{ "id": 1877634, "name": "Charles D. RAGLAND, Commissioner of Revenues, State of Arkansas, v. ALPHA AVIATION, INC. and Tom W. and Betty ROGERS", "name_abbreviation": "Ragland v. Alpha Aviation, Inc.", "decision_date": "1985-03-11", "docket_number": "84-214", "first_page": "182", "last_page": "188-B", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "285 Ark. 182" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "688 S.W.2d 301" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "686 S.W.2d 391" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "247 Ark. 6", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1600601 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/247/0006-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ark. 547", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1737879 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/237/0547-01" ] }, { "cite": "283 Ark. 16", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1879923 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/283/0016-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 Ark. 577", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1619303 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/259/0577-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ark. 478", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1475829 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/209/0478-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 P. 117", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "case_ids": [ 1556049 ], "year": 1930, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/34/0479-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 S.W.2d 45", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1948, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "9 S.W.2d 797", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1928, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "178 Ark. 11", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1397176 ], "year": 1928, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/178/0011-01" ] }, { "cite": "75 S.W.2d 223", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "189 Ark. 819", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1425498 ], "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/189/0819-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 S.W. 586", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "year": 1921, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "147 Ark. 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1583299 ], "year": 1921, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/147/0252-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 Ark. 577", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1619303 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/259/0577-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 759, "char_count": 16759, "ocr_confidence": 0.837, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.571712377588954e-07, "percentile": 0.9474488667099896 }, "sha256": "e2f82b75cf29d8d6f319f1fe1384786c1152bed945a0c66b99e113e69cf01a3f", "simhash": "1:61247e2b0c30d182", "word_count": 2768 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:18:39.025760+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Hickman, J. and Purtle, J., dissent.", "Hickman, J. joins in this dissent." ], "parties": [ "Charles D. RAGLAND, Commissioner of Revenues, State of Arkansas, v. ALPHA AVIATION, INC. and Tom W. and Betty ROGERS" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Steele Hays, Justice.\nThe single issue presented by this appeal is whether a proposed tax assessment under Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4718 (Repl. 1980), if contested, will toll \u00a7 84-4715(a), which limits the time in which an assessment can be made to three years.\nThe appellant, Charles D. Ragland, Commissioner of Revenues, conducted a gross receipts (sales) tax audit of the books and records of appellee, Alpha Aviation, Inc., for the audit period April 1, 1977 through November 30, 1979. The appellant also conducted an individual income tax audit of the appellees, Tom W. and Betty Rogers for the years 1976, 1977, and 1978. Mr. Rogers was the president and majority shareholder of Alpha, and certain deductions involving Alpha were disallowed on Mr. and Mrs. Rogers\u2019 individual income tax returns for the years in question. The appellees were sent a notice of proposed assessment as required by \u00a7 84-4718(a). After receipt of the notice the appellees pursued and exhausted the administrative remedies set forth in \u00a7 84-4720. At the termination of the administrative proceedings, which was more than three years after appellees had filed their returns, a notice of final assessment was sent to them as provided by \u00a7 84-4712 and \u00a7 84-4720.\nUnsuccessful at the administrative level, appellees filed suit in chancery court pursuant to the provisions of \u00a7 84-4721. In a motion for summary judgment, appellees then contended that the term \u201cassessment\u201d as used in \u00a7 84-4715(a) actually referred to a notice of final assessment. The pertinent section of \u00a7 84-4715(a) provides:\nExcept as otherwise provided in this Act [\u00a7\u00a7 84-4701 \u201484-4744], no assessment of any tax levied under the State tax law, shall be made after the expiration of three (3) years from the date the return was required to be filed or the date the return was filed, whichever period expires later. The Commissioner shall not begin court proceedings after the expiration of the three (3) year period unless there has been a previous assessment for the collection of the tax.\nThe appellees argued that under \u00a7 84-4715(a) the failure of the appellant to provide a notice of final assessment within three years from the time they filed a return effectively barred the appellant from further collection efforts.\nThe Chancellor found that appellees received a notice of proposed assessment within the three year statute of limitations. However, he also determined that the term \u201cassessment\u201d as used in \u00a7 84-4715(a) meant \u201cfinal assessment.\u201d As the final notice was not sent out until after the three year limitation the Chancellor issued an order abating all tax, penalty or interest assessed against the appellees. The Commissioner has appealed.\nIt is a general rule of construction that statutes establishing procedures for collection and assessment of taxes will be construed in favor of the government. \u201c[A]s a general rule courts have been tolerant in construing statutes prescribing the procedure for assessment... A statute barring the state\u2019s right to bring actions for taxes is usually strictly construed in favor of the government.\u201d Sutherland, Statutory Construction, (3rd. Rev. 1974) \u00a7 66.06; see also 84 C.J.S. Taxation, \u00a7 393; R. J. Reynolds Tobacco v. Carson, 213 S.W.2d 45 (Tenn. 1948); Southern Pac. Ry. Co. v. State, 284 P. 117 (N.M. 1930). \u201cThe existence of a time limit beyond which the government may not sue to recover unpaid taxes is therefore dependent upon some express statutory provision, and provisions limiting the time for the collection of taxes are strictly construed in favor of the government.\u201d Jensen v. Fordyce Bath House, 209 Ark. 478, 190 S.W.2d 977 (1945).\nThe primary rule in the construction of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature. It is the court\u2019s duty to look to the whole act and, as far as practicable, to reconcile the different provisions so as to make them consistent, harmonious and sensible. Shinn v. Heath, 259 Ark. 577,535 S. W.2d 57 (1976). We also decline an interpretation that results in absurdity or injustice, leads to contradiction, or defeats the plain purpose of the law. Carter v. Bush, 283 Ark. 16,677 S.W.2d 837 (1984); Berry v. Gordan, 237 Ark. 547, 376 S.W.2d 279 (1964).\nConsidering the Tax Procedure Act (\u00a784-4701 \u2014 \u00a784-4744) as a whole, and applying the applicable rules of construction and law, we find that under these circumstances the legislature intended the proposed assessment to toll the statute of limitations.\nThe limitation statute can serve two purposes. The first limits the time for which a taxpayer must be responsible for answering to an assessment. The notification for such an assessment can be accomplished through either the proposed or final assessment which states the amount owed. The second arises in the situation where a proposed assessment is made. In that case, the proposed assessment fulfills the first purpose; but a final assessment must also be sent out for reasons of certainty and finality. Here, the proposed assessment meets the substantive requirements of the limitations statute, but under the procedural scheme, when a proposed assessment is challenged, there is no provision for a final notice until the termination of the administrative proceedings. It is the obvious result as well as the general rule that the pendency of the hearing must toll the running of the statute, for the final assessment.\nIn this case an \u201cassessment\u201d defined in the statute as a \u201cdetermination and imposition of the amount of any state taxes due and owing\u201d [\u00a7 84-4703(a)] had been made within the three year limitation through the proposed assessment sent to appellees. The substance of the requirement was met through the proposed assessment by informing appellees of the Commissioner\u2019s action and the deficiency amount assessed. There is no surprise or prejudice to the taxpayer if the statute of limitation is effectively extended under these circumstances. To the contrary, it is only because of the procedure of redress afforded to and pursued by the appellees that the time when a final notice could be sent out was delayed. See Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4720. Under \u00a7 84-4720 the commissioner is not authorized to send out anything other than a proposed assessment once a taxpayer challenges that assessment under the act. He is not directed to send a final notice until the completion of the administrative proceedings. [\u00a7 84-4720(d)].\nAs the legislature has provided proceedings for taxpayer redress which would be of uncertain duration, and at the same time given no authorization for a final assessment until the termination of such proceedings, we believe a tolling of the statute was assumed by the drafters of this legislation. Such a statutory scheme by its nature incorporates the analogous and established principle that the pendency of litigation will suspend the running of the statute of limitations. See Dendy v. Greater Damascus Bapt. Church, 247 Ark. 6, 444 S.W.2d 71 (1969). Where an individual is prevented from exercising his legal remedy by the pendency of legal proceedings, the time during which he is thus prevented should not be counted against him in determining whether limitations have barred his right... 54 C.J.S., Limitations of Actions, \u00a7 247.\nTo hold otherwise and adopt the appellees\u2019 interpretation would bring about an incongruent result. It would require the Commissioner to anticipate potential protests by a taxpayer, and somehow determine with accuracy and make allowance for the time required by the taxpayer to exhaust all administrative remedies provided under the act, and by calculating backwards from the limitation period, send out the proposed assessment early enough that the final assessment would fall within the three years allowed. Even if that could be done effectively and consistently, a doubtful assumption at best, contingencies could be expected to arise in many cases to delay the administrative process and prevent the giving of a final notice within the three year period. This interpretation would result in thorough confusion in the collection of taxes and deprive the Commissioner of the three year time period allotted him under our statutes dating back to 1929 in which to file a proposed assessment. (See Act 140 of 1939, \u00a7 4, and Act 135 of 1947, \u00a7 5). Such an implausible interpretation would put the Commissioner in a most difficult position and would in any case severely reduce the three year time period we think was plainly intended under the act to allow for an assessment on the taxpayer. It could not have been the intent of the legislature to allow the taxpayer to forestall the sending of a final notice past the deadline by protesting and pursuing an administrative remedy.\nAppellees submit that \u00a7 84-4715(c) provides a means by which the taxpayer and the Commissioner may agree in writing to extend \u201cthe time within which the Commissioner may make a final assessment, as provided in Section 12,\u201d and, therefore, \u00a7 84-4715(a) must be read as referring to the final assessment, rather than to the proposed assessment. We reject the argument. The provision is permissive only, allowing an extension by mutual agreement. Its evident intent is to provide a means of extending time limits under the act without forcing the taxpayer to protest. There may be situations where it is advantageous to both side to extend the time limits provided in the act.\nWe conclude the statute was tolled at the time the appellees initiated their administrative remedies pursuant to \u00a7 84-4719 and \u00a7 84-4720. The Chancellor was incorrect in his finding that because the final assessment was not sent within three years the Commissioner was precluded from any further tax collection efforts.\nReversed.\nHickman, J. and Purtle, J., dissent.\n\u00a7 84-4718(a). If any taxpayer fails to file any return as required by any State tax law, the Commissioner, from any information in his possession or obtainable by him, may determine the correct amount of tax for the taxable period. If a return has been filed, the Commissioner shall examine the return and make any audit or investigation that he considers necessary. When no return has been filed and the Commissioner determines that there is a tax due for the taxable period, or when a return has been filed and the Commissioner determines that the tax disclosed by the return is less than the tax disclosed by his examination, the Commissioner shall propose the assessment of additional tax plus penalties, as the case may be, and shall give notice of the proposed assessment to the taxpayer. The notice shall explain the basis for the proposed assessment and shall state that a final assessment, as provided by Section 12 [\u00a7 84-4712], will be made if the taxpayer does not protest such proposed assessment as provided at [by] Section 12 [\u00a7 84-4719].", "type": "majority", "author": "Steele Hays, Justice." }, { "text": "John I. Purtle, Justice,\ndissenting. I understand only enough of the majority opinion to know I disagree with it. The only issue before us, as I understand it, is whether the Commissioner tolled the limitations of Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4715(a) by sending the taxpayers notice of proposed assessment pursuant to Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4718. I do not believe he did so.\nWhen a statute is plain and unambiguous it needs no interpretation and we cannot seek other aids of interpretation. Ellison v. Oliver, 147 Ark. 252, 227 S.W. 586 (1921). Statutes and constitutional provisions are considered in the same manner. Snodgrass v. City of Pocahontas, 189 Ark. 819, 75 S.W.2d 223 (1934). We approach a statute or constitutional provision with the idea that it says that it means and means what it says. Hargraves v. Solomon, 178 Ark. 11, 9 S.W.2d 797 (1928). We should not be concerned with the wisdom or expediency of the Constitution or legislative enactments. It is our duty to carry out the provisions of the law as indicated by its plain language. Hargraves v. Solomon, supra. If it becomes necessary to construe a statute, it is our duty to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature. Shinn v. Heath, 259 Ark. 577, 535 S.W.2d 57 (1976).\nWe are dealing here with that part of Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4715(a) which states: \u201cThe Commissioner shall not begin court proceedings after the expiration of the three (3) year period unless there has been a previous assessment for the collection of the tax.\u201d The appellant\u2019s whole argument appears to be that this statute does not mean what it says or say what it means. The argument boiled down to its simplest form is that \u201cassessment\u201d means \u201cnotice of proposed assessment\u201d as described in Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4718 (a). Both terms are used in the same act; therefore, they surely have different meanings.\nI think Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4715 (a) says that the commissioner cannot commence court proceedings unless an assessment was made before the expiration of three years. The statute is clear and unambiguous. Therefore, we should not resort to other aids in interpreting the act.\n688 S.W.2d 301\nI would affirm the trial court.\nHickman, J. joins in this dissent.\nSupplemental Opinion on Denial of Rehearing April 29, 1985\nSteele Hays, Justice.\nIn this supplemental opinion we address appellee\u2019s continued insistence that Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 84-4715(a) imposes on the Commissioner of Revenues a duty to issue the final assessment within three years or lose the right to pursue further efforts to collect a deficiency in income tax, an issue which has given us considerable difficulty. Restated, the question is whether the legislature intended by \u00a7 84-4715(a) to allow three years in which the commissioner could commence a challenge to the sufficiency of an income tax return, or to allow three years in which the commissioner must complete the process of challenging a return, including any time necessary for administrative review. We held in our opinion on March 11, 1985, that the three year limit applies to the commencement of the process, interpreting the word \u201cassessment,\u201d as used in \u00a7 84-4715(a), to refer to the proposed assessment. Of course, if the process must be completed in three years (unless extended by agreement between the commissioner and the taxpayer) then the word \u201cassessment\u201d refers to the final assessment.\nWe adhere to our original position for the reasons stated previously and because we believe the history of our income tax laws supports that conclusion. Our initial income tax legislation, the Income Tax Act of 1929 (Act 118) provided that if the commissioner determined that an income tax return was deficient he had two years within which to act by giving notice to the taxpayer, who then had thirty days in which to confer with the commissioner \u201cas to the proposed assessment.\u2019\u2019 (Our italics.) See Section 26 of Act 118. No other administrative review was provided.\nTen years later, Act 140 of 1939 was adopted amending Act 118. As with Act 118, no other administrative review was provided, except that the taxpayer was given thirty days in which to confer with the commissioner over \u201cthe proposed assessment. \u201d The 1939 Act, however, did include a provision permitting the taxpayer and the commissioner to extend the time by written agreement. The amendments included a provision increasing the time allowed the commissioner to commence the process from two years to three years. This same limitation of time was included in the provisions of Act 401 of 1979, \u201cThe Arkansas Tax Procedure Act.\u201d\nThe 1939 amendment makes it entirely clear the assessment which must occur within the three years is not the final assessment, as appellee urges, but the proposed assessment, as the amendment uses the identical language used in Act 118, i.e. \u201cThe taxpayer against whom such assessment has been made shall have an opportunity within thirty days to confer with the commissioner as to the proposed assessment.\u201d\nWhen the Tax Procedure Act of 1979 (Act 401) was adopted, this provision allowing three years appeared in restructured form (See \u00a7 15) and the rewording failed to make it clear that the assessment referred to is the proposed assessment and not the final assessment. However, nothing in Act 401 suggests there was any intent by the legislature to shorten the three year period which had prevailed over forty years in which the commissioner could commence his challenge to an income tax return by issuing the proposed assessment.\nThe petition for rehearing is denied.", "type": "dissent", "author": "John I. Purtle, Justice, Steele Hays, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Kelly S. Jennings, for appellant.", "Walker ir Campbell Law Firm, by: Gail Inman-Campbell, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Charles D. RAGLAND, Commissioner of Revenues, State of Arkansas, v. ALPHA AVIATION, INC. and Tom W. and Betty ROGERS\n84-214\n686 S.W.2d 391\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered March 11, 1985\n[Supplemental Opinion on Denial of Rehearing April 29, 1985.]\nKelly S. Jennings, for appellant.\nWalker ir Campbell Law Firm, by: Gail Inman-Campbell, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0182-01", "first_page_order": 206, "last_page_order": 214 }