{
  "id": 8722550,
  "name": "Hayes HOGUE v. AMERON, INC. and Carl A. HARNED",
  "name_abbreviation": "Hogue v. Ameron, Inc.",
  "decision_date": "1985-09-09",
  "docket_number": "85-58",
  "first_page": "481",
  "last_page": "485",
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    "name_abbreviation": "Ark.",
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      "year": 1985,
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:29:09.553890+00:00",
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    "source": "Harvard",
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "John Purtle, J., not participating.",
      "Steele Hays, J., dissents."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "Hayes HOGUE v. AMERON, INC. and Carl A. HARNED"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "David Newbern, Justice.\nThis is a defamation action. The appellant, Hogue, is an Arkansas State Police trooper. The appellee, Harned, wrote to the directdr of the state police complaining that Hogue had driven an unlicensed vehicle and, in connection with an attempt by one Crawford to gather evidence of that event, had yelled obscenities in the presence of Crawford and others. Summary judgment was entered,in favor of Ameron, Inc., and it is not a party to this appeal. After Hogue had presented his evidence, a motion for directed verdict was granted to Harned on the ground that Hogue had proven no damages. We reverse and remand.\nThe appellant presents two issues. Was the directed verdict proper in view of his having alleged libel per se and in view of testimony the appellant contends was sufficient to show damages? Did the court err in allowing testimony about statements contained in a police investigative report?\n1. The Directed Verdict\nThe record shows Hogue\u2019s father-in-law and Harned\u2019s father had engaged in a bitter boundary line dispute of long duration. It also showed that there was some community division on Petit Jean Mountain where Hogue, Harned, and their families lived caused by an application several years ago by Hogue\u2019s wife for a retail beer permit. There had been allegations of harassment by Hogue of persons who had successfully opposed awarding the beer permit. The libel complaint, however, is based strictly on the letter from Harned to Hogue\u2019s state police superior complaining about the driving of the unlicensed vehicle and the yelling of obscenities. The letter said Crawford took pictures of Hogue driving an unlicensed vehicle. That turned out to be untrue. The state police investigation revealed that Hogue\u2019s wife had driven her father\u2019s unlicensed truck, and Hogue was ultimately admonished to prevent members of his household from doing it again.\nThe appellant contends this allegation was actionable perse because it accused him falsely of committing two crimes, i.e., driving an unlicensed vehicle and disorderly conduct. The appellant contends it was thus not incumbent upon him to present evidence of damages. He also contends the court was wrong because he did present evidence showing injury to his reputation caused by the investigation which ensued from Harned\u2019s letter.\nWe tend to agree with the appellant that there was some evidence of injury to his reputation, and it was enough to get that issue to the jury. Note, 38 Ark. L. Rev. 899 (1985). Hogue testified clearly that his reputation had been harmed by the investigation. Another witness testified, rather vaguely, that Hogue\u2019s reputation changed for the worse at about the time of the investigation. Our decision on that narrow question is in favor of the appellant, and thus we reverse and remand.\nThe appellant argued that no proof of injury to reputation was required because the concept of libel per se has not been abolished in a case of a non-media defendant by Gertz v. Welch, 418 U.S. 323 (1984). Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. v. Dodrill, 281 Ark. 25, 660 S.W.2d 933 (1983), is cited by the appellant for the proposition that Gertz v. Welch, supra, does not apply to non-media defendants. We did not so hold, and that question remains open in this jurisdiction.\nAnother open question which should arise on retrial of this case is the extent, if any, to which the common law qualified privilege to criticize anofficer [see W. Prosser and W. Keeton, Torts, pp. 830-831 (5th ed 1984)] has been affected by New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), and by Gertz v. Welch, supra. To overcome such a privilege, if it still exists, should we define \u201cactual malice\u201d as it has come to be defined in the cases dealing with defamation and the First Amendment?\nThese questions are alluded to and illuminated in R. Smolla, Intertwining the Constitution and the Common Law: Evolving Doctrines of Defamation in Arkansas, Arkansas Law Notes, p. 49 (1983).\nThe record in this case demonstrates that the parties argued and briefed well appellee\u2019s motion for summary judgment on the ground that the appellant is a public official or public figure, and thus \u201cactual malice\u201d must be shown. However, the motion was denied on the basis that the accusations of criminal conduct were not directed to the appellant\u2019s official conduct as a policeman. The denial of the summary judgment motion is not on appeal, but we should note that the letter which formed the basis of the complaint was sent only to the plaintiffs state police superior. It was clearly an attempt to call attention to the alleged incidents because they were unworthy of a state policeman rather than because they were crimes to be investigated and prosecuted as such. We do not say the summary judgment should have been granted, but it is well for us to point out the issues should have been whether there was a privileged communication, whether the privilege was overcome by a showing of some form of malice, and, in these contexts, whether there were any remaining genuine issues of material fact. Ark. R. Civ. P. 56(c).\n2. Admissibility of Police Report\nWe address this point in case it comes up again on retrial. When a state police captain was on the witness stand, he was asked by the appellee\u2019s counsel what was told to him by persons to whom he spoke during his investigation of Hogue. The appellant\u2019s counsel raised a hearsay objection and noted that a police investigative report is not excepted from the hearsay rule in Ark. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 28-1001 (Repl. 1979), Uniform Evidence Rule 803. The court\u2019s response was, \u201c[i]t\u2019s part of the investigative report. . . . That\u2019s what we\u2019re here testifying about.\u201d\nWhile the court\u2019s statement was cryptic, we cannot interpret it as being a reference to any exception to the hearsay rule. We can hardly agree with the appellant that the court\u2019s admission of the evidence unduly influenced him to direct a verdict, but we can see no basis for saying the evidence admitted was not hearsay. In view of the outcome of this case, it was not prejudicial error.\nReversed and remanded.\nJohn Purtle, J., not participating.\nSteele Hays, J., dissents.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "David Newbern, Justice."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Tom F. Donovan, for appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Hayes HOGUE v. AMERON, INC. and Carl A. HARNED\n85-58\n695 S.W.2d 373\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered September 9, 1985\nTom F. Donovan, for appellant."
  },
  "file_name": "0481-01",
  "first_page_order": 513,
  "last_page_order": 517
}