arguments raised at the trial, that Act 197 cannot be applied to Duncan because it only applies to one charged under the new criminal code. It is unnecessary for us to answer this argument or the constitutional arguments because we can find no prejudicial error resulting from the trial court\u2019s ruling.\nAffirmed.\nFogi.eman and Byrd, JJ., dissent.", "type": "majority", "author": "Darrell Hickman, Justice." }, { "text": "John A. Fogleman, Justice,\ndissenting. I have difficulty in relating the failure to proffer evidence of previous sexual activity by the prosecuting witness to the ruling of the trial court. The ruling questioned was made sua sponte in camera before the trial commenced. It was very sweeping. The circuit judge said:\nTHE COURT: Let the record show that this is in chambers and out of the presence and hearing of the jury.\nCounsel for the State and for. the defendant are admonished by the Court not to make any reference either by way of cross-examination of the alleged victim nor will they be permitted to offer any extrinsic evidence going to any prior sexual conduct or behavior of the State\u2019s witness, the alleged victim, with the defendant or any other witness at any time other than the event which is the basis for the rape charge in this case.\nMR. LASER: Your Honor, are you also holding that the State has no right to inquire of the defendant regarding previous sexual behavior?\nTHE COURT: Correct.\nMR. LASER: Including sexual assaults, rapes or anything of the kind where they didn\u2019t result in convictions?\nTHE COURT: Not the prosecuting witness or the alleged victim concerning her \u2014 any prior sexual conduct of the alleged victim.\nBoth appellant and appellee reach the inescapable conclusion that this action by the trial judge was based upon \u00a7 1 of Act 197 of 1977. That section reads:\nSec. 1. In any criminal prosecution under Arkansas Statutes Annotated 41-1803 through 41-1810 or for criminal attempt to commit, criminal solicitation to commit or criminal conspiracy to commit an offense defined in any of these sections, opinion evidence, reputation evidence, or evidence of specific instances of a victim\u2019s prior sexual conduct with the defendant or any other person is not admissible by the defendant, either through direct examination of any defense witness or through cross-examination of the witness or other prosecution witness, to attack the credibility of the victim, to prove consent or any other defense, or for any other purpose.\nNo other issue is presented on appeal and only that part of the record essential to the issue arising from the trial court\u2019s application of that statute is abstracted by appellant. Appellee supplies only brief excerpts from the cross-examination of the examining physician, perhaps in an effort to demonstrate that the error, assuming that there was error, was harmless.\nApplication of the statute was clearly erroneous. Appellant was properly prosecuted under Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 41-3401 (Repl. 1964) for an offense alleged to have occurred on November 28, 1974. It defined the crime of rape thus:\nRape is the carnal knowledge of a female, forcibly, and against her will.\nThe crimes to which Act 197 of 1977 applies are quite differently defined. For example, rape is defined by Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 41-1803 (Repl. 1977) as follows:\n(1) A person commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person:\n(a) by forcible compulsion; or\n(b) who is incapable of consent because he is physically helpless; or\n(c) who is less than eleven (11) years old.\n(2) Rape is a class A felony\nBy the clear language of the act itself, it is not applicable to the present prosecution.\nIt seems to me that the ruling of the trial court does not encompass one important factor relating to the admissibility of evidence. If the court\u2019s limiting order is restricted to evidence pertaining to specific acts, then it did not exclude otherwise admissible evidence as to the reputation of the prosecutrix for chastity. The objection registered by appellant\u2019s attorney did not reach this type of evidence either, although appellant does suggest in his argument that the ruling prevented his cross-examining the witness as to any fact which would indicate a seductive nature on her part which contributed to the circumstances of the prosecution. Not only does this peculiar question arise for the first time on appeal, but it seems to be based upon the erroneous premise that the prosecutrix could be examined about specific acts with others on the issue of consent. But this type of proof is severely limited.\nWant of consent by the prosecutrix is an essential element of the crime for which appellant was prosecuted. State v. Peyton, 93 Ark. 406, 125 S.W. 416, 137 Am. St. Rep. 93; Zinn v. State, 135 Ark. 342, 205 S.W. 704. See also, Gann v. State, 200 Ark. 947, 141 S.W. 2d 834. Consequently, want of consent was an issue and not an affirmative defense. The character of the prosecutrix for chastity could be impeached in order to raise a presumption of consent. Smith v. State, 150 Ark. 193, 233 S.W. 1081. See also Rowe v. State, 155 Ark. 419, 244 S.W. 463.\nEven so, appellant could only have cross-examined the prosecutrix about her prior acts or conduct with him. On the issue of consent, the accused has been permitted to show the character of the prosecutrix by general evidence of her reputation in that regard, but not by interrogation of her as to particular instances of her unchastity, except as to intercourse or conduct with the accused. Pleasant v. State, 15 Ark. 624. Appellant\u2019s objection does not reach this kind of cross-examination.\nThe prosecutrix could, however, also have been cross-examined as to particular acts of immorality in order to impeach her credibility. Lockett v. State, 136 Ark. 473, 207 S.W. 55 (on rehearing). It is true that this right is not absolute and that the trial judge must exercise discretion in determining whether specific questions and answers appellant believed would be given if the prosecutrix answered truthfully had probative value on the credibility of the witness or whether the witness was entitled to protection from mere humiliation and embarrassment. King v. State, 106 Ark. 160, 152 S.W. 990. See also, Fike v. State, 255 Ark. 956, 504 S.W. 2d 363. It is true this would require a very limited type of proffer. See also, Washington National Insurance Co. v. Meeks, 249 Ark. 73, 458 S.W. 2d 135; Kingrey v. Wilson, 227 Ark. 690, 301 S.W. 2d 23; Dixon v. State, 162 Ark. 584, 258 S.W. 401. But the scope of the court\u2019s order was too sweeping to permit the very limited proffer required in such cases. Although we have not passed upon the question in Arkansas, it is widely, if not universally held that a proffer is not necessary to preserve the question if, because of the trial court\u2019s attitude, it would be a useless gesture or if the trial court has ruled broadly that no such evidence or proof will be received. Bishop v. State, 38 Ala. App. 667, 92 So. 2d 323 (1957); Dixon v. Coffey, 161 Neb. 487, 73 N.W. 2d 660 (1955); Beneficial Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Kurt Hitke & Co., 46 Cal. 2d 517, 297 P. 2d 428 (1956); State v. Brewer, 73 Idaho 191, 249 P. 2d 189 (1952); Eby v. City of Lewistown, 55 Mont. 113, 173 P. 1163 (1918); LaRault v. Palmer, 51 Wash. 664, 99 P. 1036 (1909), 21 L.N.S. 354. See also, Sprouse v. Magee, 46 Idaho 622, 269 P. 993 (1928); State v. Miller, 132 Kan. 474, 296 P. 714 (1931); Grieve v. Howard, 54 Utah 225, 180 P. 423 (1919); Montez v. Superior Ct.for Co. of L.A., 10 Cal. App. 3d 343, 88 Cal. Rptr. 736 (1970).\nI would reverse the judgment and remand the case for a new trial.\nI am authorized to state that Mr. Justice Byrd joins in this opinion.", "type": "dissent", "author": "John A. Fogleman, Justice," } ], "attorneys": [ "Frierson, Walker, Snellgrove & Laser, for appellant.", "Bill Clinton, Atty. Gen., by: Joyce Williams Warren, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Carl DUNCAN v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 77-213\n565 S.W. 2d 1\nOpinion delivered April 17, 1978\n(In Banc)\n[Rehearing denied May 22, 1978.]\nFrierson, Walker, Snellgrove & Laser, for appellant.\nBill Clinton, Atty. Gen., by: Joyce Williams Warren, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0242-01", "first_page_order": 268, "last_page_order": 274 }