{ "id": 1907733, "name": "Michael JOHNINSON v. Mark STODOLA, Prosecuting Attorney", "name_abbreviation": "Johninson v. Stodola", "decision_date": "1994-03-21", "docket_number": "93-1062", "first_page": "423", "last_page": "428", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "316 Ark. 423" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "872 S.W.2d 374" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "303 Ark. 656", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1882712 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/303/0656-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 Vt. 15", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Vt.", "case_ids": [ 4799244 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/vt/154/0015-01" ] }, { "cite": "291 Ark. 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1872638 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/291/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "307 Ark. 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1902379 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/307/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "308 Ark. 593", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1904298 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/308/0593-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 Ark. 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8718595 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/273/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "294 Ark. 468", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1895802 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/294/0468-01" ] }, { "cite": "298 Ark. 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1889901 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/298/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "304 Ark. 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1880922 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/304/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 25-19-103", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(1)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-105", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(b)(6)" }, { "page": "(b)(6)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-107", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-101", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 515, "char_count": 7925, "ocr_confidence": 0.872, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.2086522384656002e-07, "percentile": 0.5953636679204077 }, "sha256": "d3d6de14744c308ea0bafef64ceeed14b0a3a51c602b84569c9043505a4be877", "simhash": "1:db8c6f94ecce581b", "word_count": 1313 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:45:44.703271+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Hays, J., would affirm.", "Corbin, J., not participating." ], "parties": [ "Michael JOHNINSON v. Mark STODOLA, Prosecuting Attorney" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Robert L. Brown, Justice.\nAppellant Michael Johninson was charged with first degree murder. He contended that five witnesses to that murder were in the same gang as the victim of the shooting. On December 10, 1992, his attorney made a Freedom of Information request pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-101, et seq. (Repl. 1992), to the prosecutor, appellee Mark Stodola, for access to the prosecutor\u2019s files or computer compilations to determine gang membership. Counsel contended that he only wanted to know gang membership and was not interested in information on gang activity. The prosecutor denied the request. Johninson then appealed the denial to circuit court under Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-107(a) (Repl. 1992). On March 1, 1993, after hearing testimony from the Chief Investigator of the prosecutor\u2019s office, Skipper Polk, about the office\u2019s gang affiliation files, the circuit court denied the motion for access on the basis that it was exempt from the FOIA as part of an undisclosed investigation by a law enforcement agency into suspected criminal activity. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-105(b)(6) (Repl. 1992). The court declined to review the file at issue.\nThe issue raised by Johninson before this court has two prongs: 1) whether the circuit court erred in refusing to order disclosure of information pertaining to gang memberships of the five witnesses, and 2) whether the circuit court should have performed an in camera review of the gang affiliation files before making its decision. We believe that the second prong of Johninson\u2019s argument has merit.\nOur Freedom of Information Act provides for the disclosure of public records which are defined as including writings and data compilations in any form. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 25-19-103(1), 25-19-105(a) (Repl. 1992); see City of Fayetteville v. Edmark, 304 Ark. 179, 801 S.W.2d 275 (1990). Our policy regarding the FOIA has been enunciated clearly in our case law \u2014 we will interpret it liberally to accomplish the purpose of promoting free access to public information. Depoyster v. Cole, 298 Ark. 203, 766 S.W.2d 606 (1989); City of Fayetteville v. Rose, 294 Ark. 468, 743 S.W.2d 817 (1988); Arkansas Gazette Co. v. Southern State College, 273 Ark. 248, 620 S.W.2d 258 (1981).\nThere are exemptions to the FOIA, one of which directly relates to this case:\n(b) It is the specific intent of this section that the following shall not be deemed to be made open to the public under the provisions of this chapter:\n(6) Undisclosed investigations by law enforcement agencies of suspected criminal activity.\nArk. Code Ann. \u00a7 25-19-105(b)(6) (Repl. 1992). Exemptions to the FOIA are to be construed narrowly. Young v. Rice, 308 Ark. 593, 826 S.W.2d 252 (1992); Hengel v. City of Pine Bluff, 307 Ark. 457, 821 S.W.2d 761 (1991); Legislative Joint Auditing Comm. v. Woosley, 291 Ark. 89, 722 S.W.2d 581 (1987).\nOne commentator on the FOIA in Arkansas has this to say about the criminal investigation exemption:\nThe need for subsection (b)(6), the basic exemption, is obvious; for example, disclosure of such records would hamper the police in investigating a crime before formal charges had been filed and could be detrimental to persons under investigation but subsequently exonerated of all wrongdoing. Despite these and other compelling reasons for the exemption, its precise meaning is hardly clear.\nJ. Watkins, Arkansas Freedom of Information Act, p. 86 (2d ed. 1994). In discussing what constitutes an investigation, we cited authority in Hengel v. City of Pine Bluff, supra, to the effect that investigatory records are records dealing with the detection of crime. See Caledonian Record Pub. Co. v. Walton, 154 Vt. 15, 573 A.2d 296 (1990). We have also held that an undisclosed investigation includes those that are open and ongoing. Martin v. Musteen, 303 Ark. 656, 799 S.W.2d 540 (1990).\nIn the case at hand, the evidence of what information concerning gang affiliation was kept by the prosecutor came from Chief Investigator Polk. Polk testified that the prosecutor participates in a group with other law enforcement agencies, including the Arkansas State Police, called the Pulaski County Gang Enforcement Network. Information on gang activity is exchanged among members of the group and kept in a variety of forms including paper and computer data. That information was described in the following colloquy:\nPROSECUTOR: Okay. The information that is contained down in this area of our office, would it be fair to classify it as raw intelligence?\nPOLK: Yes, sir, unsubstantiated in most occasions.\nPROSECUTOR: Okay. Are there references to informants?\nPOLK: Yes.\nPROSECUTOR: Are there conclusions stated by law enforcement officers; just, \u201cI believe X\u201d?\nPOLK: Yes, sir.\nPROSECUTOR: Are you concerned or do you have any concerns with the disclosure of any of this information? And if so, would you please elaborate.\nPOLK: Yes, sir. Your Honor, if I may, the information that we have is part of an ongoing investigation that we, along with the other major law enforcement agencies, started six months ago on gangs in Pulaski County. Everyday there is some sort of intelligence information developed or followed up on in regards to this. It\u2019s an ongoing thing that we will probably be doing from now on for at least in my foreseeable immediate future.\nThat information, a lot of it is unsubstantiated. I think some people would be put at risk if names were divulged. I think there may be some embarrassment publicly for some people that may \u2014 somebody may say that Joe Blow is a gang member and that\u2019s all that somebody may say with no back up or, in fact, there may be other evidence that indicates they are not gang members. So we don\u2019t know. We don\u2019t know what kind of information it is.\nPolk added that there were no individual files on the potential witnesses named by Johninson, although on cross examination he testified that he \u201ccould probably\u201d search the files for individual names.\nAt the conclusion of Polk\u2019s testimony, the circuit court stated that the gang investigation described by Polk \u201cis as much a part of a law enforcement investigation as any criminal case out there.\u201d The court was then asked by Johninson\u2019s counsel to reconsider an in camera review of the files for information about the five witnesses. The court refused based on what it had heard from Investigator Polk.\nWe conclude that the circuit court must review the relevant files in camera in order to make its decision that this exemption applies across the board to those files. While Investigator Polk presented an overview of the Pulaski County Gang Enforcement Network and the investigative aspect of the files involved as well as the dangers that might result from disclosure, the scope of those files and what information comprised them was left somewhat vague and undefined. It was also less than clear whether the names of the five witnesses and their status could be pulled from the files, and if so, whether this would in any way impair or frustrate an ongoing investigation. It is incumbent on the court to determine whether the exemption applies, and this can be done only by reviewing the relevant information in question.\nWe do not intend to send a signal by this opinion that the circuit court should release any information to Johninson. That is a matter to be decided by the circuit court after its review. We hold that in order to invoke a narrowly construed exemption under the FOIA, the circuit court must peruse the pertinent data in question in order to make an informed decision.\nRemanded.\nHays, J., would affirm.\nCorbin, J., not participating.", "type": "majority", "author": "Robert L. Brown, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "William R. Simpson, Jr., Public Defender, by: Jerry J. Sailings, Deputy Public Defender, for appellant.", "Winston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Cathy Dearden, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Michael JOHNINSON v. Mark STODOLA, Prosecuting Attorney\n93-1062\n872 S.W.2d 374\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered March 21, 1994\nWilliam R. Simpson, Jr., Public Defender, by: Jerry J. Sailings, Deputy Public Defender, for appellant.\nWinston Bryant, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Cathy Dearden, Asst. Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0423-01", "first_page_order": 457, "last_page_order": 462 }