{ "id": 1880859, "name": "Lonnie Dolphus STRAWHACKER v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Strawhacker v. State", "decision_date": "1991-03-04", "docket_number": "CR 90-198", "first_page": "726", "last_page": "732", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "304 Ark. 726" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "804 S.W.2d 720" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "289 Ark. 91", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1875433 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/289/0091-01" ] }, { "cite": "292 Ark. 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1871399 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/292/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "390 U.S. 377", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170914 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/390/0377-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 Ark. 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1740894 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "553" }, { "page": "890" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/282/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-102", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "719 S.W.2d 684", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1873676, 1873781 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "688" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/290/0329-01", "/ark/290/0261-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 Ark. 329", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1873676 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "335" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/290/0329-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-14-101", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(2)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "286 Ark. 4", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717205 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/286/0004-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-110", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "301 Ark. 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1885480 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/301/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ark. 5", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1174846 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/272/0005-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 Ark. 498", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1884334 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/302/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "279 Ark. 423", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1746920 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "425" }, { "page": "33" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/279/0423-01" ] }, { "cite": "294 Ark. 227", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1895825 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/294/0227-01" ] }, { "cite": "295 Ark. 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1893764 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/295/0228-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 Ark. 87", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1878680 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/284/0087-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 714, "char_count": 12414, "ocr_confidence": 0.803, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.466874655839462e-07, "percentile": 0.9455844722993503 }, "sha256": "9dc645e204f4cec64679f1c34e9b9b221226ab8b043ceb9a6b5dd696dd0b7d2f", "simhash": "1:470dd67c656ec7be", "word_count": 2093 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:15:14.712931+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Lonnie Dolphus STRAWHACKER v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Robert L. Brown, Justice.\nThis case involves an appeal from a rape conviction and first degree battery conviction, where the appellant, Lonnie Strawhacker, received a life sentence for rape, as an habitual offender, and thirty years for first degree battery, with the two sentences to run concurrently. The appellant argues four points on appeal, and the state as appellee raises one further point under Supreme Court Rule 11(f).\nThe facts were related by the victim at trial. The appellant did not testify. On Friday night, August 11,1989, the victim went by herself to a nightclub called The Rink in Fayetteville at 9:00 p.m. and stayed there for two to three hours. Prior to going she had consumed about six beers. At The Rink she had at least two more beers and went across the street to a second nightclub, Club West, where she was refused entry because the man at the door said she was too intoxicated. The victim then crossed the street again to find her car, and as she was about to walk down into a ditch area, which had a very rocky bed, she was struck from behind and pushed into the ditch. A man put his hand over her mouth and then tried to choke her. He struck her several times in the face, head, and abdomen with his fists.\nThe man asked her to take her clothes off, and when she could not, he continued to beat her. By this time she was bleeding from the mouth and nose, and her eyes were swelling shut. The appellant then proceeded to rape her.\nThe victim estimates she was in the ditch with the appellant for five hours, but because of the darkness and her swollen eyes she never was able to see her attacker\u2019s face. After the appellant and the victim left the ditch, they went to the victim\u2019s mobile home in a trailer park. The victim was in considerable pain and got into her bed, where appellant joined her. The victim does not know whether the appellant had sexual intercourse with her in bed, because she was drifting in and out of consciousness.\nWhen the victim awoke in the morning, the appellant had gone, and, though virtually blind because of her swollen eyes, she made her way to a neighbor\u2019s house to seek help and was taken to the hospital.\nMotion for Mistrial\nThe appellant first argues that a police detective\u2019s testimony which alluded to prior bad acts by the appellant and his conviction for third degree battery, a misdemeanor, severely prejudiced the appellant\u2019s case. The colloquy between the prosecutor and the detective was as follows:\nProsecutor: That would be through his conversation with Mr. Krogman?\nDetective: That\u2019s correct. We began to research through our department files to see what information we might have on Mr. Strawhacker. The only thing that we could find there was that he had been involved in a fight in May of 1989. We didn\u2019t have any current photographs of him on file, but we did have a misdemeanor arrest warrant for him for failure to answer a summons on a failure to pay fines and costs on an original charge of third degree battery.\nThree more questions and answers ensued, after which the defense counsel approached the bench and moved for a mistrial due to the mention of the prior conviction.\nThe trial court denied the motion for mistrial, and the defense counsel asked for an admonishment to the jury which the trial court made:\nLadies and gentlemen of the jury, I want to instruct you to totally disregard any comments the witness might have made relative to a conviction for battery in the third degree, any prior arrest warrants or any mug shots. That has been ruled on by the Court that it will be totally disregarded by you. Is there anyone that feels they cannot follow that instruction? (No response.) That\u2019s not to be considered in this case in any way whatsoever.\nWe have held in the past that the trial court is granted wide latitude of discretion in granting or denying a motion for mistrial, and the decision of the trial court will not be reversed except for an abuse of that discretion or manifest prejudice to the complaining party. Bennett v. State, 284 Ark. 87, 679 S.W.2d 202 (1984). We have further held that a cautionary instruction or admonishment to the jury can make harmless any prejudice that might occur. Id; see also Ronning v. State, 295 Ark. 228, 748 SW.2d 633 (1988); Scherrer v. State, 294 Ark. 227, 742 S.W.2d 877 (1988).\nAnother important factor we have considered in similar cases is whether the prosecutor deliberately induced a prejudicial response. See, e.g., Maxwell v. State, 279 Ark. 423, 652 S.W.2d 31 (1983). In Maxwell the prosecutor specifically referred to a prior conviction in his cross examination, and we held that an admonishment by the trial court did not cure the possibility of prejudice. We concluded that the deliberateness of the prosecutor\u2019s action could not be \u201cmade harmless by anything less than a reprimand in the presence of the jury or by the granting of a mistrial.\u201d 279 Ark. at 425, 652 S.W.2d at 33. In this case that deliberateness does not exist. The prosecutor\u2019s action was inadvertent and did not specifically elicit the response from the detective.\nThere is always some prejudice that results from the inadvertent mention of a prior conviction, albeit a misdemeanor, in front of the jury. Any prejudice, however, was sufficiently cured by the trial court\u2019s admonishment, and the trial court was correct in denying the mistrial motion under these facts.\nAdmissibility of Photographs\nThe appellant next argues that the two photographs of the beaten and scratched victim should not have been admitted into evidence, because they were inflammatory and cumulative, following the victim\u2019s testimony. We do not agree. The appellant was charged with rape, an offense which requires proof of forcible compulsion, and first degree battery, where serious bodily injury must be proven for a conviction. Corroborative photographs showing the extent of the bodily injury to the face, head, abdomen, and breasts of the victim certainly were relevant to the charges. Such photographs are admissible within the discretion of the trial judge if they help the jury understand the testimony. Richmond v. State, 302 Ark. 498, 791 S.W.2d 691 (1990). They are further admissible to show the nature and extent of the victim\u2019s injuries. Earl v. State, 272 Ark. 5, 612 S.W.2d 98 (1981). Even inflammatory photographs can be admitted, if they shed light on any issue or are helpful to the jury. Cash v. State, 301 Ark. 370, 784 S.W.2d 166 (1990). The photographs introduced in this case easily qualify under the Richmond, Earl, and Cash standards.\nThe defense counsel at trial sought to stipulate that the victim was raped and beaten, while at the same time denying the appellant\u2019s involvement, in an effort to eliminate the photographs as evidence of those crimes. We have previously held, however, that a defendant cannot prevent the state from offering proof of photographs simply by conceding the fact of the crime. See Richmond v. State, 302 Ark. 498, 791 S.W.2d 691 (1990). Here, that is exactly what defense counsel attempted to do.\nThe trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photographs into evidence.\nDouble Jeopardy\nFor his third argument the appellant contends that his double jeopardy rights were violated due to conviction for first degree battery which, he argues, is a crime embraced within the \u201cforcible compulsion\u201d element of rape. The information charged that the appellant:\ndid unlawfully, feloniously, and by forcible compulsion, engage in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person, in violation of A.C.A. \u00a75-14-103, against the peace and dignity of the State of Arkansas; and\ndid unlawfully and feloniously cause serious physical injury to another person, under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, in violation of A.C.A. \u00a75-13-201, against the peace and dignity of the State of Arkansas ....\nOur statute on double jeopardy requires that a defendant cannot be convicted of more than one offense, when one offense is included within another. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-110 (1987). An offense is included within another offense, if it is established by proof of the same or less than all the elements required to establish the commission of the other offense. Id. That is not the situation in this case. Rape and first degree battery are separate and distinct crimes as set out in the information with different elements of proof. And neither is a crime which can be subsumed under the other. See Henderson v. State, 286 Ark. 4, 688 S.W.2d 734 (1985). Moreover, \u201cforcible compulsion\u201d under the rape statute is defined as \u201cphysical force,\u201d which is further defined as \u201cany bodily impact, restraint or confinement, or the threat thereof.\u201d Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-14-101(2) (1987); West v. State, 290 Ark. 329, 335, 719 S.W.2d 684, 688 (1986). \u201cSerious physical injury\u201d under the first degree battery statute is defined as \u201cphysical injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health, or loss or protracted impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.\u201d Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-102 (1987). Comparing the elements of forcible compulsion and serious bodily injury highlights the substantial difference between the two crimes. Quite simply, the injury contemplated under the first degree battery statute is much more significant than forcible compulsion. The appellant\u2019s argument on this point has no merit.\nVoice Identification\nThe appellant further contests a voice lineup which was conducted on August 16, 1989 \u2014 four days after the crime \u2014 while the victim was still in the hospital. The appellant and five police officers participated in the lineup. Each man read the following sentences: \u201cLet\u2019s go to Club West and go drinking. I like light beer. I\u2019m going to kill you. Shut up. I\u2019m going to kill you, bitch. I\u2019m going to kill you, bitch. Shut up. Shut up. You need to go take a bath and clean up.\u201d The victim could hear but not see the speakers, because they stood behind curtains.\nThe appellant argues that the police officers had \u201ccop voices\u201d which were distinguishable from the appellant\u2019s and that by directing the appellant where to stand before he spoke, the supervisor of the lineup signaled the identity of the suspect to the victim. We do not agree. The supervisor at the lineup also directed another participant where to stand. And though the victim asked the appellant to read the sentences one more time, she testified this was not due to uncertainly but was done to confirm her decision.\nVoice identifications are permissible in Arkansas. See Wilson v. State, 282 Ark. 551, 669 S.W.2d 889 (1984). As we also said in Wilson: \u201cIt is for the trial court to determine if there are sufficient aspects of reliability surrounding the identification to permit its use as evidence, and then it is for the jury to decide what weight the identification testimony should be given. 282 Ark. at 553, 669 S.W.2d at 890.\nThe admissibility of identification evidence is a matter for the trial court, and we will not reverse unless its ruling is clearly erroneous. Wilson v. State, supra. Furthermore, we will not insinuate ourselves into this process, unless the likelihood of irreparable misidentification is substantial. See Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968).\nThe trial court listened to a tape recording of the lineup and not only admitted it but added, \u201cIt appears to me to be an awfully clean lineup.\u201d We affirm his decision on this point.\nSufficiency of the Proof - First Degree Battery\nLastly, there is an argument raised by the state under Supreme Court Rule 11 (f) as to the sufficiency of the appellant\u2019s conduct to warrant a first degree battery conviction. The appellant did not raise the sufficiency question before the trial court, and by not doing so he waived his right to raise this issue on appeal. We have repeatedly declined to consider sua sponte what was not raised before the trial court for its consideration. See, e.g., Parkerv. State, 292 Ark. 421, 731 S.W.2d 756 (1987); Fretwell v. State, 289 Ark. 91, 708 S.W.2d 630 (1986).\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Robert L. Brown, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Denny Hyslip, Public Defender, for appellant.", "Mary B. Stallcup, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Clint Miller, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Lonnie Dolphus STRAWHACKER v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 90-198\n804 S.W.2d 720\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered March 4, 1991\nDenny Hyslip, Public Defender, for appellant.\nMary B. Stallcup, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Clint Miller, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0726-01", "first_page_order": 778, "last_page_order": 784 }