{ "id": 1668775, "name": "Charles CARMICHAEL v. SECURITY SAVINGS & LOAN ASSOCIATION OF CONWAY", "name_abbreviation": "Carmichael v. Security Savings & Loan Ass'n", "decision_date": "1978-12-04", "docket_number": "78-80", "first_page": "657", "last_page": "666", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "264 Ark. 657" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "574 S.W.2d 651" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "257 Ark. 813", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8723999 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/257/0813-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 S.W. 2d 172", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "193 Ark. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1410980 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/193/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "145 ALR 445", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "446" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "63 S.W. 68", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ark. 43", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8719456 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/69/0043-01" ] }, { "cite": "221 Ark. 10", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1656520 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/221/0010-01" ] }, { "cite": "476 S.W. 2d 217", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 6034896 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/251/270-A-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 Ark. 105", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1597779 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/248/0105-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 Ark. 1069", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1473240 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/211/1069-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 S.W. 745", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "136 Ark. 441", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1570006 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/136/0441-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 N.E. 916", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "211 Mass. 409", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 477031 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/211/0409-01" ] }, { "cite": "292 S.W. 140", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "173 Ark. 197", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8719589 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/173/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ark. 435", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1488203 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/205/0435-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 722, "char_count": 15453, "ocr_confidence": 0.892, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.823645209760889e-08, "percentile": 0.41650401239608953 }, "sha256": "dc62992cc8ffeb42199b3b9928a543b650631ebc437afbb44940c1449c89d9f0", "simhash": "1:bf27e1266d2f093b", "word_count": 2670 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:22:41.361067+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Harris, C.J., and Byrd and Hickman, JJ." ], "parties": [ "Charles CARMICHAEL v. SECURITY SAVINGS & LOAN ASSOCIATION OF CONWAY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "John A. Fogleman, Justice.\nAppellant Charles Carmichael, while a minor, suffered injuries in an automobile accident, as a result of which he became a quadriplegic. He received a settlement upon an insurance claim arising from these injuries. His father, Levi Carmichael, was appointed his guardian on April 30, 1974. On June 18, 1974, Levi Carmichael purchased a $5,000 savings certificate from appellee Security Savings & Loan Association. The funds used were those of appellant and the certificate was issued to \u201cLevi Carmichael Guardian for Charles Carmichael.\u201d The ledger sheet on appellee\u2019s books relating to this certificate was in the name of \u201cLevi Carmichael, Guardian for Charles Carmichael.\u201d Later, Levi Carmichael borrowed $4,600 from appellee and secured the loan by pledging the certificate of savings issued to him as guardian. Although Levi Carmichael paid some interest on the loan, there was a substantial balance due on the loan when he died on December 7, 1975.\nAppellant\u2019s demand for payment of the proceeds of the savings certificate was refused by appellee. Instead, appellee tendered the balance due on the certificate after having deducted the balance due on the loan to Levi Carmichael. Appellant, having attained majority, then filed this action for a declaratory judgment seeking to establish his right to the face amount of the certificate plus all accrued interest, free and clear of the pledge. Appellee responded, saying that it had applied a substantial part of these proceeds to the retirement of the loan to Levi Carmichael, in reliance upon the loan agreement with Levi Carmichael and the agreement printed on the signature card which was signed by Levi Carmichael when he opened the savings account represented by the certificate. Appellee also asserted that the guardianship was void as a matter of law, because neither the minor nor anyone else was given notice of the petition upon which the appointment of the guardian was based, and because no bond was made by the guardian. The chancery court dismissed appellant\u2019s petition for want of equity, holding that the actions of appellee were permissible under Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 67-1840 (Repl. 1966). We disagree and reverse the decree.\nThe signature card contained the following language:\nAccount No. 4237\nA. Carmichael Levi Guardian for\nand B. Carmichael Charles Minor\nand C.\nType All Names:\n(Last Name) (First Name) (Middle Name)\nas joint tenants with right of survivorship and not as tenants by the entirety, the undersigned hereby apply for a savings account in\nSecurity Savings and Loan Association\nand for the issuance of evidence thereof in their joint names described as aforesaid. You are directed to act pursuant to any one or more of the joint tenants\u2019 signatures, shown below, in any manner in connection with this account and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, to pay, without any liability for such payment, to any one or the survivor or survivors at any time. This account may be pledged in whole or in part as security for any loan made by you to one or more of the undersigned. Any such pledge shall not operate to sever or terminate either in whole or in part the joint tenancy estate and relationship reflected in or established by this contract. ***\nThe only signature on the card was that of Levi Carmichael as party A. There was no other specific designation of the capacity in which he signed. There was a place for signature by party B.\nThe pledge to secure the loan to Levi Carmichael was executed by him without any mention of his capacity as guardian. There was nothing in the files and records of appellee to indicate that this loan was made for the benefit of the minor ward. No order of court authorizing the loan was presented to appellee. The executive vice-president of appellee testified that it was not customary for anyone to question the guardian when he makes withdrawals from a guardian\u2019s account. Appellee has no special signature cards for fiduciary accounts.\nThe trial court did not rely upon the signature card. Assuming that an appropriately worded signature card could have justified appellee\u2019s action, this one did not. There was no joint tenancy and this card did not, and probably could not, establish one. There can be no joint tenancy without two \u201ctenants.\u201d There was only one here. No certificate was issued in the joint names of any parties. Levi Carmichael did not sign the card as a joint tenant. The authorization of a pledge of the certificate or the account by any one of two joint tenants is wholly inapplicable to this situation. The sentence relating to a pledge cannot be read in isolation. It must be read in its context. When this is done, it cannot form a basis for a pledge of the certificate and the account it represented. The certificate was not issued to joint tenants or to two persons.\nInsofar as pertinent here, Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 67-1840 provides:\n67-1840. Savings accounts of fiduciaries. \u2014 An association *** may accept savings accounts in the name of any \u2666\u2666\u2666guardian, *** or other ficuciary with or without the designation of the name of the beneficiary or beneficiaries or the court order creating the fiduciary relationship, and any such fiduciary shall have power to vote as a member, to open and make additions to, and to withdraw from any such savings account in whole or in part. The payment or delivery of rights to any such fiduciary or a receipt or acquittance signed by any such fiduciary to whom any payment or delivery of rights is made shall be valid and sufficient release and discharge of an association. *** Unless the written agreement or court order filed with the association at the time an account is opened by a fiduciary provides otherwise, the association may make loans on the security of the savings account, pay withdrawals to the fiduciary personally or as directed by him, and otherwise deal with the account, in whole or in part, without regard to any notice to the contrary, as directed by such fiduciary, *** so long as *** such fiduciary is living, ***\nThe guardian did not withdraw any money from the account. There was no payment to the guardian, nor was there any \u201cdelivery of rights\u201d to him. The authority, if found in this section, must be based upon the statement that the association \u201cmay make loans on the security of the savings account, pay withdrawals ... as directed by him [the fiduciary], and otherwise deal with the account, in whole or in part, without regard to any notice to the contrary, as directed by such fiduciary, so long as such fiduciary is living. . . \u201d At the time appellee applied funds represented by this certificate, Levi Carmichael was not living. The right to make the application then depends on the right of appellee to act according to directions given by Levi Carmichael during his lifetime. The only such directions were contained in the pledge, which was actually a part of a \u201cSavings Loan Agreement\u201d evidencing the loan. That pledge reads:\nThe undersigned hereby pledges the account of the undersigned in the said Association, No. 4237, as security for said debt and authorizes any officer of said Association in the event of any default to sign the name of the undersigned to a withdrawal request and to withdraw any part of all of the funds from said account from time to time for interest and principal payment hereon. ***\nThis agreement was signed \u201cLevi Carmichael,\u201d without any reference to his capacity as guardian. The quoted portion, at best, was an attempt to delegate the authority to withdraw money from the account. The act in question only permits the association to disregard notice of the fiduciary relationship when dealing with the account \u201cas directed by the fiduciary. \u201d Here, the only time Levi Carmichael attempted to act as fiduciary was when he made the deposit. We do not believe the General Assembly intended to permit a savings association to participate in a guardian\u2019s self-dealing, from which it benefits, without liability to the ward. The loan agreement, consisting of a promise by \u201cthe undersigned,\u201d can only be construed as evidencing a loan to Levi Carmichael personally-\nThe general rule governing such transactions was reiterated in Drainage District No. 7 v. Citizens Bank of Jonesboro, 205 Ark. 435, 170 S.W. 2d 60, viz:\nThe general rule was recognized in the case of Helena v. First National Bank, 173 Ark. 197, 292 S.W. 140, where Chief Justice Hart, speaking for the court said: \u201cThe general principle governing the bank\u2019s liability is that the officers of the bank, who know that a fund on deposit is a trust fund, cannot appropriate that fund to the private benefit of the bank, or, where charged with notice of the conversion of the trustee, participate with him in appropriating it to his own use, without being liable to refund the money, if the appropriation is a breach of the trust. Allen v. Puritan Trust Co., 211 Mass. 409, 97 N.E. 916, LRA 1915C, 518, and Blanton v. First National Bank of Forrest City, 136 Ark. 441, 206 S.W. 745.\u201d\nSee also, Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. v. Bradley, 211 Ark. 1069, 204 S.W. 2d 792. In the Citizens Bank case, we held that the bank had permitted the fiduciary to withdraw funds with notice that he was committing a breach of trust, and so was liable for participation in the breach of trust. While factual distinctions might be made, we are convinced that, in the case before us, the association participated in the conversion of the proceeds of the minor\u2019s savings account to the use of the guardian and to the benefit of the association.\nIt is true that a pitiful effort was made to show that the proceeds of the loan were used for the benefit of the minor. Levi Carmichael\u2019s widow, the mother of appellant, testified that her husband bought an automobile with the proceeds of the loan. Although she said that the automobile was purchased when she and her husband had been told that appellant would have to go to Houston and that the car they then owned would not make the trip, she said that the title to the car was taken in her husband\u2019s name and that its purchase was \u201cmostly\u201d so she and her husband could go visit their son. The automobile was later lost upon her pledge of it as security for another loan of $2,000. It is true that there is no evidence that the association had any notice of the actual use made of the loan proceeds by Levi Carmichael. But it is also true that appellee failed to show that they were used for the benefit of appellant and the chancellor did not so find.\nAppellee contends that cases involving banks are not applicable to a savings and loan association and that cases decided prior to 1963, when \u00a7 67-1840 was adopted, are not applicable. This may be true when the issue turns upon the question of a guardian\u2019s authority to withdraw funds from a savings account, or to borrow money in his capacity as guardian, with the account as security, or to direct payment of funds from the account to a third party. As we have heretofore indicated, we do not read this section to license the association\u2019s participation in the guardian\u2019s self-dealing in breach of the trust.\nIt is quite clear that, whatever construction is given this section, it is in derogation of the common law, and is to be strictly construed. See Wright v. Wright, 248 Ark. 105, 449 S.W. 2d 952; Grimmett v. State, 251 Ark. 270A, 476 S.W. 2d 217; Raney v. Gunn, 221 Ark. 10, 253 S.W. 2d 559.\nIn Carroll County Bank v. Rhodes, 69 Ark. 43, 63 S.W. 68, we stated the common law thus:\n\u201cWhen money is placed as a general deposit in a bank, it is no longer the property of the depositor, but immediately becomes the money of the bank. The depositor becomes the creditor of the bank, and the bank is his debtor; and the bank is bound by an implied contract to honor the checks of the depositor to the extent of his deposit. When his checks are drawn in proper form, the bank is bound to honor them. It cannot excuse a refusal to pay them by showing that it had reason to believe that the checks were given for an unlawful purpose, or that other persons had liens or claims on the money deposited.\u201d But there is an exception to this rule. If the banker has notice that the fund does not belong to the depositor, and the check is drawn to pay a debt due the bank, then the banker would be affected with a knowledge of the unlawful intent, and would be in duty bound to dishonor the check, and, if he did not do so, would be a participant in the profits of the fraud, and liable to the owner of the fund for all moneys appropriated to its payment. *\"'*\nSee also, Annot. 145 ALR 445, 446.\nUnder the law in effect prior to the passage of \u00a7 67-1840, the association, in order to protect itself from liability, would probably have felt it necessary to require an order of the probate court before paying out any of the principal of the ward\u2019s estate. See Russell v. Johnson, 193 Ark. 541, 101 S.W. 2d 172. The enactment of the section in question relieved the bank of this burden, but we do not construe it to permit the loan transaction in this case.\nIt is true that we have placed reliance upon cases involving banks rather than savings and loan associations. We cannot see any reason for making a distinction in a case such as this, unless that distinction is made by statute. We note, in that connection, that the General Assembly passed Act 496 in 1921, adding a section [Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 67-522 (Repl. 1966)] to the banking law. This section, treating dealings with fiduciaries, reads:\nA bank dealing, whether to its own benefit or otherwise, with, through or under any person, who is or may be an agent, trustee or other fiduciary, or a corporate officer, agent or employee, or a partnership member or representative, shall not be deemed to have notice of or be obliged to inquire as to any lack of or limitation upon the power of such person by reason in and of itself either of the fact that such person has executed in his representative capacity and is himself the payee or indorsee of any check, bill, note or other promise or order, or of the use of descriptive words in connection with his deposit account or accounts, any transfer, certificate or memorandum thereof, or in connection with any signature or indorsement of such person. ***\nSince the passage of that act, we have held that a bank is liable when it participates in, and benefits from, a breach of trust by a fiduciary. See, e.g., Drainage District No. 7 of Poinsett County v. Citizens Bank of Jonesboro, supra; Hartford Accident & indemnity Co. v. Bradley, supra. Of course, a bank cannot be held liable in the absence of notice of an intention by the fiduciary to misappropriate the trust fund. Pine Bluff National Bank v. Kesterson, 257 Ark. 813, 520 S.W. 2d 253. But the pledge of the trust fund to secure Levi Carmichael\u2019s personal debt was a misappropriation of the trust fund from which the association benefitted.\nA strict construction of \u00a7 67-1840 requires that we reverse the decree, with instructions to the trial court to render judgment in favor of appellant.\nWe agree.\nHarris, C.J., and Byrd and Hickman, JJ.", "type": "majority", "author": "John A. Fogleman, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Guy H. Jones, Phil Stratton, Guy Jones, Jr., and Casey Jones, by: Phil Stratton, for appellant.", "Henry & Graddy, by: Larry E. Graddy, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Charles CARMICHAEL v. SECURITY SAVINGS & LOAN ASSOCIATION OF CONWAY\n78-80\n574 S.W. 2d 651\nOpinion delivered December 4, 1978\n(Division II)\n[Rehearing denied January 12, 1979.]\nGuy H. Jones, Phil Stratton, Guy Jones, Jr., and Casey Jones, by: Phil Stratton, for appellant.\nHenry & Graddy, by: Larry E. Graddy, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0657-01", "first_page_order": 685, "last_page_order": 694 }