{ "id": 1904331, "name": "Jimmy Wayne RUDD v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Rudd v. State", "decision_date": "1992-02-24", "docket_number": "CR 92-120", "first_page": "401", "last_page": "408", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "308 Ark. 401" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "825 S.W.2d 565" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "274 Ark. 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1755004 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/274/0379-01" ] }, { "cite": "223 Ark. 330", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1650249 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/223/0330-01" ] }, { "cite": "599 S.W.2d 410", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1715506 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/268/1122-01" ] }, { "cite": "268 Ark. 1117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1715549 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/268/1117-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-4-309", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(d)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "9 Ark. App. 55", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6136941 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/9/0055-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 Ark. 525", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1678854 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "531" }, { "page": "498" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/261/0525-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 Ark. App. 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6142466 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/10/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 Ark. App. 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6141843 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/15/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "295 Ark. 218", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1893775 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "221" }, { "page": "128" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/295/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "304 Ark. 509", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1880874 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/304/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "271 Ark. 451", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1756112 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/271/0451-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 Ark. 59", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8717426 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/273/0059-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 Ark. 435", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1884348 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/302/0435-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-39-201", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "302 Ark. 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1884314 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/302/0228-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 738, "char_count": 14517, "ocr_confidence": 0.912, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.348642482697974e-07, "percentile": 0.874600990250783 }, "sha256": "15db93c58be24af1b1b997cbe6875c6d2d240a1b3df98ab759937663b347411d", "simhash": "1:594f8521f62c9df6", "word_count": 2437 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:22:40.186541+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Jimmy Wayne RUDD v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Tom Glaze, Justice.\nAppellant appeals his conviction of burglary and his revocation of probation for which he received consecutive sentences of twenty-four years and ten years. Because of a number of prior convictions, appellant was sentenced as a habitual offender. Appellant argues the trial court erred in allowing the state of introduce into evidence his prior burglary, theft, breaking or entering and forgery convictions. He also claims the evidence was insufficient to support the burglary charge. As his final point for reversal, he contends the trial court erred in its decision to hold appellant\u2019s revocation hearing during an interlude at the burglary trial.\nThe state\u2019s burglary charge against appellant arose from Mrs. Jonnie Rogers\u2019 claim that appellant broke into and entered her house. Rogers was appellant\u2019s friend and had known him for ten years. At trial, the state presented four witnesses, but its case was largely based upon the testimony of Rogers. She testified that, on March 5,1990, she agreed that appellant could bring his daughter the next day to visit the Rogers children. Because she had to work, she told appellant to come to her house about 4:00 p.m. Rogers said that she was awakened at about 8:15 a.m. on March 6 by someone knocking on her door. By the time Rogers got up and looked out her window, she saw appellant and his daughter getting into his car to drive away. Rogers returned to bed.\nRogers was awakened an hour later after she heard something hit against the back door that rattled the windows. Rogers thought her husband was attempting to gain entrance into the house because she had failed to awaken and to let him in. Instead, after she heard the back door open and went to the kitchen, she saw appellant standing by the refrigerator. He was standing and looking at a scanner sitting on a table, but he had nothing in his hands. Rogers asked appellant what he was doing there, and appellant responded, saying he had seen \u201ctwo Burnett boys running from the alley and [he] came in to see what they had taken out of her house.\u201d Rogers said that, during the conversation, the appellant pulled off a glove that he had been wearing.\nRoger\u2019s neighbors, Willie Blackman and John McCliden, testified as to having seen the appellant at the Rogers\u2019 house on the morning of March 6. Blackman first saw appellant with his daughter at 8:00 a.m., but he later saw appellant alone entering the Rogers\u2019 front yard and saw him walking west on Poplar Street. McCliden said that he, too, saw appellant when appellant \u201c [came] out from behind the Rogers\u2019 house to sit on the Rogers\u2019 porch for a few minutes.\u201d Officer Barry Miller, who investigated Rogers\u2019 complaint, confirmed that the back door to the Rogers\u2019 house had been forced open. After Officer Miller\u2019s testimony, appellant moved for a directed verdict. The trial court ruled the state had made a prima facie case, and denied appellant\u2019s motion.\nAppellant then took the stand, and in his testimony, admitted having entered the Rogers\u2019 house on March 6, but denied he burglarized it. Basically, he claimed that Rogers either lied or was mistaken in testifying that she had told appellant on March 5th to bring his daughter at 4:00 p.m. the next day. His version was that he was to bring his daughter the next morning. Appellant claims when he first talked to Rogers on the morning of March 6th, Rogers said that she had to check on a job. Appellant said that he would go to town and come back later. He denied having broken into the Rogers\u2019 back door when he returned, but instead claimed he saw two people running (apparently from the Rogers\u2019 house) and after hollering at them, he saw the screen door to the Roger\u2019s house was wide open. In addition to denying much of Rogers\u2019 testimony, appellant denied the versions given by Blackman and McCliden about seeing appellant go west on Poplar Street and observing him sitting on the Rogers\u2019 porch.\nDuring the state\u2019s cross-examination of appellant, it proffered five prior convictions, contending their admissibility under A.R.E. Rule 404(b). Over appellant\u2019s objection, the trial court ruled that, because appellant\u2019s defense was based upon mistake, the burglary and theft convictions had independent relevance to show intent and absence of mistake. As a part of its ruling, the trial court further stated that the prejudicial effect in admitting the convictions was outweighed by their probative value. The court further provided the jury with a cautionary instruction directing the evidence of appellant\u2019s prior criminal activity was for the limited purpose of establishing motive, opportunity, intention, plan, knowledge or absence of mistake. The trial court also permitted, under A.R.E. Rule 609, the state\u2019s impeachment of the appellant by the use of two convictions he received for forgery. At the end of his case, the appellant renewed his motion for directed verdict, which again was denied.\nIn arguing the state\u2019s evidence was insufficient to support a burglary conviction, appellant asserts we must look only at the evidence at the end of the state\u2019s case-in-chief when the appellant first moved for directed verdict. He is in error.\nIn an attempt to bring Arkansas\u2019s criminal and civil rules into alignment, we amended A.R.Cr.P. Rule 36.21 to add provision (b). In order to preserve a sufficiency of evidence issue on appeal, that provision requires a defendant, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, to move for a directed verdict both at the end of the state\u2019s case and the close of the entire case. See A.R.Cr.P. Rule 36.21 (b) and its Reporter\u2019s Note. The appellant, however, poses the question how does he preserve his appeal challenging the sufficiency of evidence issue as the evidence stood at the end of the state\u2019s case? Professor LaFave discussed this issue as follows:\n... [I]f the motion is made at the conclusion of the prosecution\u2019s case and is denied, then the defendant and his counsel must make the tactical decision of whether to put in evidence and thus waive the right to appeal from the previous denial, or to introduce no evidence and preserve that right. Of course, the former course does not bar defendant from again moving for acquittal at the close of all the evidence, but then the court may properly consider evidence damaging to the defendant that may have come out during the presentation of his case.\nLaFave and Israel, 3 Criminal Procedure, \u00a7 23.6(a) (1984); see also Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure, Criminal 2d, \u00a7 463 (1982).\nAlthough we have not addressed this issue in the context of a criminal case, this court has decided it in the case of Willson Safety Products v. Eschenbrenner, 302 Ark. 228, 788 S.W.2d 729 (1990). There, we held that a motion for a directed verdict at the close of the plaintiffs case has as its purpose a procedure for determining whether the plaintiff has met the burden of establishing a prima facie case, with that question to be resolved by the court as a matter of law. In the event the motion is overruled, the defendant may elect to stand on the motion or to go forward with the production of additional evidence, in which case he has waived any further reliance upon the former motion.\nIn the present case, appellant chose to testify in an effort to explain his reasons for being found inside the Rogers\u2019 house. As described above, his version of what occurred on the morning of March 6th conflicted in many respects to the stories given by Rogers, Blackman, McCliden and Officer Miller. In any event, the appellant, by presenting evidence in his defense, waived his former motion for directed verdict, so we decide his challenge to the sufficiency of evidence as the evidence existed at the close of the case when he renewed his motion.\nA person commits burglary when he enters or remains unlawfully in an occupiable structure of another person with the purpose of committing therein an offense punishable by imprisonment. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-39-201(a) (1987). The jury must find that the defendant had the purpose to commit a particular offense. Forgy v. State, 302 Ark. 435, 790 S.W.2d 173 (1990) . However, if he had such a purpose in mind, it could have also been shown by circumstantial evidence, if any existed, but such evidence must be consistent with the guilt of the defendant and inconsistent with any other reasonable conclusion. Cassell v. State, 273 Ark. 59, 616 S.W.2d 485 (1981). Criminal intent cannot be presumed from the mere showing of illegal entry. Forgy, 302 Ark. 435, 790 S.W.2d 173; Norton v. State, 271 Ark. 451, 609 S.W.2d 1 (1980).\nIn considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the appellee, Williams v. State, 304 Ark. 509, 804 S. W.2d 346 (1991) , we hold substantial evidence exists to support the verdict finding appellant guilty of burglary. Clearly, the state\u2019s case placed the appellant unlawfully in the Rogers\u2019 house on March 6th, and appellant\u2019s testimony did nothing but enhance the state\u2019s evidence when reading his questionable explanation of why Mrs. Rogers found him in her house. No one testified as to having seen anyone run from the Roger\u2019s house except the appellant. And, in giving his account of what happened, his story differed in both major and minor ways from those versions given by Mrs. Rogers and her neighbors. Clearly, the jury could infer from the evidence that he went to the Rogers\u2019 house on the morning of March 6th, thinking that Mrs. Rogers would not be at home. He went to the back door, and unlawfully forced it open, only to be surprised by Mrs. Rogers\u2019 presence.\nConcerning appellant\u2019s purpose when entering, the Roger\u2019s house, the state introduced appellant\u2019s prior theft and burglary convictions to show his intent to commit burglary and to counter appellant\u2019s defense of mistake and his explanation as to why he entered the house. Under A.R.E. Rules 404(b) and 403, evidence of another crime will be admitted only if it has independent relevance and its relevance is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Carter v. State, 295 Ark. 218, 748 S.W.2d 127 (1988); see also Smith v. State, 15 Ark. App. 266, 692 S.W.2d 622 (1985); and Golden v. State, 10 Ark. App. 362, 664 S.W.2d 496 (1984). The trial judge has wide discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence of other crimes and he will not be reversed on appeal unless he has abused that discretion. Carter, 295 Ark. 218, 221, 748 S.W.2d 127, 128.\nThe probative value of evidence is not usually as glaring as its prejudicial effect. However, here, without appellant\u2019s prior theft and burglary convictions, the state had no evidence showing appellant\u2019s reason for unlawfully entering the Rogers\u2019 house. As a consequence, the probative value of these convictions became paramount in the state\u2019s obligation to show appellant\u2019s entry was for the purpose of committing a felony. For this reason, we are unable to say the trial judge abused his discretion in allowing appellant\u2019s convictions into evidence.\nAppellant\u2019s final argument involves the trial court\u2019s revoking his probation given in an earlier burglary offense before the jury in this case had returned a verdict. While the jury was still deliberating, the trial court conducted a revocation hearing asking the appellant and the state if either of them had additional evidence. Each said no, but appellant suggested it was premature for the trial court to consider the evidence in the instant case until the jury returned its verdict. The court disagreed but stated it would withhold sentencing until it knew the jury\u2019s verdict. The court then revoked appellant\u2019s probation finding that, from the evidence presented, at the very least, appellant was guilty of criminal trespass which is sufficient to show he violated the terms and conditions of good conduct.\nThis court rejected the argument made here by appellant in Ellerson v. State, 261 Ark. 525, 549 S.W.2d 495 (1977). There, the court held that the revocation of a suspension for a subsequent crime prior to conviction of that crime is not an abuse of discretion in all circumstances. See also Smith v. State, 9 Ark. App. 55, 652 S.W.2d 641 (1983). In support of its holding, the court in Ellerson pointed out that only a preponderance of the evidence was required for a revocation, but a conviction required a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Ellerson, 261 Ark. at 531, 549 S.W.2d at 498. The court\u2019s decision in Ellerson is consistent with the language contained in Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-4-309(d) (1987), which provides a court may revoke the suspension or probation of a defendant at any time prior to the expiration of the period of his suspension or probation.\nIn sum, the trial court by law was permitted to conduct the revocation when it did, and in reviewing the record, we conclude the trial court\u2019s decision holding that the appellant, at least, committed criminal trespass was supported by a preponderance of the evidence. These reasons alone require our affirmance of the trial court\u2019s revocation of appellant\u2019s probation.\nFor the above reasons, we affirm the trial court\u2019s decision in all respects.\nAppellant cites Washington v. State, 268 Ark. 1117, 599 S.W.2d 410 (Ark. App. 1980), but that case is a court of appeals case which was decided prior to A.R.Cr.P. Rule 36.21 (b) and involved a situation where the defendant moved for a directed verdict only at the cjose of the state\u2019s case.\nAppellant cites the cases of Alford v. State, 223 Ark. 330, 266 S.W.2d 804 (1954), and Jones v. State, 274 Ark. 379, 625 S. W.2d 471 (1981), which concern the admissibility of other crimes to show intent, but in arguing these cases, he includes his two foregery convictions which were admitted solely for impeachment purposes under A.R.E. Rule 609. Although we perceive no error in the trial court\u2019s 609 ruling, we mention it to underscore that no Rule 609 argument has been raised concerning the two forgery convictions. And while appellant argued the two convictions were inadmissible in the context of Rule 404(b), we did not consider them as part of our Rule 404(b) analysis.\nSpecifically, appellant\u2019s probation was conditioned on leading a law-abiding life, being of good behavior and agreeing not to commit any state, federal or municipal law.", "type": "majority", "author": "Tom Glaze, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Mikke Connealy Bracey, for appellant.", "Winston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., Catherine Templeton, Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Jimmy Wayne RUDD v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 92-120\n825 S.W.2d 565\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered February 24, 1992\nMikke Connealy Bracey, for appellant.\nWinston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., Catherine Templeton, Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0401-01", "first_page_order": 429, "last_page_order": 436 }