{ "id": 1740894, "name": "Charles Isaac WILSON, Jr. v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Wilson v. State", "decision_date": "1984-06-04", "docket_number": "CR 83-129", "first_page": "551", "last_page": "562", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "282 Ark. 551" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "669 S.W.2d 889" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "390 U.S. 377", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170914 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/390/0377-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 U.S. 98", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177400 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/432/0098-01" ] }, { "cite": "449 U.S. 341", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11716066 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/449/0341-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 Ark. 261", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1748371 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/278/0261-01" ] }, { "cite": "430 U.S. 902", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12129324, 12128718, 12129464, 12129626, 12128894, 12129183 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/430/0902-04", "/us/430/0902-01", "/us/430/0902-05", "/us/430/0902-06", "/us/430/0902-02", "/us/430/0902-03" ] }, { "cite": "546 F.2d 255", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1009872 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/546/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 S.W. 463", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "year": 1912, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ark. 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1350640 ], "year": 1912, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/104/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "631 S.W.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1753613 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/275/0252-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ark. 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "262 Ark. 707", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1675964 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/262/0707-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 Ark. 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8720788 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/273/0482-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 U.S. 263", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168184 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "right to counsel at a post-indictment lineup" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/388/0263-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 U.S. 218", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168076 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/388/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 U.S. 98", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177400 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "111-112" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/432/0098-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 Ark. 261", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1748371 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/278/0261-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 831, "char_count": 17185, "ocr_confidence": 0.841, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.8637708957350497e-07, "percentile": 0.8415998384461797 }, "sha256": "7b25242e0e54f773a632085d3479c4dfd90025809926f4649717cf7e1cd180a0", "simhash": "1:c79fdd0270550b38", "word_count": 3002 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:21:24.101080+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Purtle, Hays, and Hollingsworth, JJ., dissent.", "Purtle and Hays, JJ., join in this dissent." ], "parties": [ "Charles Isaac WILSON, Jr. v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Darrell Hickman, Justice.\nCharles Isaac Wilson, Jr., was convicted of rape, aggravated robbery, and burglary, and sentenced to forty years and fined $ 15,000. He essentially makes three arguments on appeal: his identification by the victim was unreliable, improper verdict forms were submitted, and the victim\u2019s street address should not have been admitted because it identified the appellant as the \u201cYorkshire Rapist.\u201d We find no error and affirm.\nThe identification of the appellant by the victim was made after a voice lineup. Such identification is permissible. See Kellensworth v. State, 272 Ark. 252, 631 S.W.2d 1 (1982); Rhea v. State, 104 Ark. 162, 147 S.W. 463 (1912); United States v. Scully, 546 F.2d 255 (9th Cir. 1976), vacated and remanded on other grounds, United States v. Cabral, 430 U.S. 902 (1977); 2 Wigmore on Evidence \u00a7 660 (1979); J. Weinstein and M. Berger, Weinstein\u2019s Evidence \u00a7 901 (b) (5) [01] (1983). It is for the trial court to determine if there are sufficient aspects of reliability surrounding the identification to permit its use as evidence and then it is for the jury to decide what weight the identification testimony should be given. Kellensworth v. State, 278 Ark. 261, 644 S.W.2d 933 (1983); Watkins v. Sowders, 449 U.S. 341 (1981); Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98 (1977); see also Weinstein\u2019s Evidence, supra. We do not reverse a trial court\u2019s ruling on the admissibility of identification evidence unless it is clearly erroneous, Kellensworth v. State, supra, and do not inject ourselves into the process of determining reliability unless there is \u201ca very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.\u201d Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968). That likelihood does not exist in this case.\nThe victim never saw her assailant. She saw a figure crouching in the doorway of her bedroom, and a quilt was immediately thrown over her head. But she said that the rapist talked to her for an hour and a half. She said that he seemed to be a foreigner and spoke in \u201cbroken\u201d English. About three months after the attack and before she identified the appellant in the voice lineup, the victim received a telephone call from a man whom she recognized as her assailant and then concluded that he was a black man. Her testimony concerning the call is important; it reads:\nQ. Okay. What type of voice was it?\nA. I said it was like an Iranian-type voice.\nQ. Okay, now, when you say Iranian-type voice, what do you mean?\nA. Kind of like a broken English type. He would leave words out, like, \u201cI cut you,\u201d and things on that order. He wouldn\u2019t put all the words together.\nQ. In other words, he spoke English but he would leave some of the grammar type things out?\nA. Yes.\nQ. Instead of \u201cI\u2019ll cut you,\u201d it was, \u201cI cut you\u201d?\nA. \u201cI cut you.\u201d\nQ. At the time did you feel like that you could recognize the voice if you heard it again, based upon the tone and quality?\nA. I knew I could.\nQ. Did you have an occasion to hear that voice again later?\nA. Yes, I did.\nQ. How was that?\nA. In \u2014 I got a phone call about in June and I had gotten a few phone calls before I had moved from the apartment, and when I would answer they would just hang up. Then I got one one morning and asked if Cheryl was there, and I went to the phone. When I got there, the person had hung up, and then about 4:00 that afternoon I got another phone call and he asked who it was, and I said it was Cheryl, and he said, he asked me what I was wearing, and I just told him it was none of his business, and he said something, you know, like, \u201cDo you want me to come to your apartment on Yorkshire?\u201d And I said, \u201cNo,\u201d and he said, \u201cWhat are you wearing?\u201d and I said, \u201cWell, I was wearing a robe,\u201d and he said, \u201cTake it off,\u201d and I said, \u201cNo.\u201d We were just kinda bickering back and forth.\nQ. Did he say anything else to you?\nA. He told me I was the best.\nQ. He said you were the best?\nA. And I said, \u201cBest what?\u201d And he said, \u201cYou know.\u201d\nQ. Tell us about the accent on that phone call.\nA. It was \u2014 It was the voice of a colored man, but it was kind of like still leaving the words out, you know, certain \u2014 like he asked me, \u201cYou listen to me?\u201d And I said, \u201cYes, I\u2019m listening.\u201d\nQ. So in other words, some of it was with leaving the words out and some of it wasn\u2019t?\nA. Yeah.\nQ. Like somebody wasn\u2019t keeping their words straight?\nA. Yes, like he wasn\u2019t really trying, you know. It was just every once in a while, maybe, to get it through my head who I was really talking to or something.\nQ. Now, did you later have occasion to hear the voice in the apartment again?\nA. I did.\nQ. Where was this?\nA. At a lineup. (Italics supplied.)\nAnother unusual event occurred in this case. Prior to trial the appellant saw the victim and appeared to know her. Her testimony is as follows:\nQ. Did you have an occasion later to see him in this courthouse?\nA. Yes, I did.\nQ. Okay, and did he indicate to you that he knew who you were?\nA. Yes, he did.\nQ. How did he do that?\nA. It was through his first trial.\nQ. Okay, what did he do?\nA. He walked in the room and \u2014\nQ. Okay, Ms. Jackson, on the other occasion that you saw the defendant, did he focus his attention on you out of a room full of people?\nA. I was sitting in the middle of about four or five women.\nQ. Now, where did he look at you?\nA. He looked straight at me and said, \u201cHello\u201d.\nQ. What did he do?\nA. Said, \u201cHello\u201d. And smiled.\nQ. You, of all the people?\nA. (Nodding in affirmative).\nQ. Until this point, had you ever been identified as the victim in this rape case?\nA. No.\nQ. He did not see you at the lineup to your knowledge?\nA. No, he didn\u2019t.\nQ. Or at any other time?\nA. No, he didn\u2019t.\nQ. And you don\u2019t know \u2014 Again, you never knew the defendant before or after?\nA. No.\nQ. One more time. Is there any doubt in your mind the voice you heard in the lineup that you have now attached to the face of Charles Isaac Wilson was the voice of the man who assaulted you in your apartment the early morning hours of April 12th?\nA. I am positive.\nThe jury could of course have given some weight to this testimony. These circumstances taken with the fact that the victim was positive about her identification of appellant strongly support the trial court\u2019s decision to allow the evidence to go to the jury.\nThe appellant also contends that the identification was unreliable because after the victim participated in the lineup she marked her choice in a room where there was a typewriter containing a sheet of paper with a list of the lineup participants; after the appellant\u2019s name was written the word \u201cSUSPECT.\u201d The victim testified, however, that she saw no such list and was unaware of any piece of paper in the typewriter. The trial judge undoubtedly chose to believe the victim\u2019s testimony in determining the reliability of her identification and that is within his province.\nThe victim\u2019s initial description of her assailant as a man of five feet, six or seven inches, was based on her observation of him lying next to her. The appellant is six feet, one inch. In those circumstances it would obviously be very hard for the victim to give a completely accurate estimation of height and we do not believe that the initial description contributed to \u201ca very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.\u201d Again, this was a question for the trial court and the jury.\nThe appellant argues that error was committed in allowing testimony by the victim after she had been hypnotized. Hypnosis was used to stimulate the victim\u2019s recall. The officer who attempted to hypnotize the victim, however, stated that she would not go into a trance; moreover, the victim stated that she was not hypnotized. During the sessions the victim told the officer the phrases that her assailant had spoken. Most of these, though, were the same phrases she recalled before any attempted hypnosis. This buttresses the testimony that she was not, in fact, hypnotized. Since the victim apparently was not hypnotized, the point has no merit.\nThe appellant also argues that the trial court erred in submitting modified verdict forms to the jury. The verdict forms allowed the jury to find the appellant guilty or not guilty of rape, aggravated robbery, and burglary. The forms for rape and aggravated robbery allowed the jury the additional choice of whether the crime was committed with a deadly weapon.\nArk. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 43-23S6.1 (Supp. 1983) provides that any person who is found guilty of a felony involving the use of a deadly weapon, whether or not an element of the crime, shall be sentenced to a minimum of ten years in prison without parole. The modification of the verdict form was made to bring this statute into play. Since it clearly states that it is applicable whether or not the use of a deadly weapon is an element of the crime, and since the testimony revealed that the assailant threatened the victim throughout the crime with a knife, its inclusion was proper. The verdict forms reflected both the information under which the appellant was charged and the legal definition of the crimes and were therefore proper.\nThe offenses for which the appellant was convicted were part of a series of charges against him all of which involved the rape of women living on Yorkshire Drive in Fort Smith. The news media sometimes referred to the attacker as the \u201cYorkshire Rapist.\u201d Before trial the appellant moved that no mention be made of the victim\u2019s address on Yorkshire Drive. The trial court denied the motion and her address was mentioned twice. In this regard the appellant argues that he was precluded from conducting an effective voir dire of the jurors as to their knowledge and bias about the Yorkshire Rapist because \u201cit would have been impossible to ascertain knowledge without improperly disclosing prejudicial material.\u201d The appellant filed a pre-trial motion requesting a sequestered voir dire of the potential jurors. That motion was denied and the appellant chose not to question the jurors on the subject. On appeal, the appellant fails to object to denial of the motion. Because of these omissions there is no evidence that any of the jurors had heard of the Yorkshire Rapist, or if they had, that the recitation of the victim\u2019s street address enabled them to make that connection. Therefore, the point is without merit.\nAffirmed.\nPurtle, Hays, and Hollingsworth, JJ., dissent.", "type": "majority", "author": "Darrell Hickman, Justice." }, { "text": "P. A. Hollingsworth, Justice,\ndissenting. Charles Isaac Wilson, Jr., the appellant was convicted in Sebastian County of rape, aggravated robbery, and burglary. He was sentenced to forty years in prison and fined $15,000. The majority affirms, and I strongly disagree.\nThe appellant\u2019s argument is that the prosecutrix\u2019s identification testimony was tainted by an unconstitutionally suggestive lineup and identification procedure an was therefore unreliable. I agree and would reverse the trial court as to this point.\nThe appellant filed a pretrial motion to suppress identification testimony. The prosecutrix had given a report to the police immediately following the assault on her person. She stated to the officers that she rolled over in bed and saw somebody crouching in her doorway who lunged on top of her and covered her head with a blanket before she could get up. That was her only glimpse of the rapist who stayed with her for over an hour and a half. She described the rapist\u2019s voice as Iranian type, \u201ckind of like a broken English type.\u201d She said he left out words \u201clike \u2018I cut you\u2019 and things on that order.. . . He wouldn\u2019t put all the words together. . . It could have been a Cuban accent.\u201d She also estimated the rapist to be between 5'5\" and 5'7\" in height based on the time he spent lying next to her.\nBetween the date of the rape, April 12, and the identification of the appellant, four voice lineups were conducted. On April 14, the prosecutrix indicated that she heard a voice similar to her attacker\u2019s. The similar voice was a white male detective who was attempting to imitate a Spanish or foreign accent. In this one and the subsequent two, the lineups were not viewed by the prosecutrix; only their voices were heard. In the lineup where the appellant was identified, the prosecutrix viewed the lineup and simultaneously heard the five participants speak. Contrary to previous lineups, the prosecutrix was told by the police that a suspect was present in this lineup. While she was in the room marking her choice, a paper was in a typewriter in that same room with a list of the participants in the lineup clearly visible. After each participant\u2019s name was a physical description, with the exception of the appellant. The word \u201cSUSPECT\u201d appeared after his name. Several other people who walked through the room stated that they clearly saw the paper and its contents. The prosecutrix admitted seeing the typewriter in the room, but she denied having seen the list.\nAt the trial of this matter, the prosecutrix testified that she had received a phone call from the rapist. For the first time, at trial, she stated the voice of her attacker was that of a colored man. She buttressed her testimony by saying that she also saw the appellant at another one of his trials where he was accused of a similar charge and that he said hello to her there. She did not say that his voice was the same as her attacker. The prosecutrix states that the appellant speaking to her confirms in her mind that the appellant is the rapist.\nManson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 111-112 (1977) emphasized the troublesome characteristic of such evidence:\nThe driving force behind United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967), Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 (1967) (right to counsel at a post-indictment lineup), and Stovall, all decided on the same day, was the Court\u2019s concern with the problems of eyewitness identification. Usually the witness must testify about an encounter with a total stranger under circumstances of emergency or emotional stress. The witness\u2019 recollection of the stranger can be distorted easily by the circumstances or by later actions of the police.\nTo guard against this danger we hold inadmissible evidence tainted by suggested confrontation procedures and lacking adequate indicia of reliability as is present here.\nThe appellant is a 6T\" black male, American born and raised in Fort Smith, who does not speak with a foreign accent. There was testimony that appellant\u2019s voice has no trace of any accent and his vocabulary and voice are good. A review of the tape of his voice included in the record is in agreement with this characterization of appellant.\nWe have previously said that whether identification testimony is admissible is essentially a question of reliability. The opportunity to observe the criminal, the accuracy of the victim\u2019s description, the amount of certainty of the victim at the time of the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the identification are all factors to be weighed against any suggestions. Washington v. State, 273 Ark. 482, 621 S.W.2d 216 (1981); McCraw v. State, 262 Ark. 707, 561 S.W.2d 71 (1978). When all of these elements are considered, the identification in this case has serious defects. Immediately after the rape, the prosecutrix described her assailant as talking with an accent, having dark hair of medium length, being 5'5\" to 5'7\" tall, and having repeated such phrases as: \u201cI want you money\u201d; \u201cI tie you up\u201d; \u201cI no hurt you\u201d. She indicated that all of these phrases are indicative of the mannerisms and the way the rapist speaks. The prosecutrix in this case instructed the police that a man who was about 5'6\" in height and spoke with a foreign accent attacked her. She subsequently identified the appellant, a 6T\" black man with no discernible accent.\nWe upheld a conviction partially based on a voice identification in a more recent case. In Kellensworth v. State, 278 Ark. 261, 644 S.W.2d 933 (1983), however, the prosecutrix was able to:\nclearly hear, partially view and sketchily feel her attacker over the period of an hour. . . . Immediately after the crimes the prosecutrix accurately described the criminal to the first arriving police officer. . . . Thus, the description given immediately after the crimes was consistent with the lineup identification. Her degree of attention was impressive. She made no mis iden ti f ica tion.\nHere, the prosecutrix was only able to hear her attacker. The physical description she gave the police turned out to be inaccurate as was her characterization of her attacker\u2019s voice. The identification stemming from the improperly conducted lineup should be excluded and the courtroom identification based on the lineup and identification that followed logically should be excluded as well. When viewing this case on the totality of the circumstances, I cannot say that the prosecutrix\u2019s identification of the appellant as her rapist is so reliable as to avoid the possibility of misidentification. I would reverse.\nPurtle and Hays, JJ., join in this dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "P. A. Hollingsworth, Justice," } ], "attorneys": [ "John W. Settle, for appellant.", "Steve Clark, Atty. Gen., by: Velda West Vanderbilt, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Charles Isaac WILSON, Jr. v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 83-129\n669 S.W.2d 889\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered June 4, 1984\nJohn W. Settle, for appellant.\nSteve Clark, Atty. Gen., by: Velda West Vanderbilt, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0551-01", "first_page_order": 593, "last_page_order": 604 }