{ "id": 369247, "name": "BAKER CAR AND TRUCK RENTAL, INC.; Arelco, Inc., d/b/a National Car Rental; and Carco Rentals, Inc. v. The CITY OF LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas, Acting By and Through the Little Rock Municipal Airport Commission", "name_abbreviation": "Baker Car & Truck Rental, Inc. v. City of Little Rock", "decision_date": "1996-07-15", "docket_number": "95-1128", "first_page": "357", "last_page": "366", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "325 Ark. 357" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "925 S.W.2d 780" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "230 Ark. 594", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1700189 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/230/0594-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 S.W. 353", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "year": 1924, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ark. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1385530 ], "year": 1924, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/162/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "23 Ark. App. 182", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6139544 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/23/0182-01" ] }, { "cite": "221 N.W. 157", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 N.W.2d 157", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 888814 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/minn/301/0020-01" ] }, { "cite": "269 Ark. 384", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1712422 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/269/0384-01" ] }, { "cite": "318 Ark. 848", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1455988 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/318/0848-01" ] }, { "cite": "507 U.S. 919", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6302052, 6301028, 6300089, 6301581, 6299823, 6302642, 6301299, 6301843, 6299543, 6302393, 6300667, 6300380, 6299197 ], "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/507/0919-11", "/us/507/0919-07", "/us/507/0919-04", "/us/507/0919-09", "/us/507/0919-03", "/us/507/0919-13", "/us/507/0919-08", "/us/507/0919-10", "/us/507/0919-02", "/us/507/0919-12", "/us/507/0919-06", "/us/507/0919-05", "/us/507/0919-01" ] }, { "cite": "832 S.W.2d 816", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1898914, 1898934 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/310/0164-01", "/ark/310/0187-01" ] }, { "cite": "310 Ark. 164", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1898914 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/310/0164-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 848, "char_count": 20410, "ocr_confidence": 0.808, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.551054125222873e-08, "percentile": 0.44796916731438785 }, "sha256": "776347fe78955562fd76a46a7f5d1478d9acf44fa531375c33d804d6bfb3a813", "simhash": "1:73e18e190cab6a24", "word_count": 3181 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:33:21.718216+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Special Justice JAMES A. ROSS, JR., joins this opinion; Special Chief Justice JOSEPHINE L. HART, NEWBERN and BROWN, JJ., dissent; JESSON, C.J., and DUDLEY, J., not participating.", "Brown, J., and Special Chief Justice JOSEPHINE L. Hart, join." ], "parties": [ "BAKER CAR AND TRUCK RENTAL, INC.; Arelco, Inc., d/b/a National Car Rental; and Carco Rentals, Inc. v. The CITY OF LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas, Acting By and Through the Little Rock Municipal Airport Commission" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "TOM Glaze, Justice.\nThis litigation arises out of leases entered into between the Little Rock Municipal Airport Commission and Avis, Hertz, and National car-rental businesses having concessions at the Litde Rock Airport. These three car-rental businesses first entered into identical leases in 1971, and each had a ten-year rental term with an additional ten-year option, ending in 1991. In 1973, Hertz and National obtained a second option to renew for a five-year period, extending their lease terms to 1996. All of these and later leases entered into between the Commission and car-rental businesses contained a clause referred to as a \u201cmost-favored-nations (MFN) clause.\u201d What interpretation and effect this clause should be given is the focus of this litigation. The clause reads as follows:\nThat the concession granted by this agreement is not exclusive and lessor [Commission] shall have the right to deal with and perfect arrangements with any other individual company or corporation for engaging in like activity at the Airport; provided, however, no other concession for auto rental operation shall be granted on more favorable terms and conditions than granted to the concessionaires [car-rental lessees] herein. (Emphasis added.)\nAvis, a franchisee of Baker Car and Truck Rental, Inc. (Baker), never invoked the MFN clause in its 1971 lease in an attempt to extend its 1971 lease to comport with the extended five-year term in the Hertz and National supplemental leases. Significandy, the Baker, Hertz, and National leases all contained concessionaire fees based upon a rate of $ .03 \u201cper deplaning airline passenger\u201d for the first 30,000 passengers per month and $2.75 for all deplaning passengers over 30,000.\nWhat led to this legal dispute was the Commission\u2019s 1986 concessionaire lease with Budget Rent-A-Car. This lease gave Budget a ten-year term with two five-year renewal options, extending Budget\u2019s concession rights to 2006. Budget\u2019s lease contained the MFN clause and other terms and provisions in the above-mentioned, prior car-rental leases, including the concessionaire fee rate based upon deplaning airline passengers. However, by the time Baker\u2019s 1971 lease expired in 1991, the Commission was reconsidering its car-rental concessionaire fees and how they should be computed. It proposed basing the concessionaire\u2019s fee upon the \u201cpercentage of the concessionaire\u2019s gross receipts\u201d rather than upon the \u201cnumber of deplaning passengers.\u201d This new formula or gross-receipts percentage rate concededly represents an increase in costs to the appellants\u2019 car-rental businesses by establishing a higher fee rate than that required under the Commission\u2019s deplaning-passenger formula. As a consequence, Baker rejected the Commission\u2019s new formula rate in the proposed new lease. Instead, Baker submitted that, under the MFN clause of its 1971 lease, its existing lease terms and conditions (including the \u201cdeplaning-passenger formula rate\u201d) had been automatically extended to 2006 when the Commission executed its twenty-year lease with Budget in 1986.\nThe Commission agreed to extend Baker\u2019s lease to 1996 to coincide with Hertz\u2019s and National\u2019s 1973 amended leases, but Baker rejected such an extension agreement because Baker believed its lease was automatically extended to the 2006 date provided in Budget\u2019s lease. After Baker rejected the Commission\u2019s proposed extension agreement, the Commission approved a new concession agreement providing that concession fees be based upon a percentage of gross receipts. It then informed Baker, Hertz, National, and Budget that, if they did not execute the Airport\u2019s new lease agreement when their existing agreements terminated, their rental space would be put up for bid. About nine months later, the Commission notified Baker that its tenancy would be terminated.\nBaker filed suit in chancery court, seeking declaratory judgment and specific performance of the MFN clause and requesting its 1971 lease terms be extended to the 2006 termination date provided in Budget\u2019s lease. It also asked the chancery court to declare the new proposed \u201cpercentage of gross receipts\u201d formula an illegal exaction. Hertz and National intervened, reasserting Baker\u2019s claims. The parties filed motions for summary judgment, but the chancellor granted the Commission\u2019s, thereby dismissing Baker\u2019s and its co-plaintiffs\u2019 complaint with prejudice.\nOn appeal, Baker, Hertz, and National (hereafter collectively referred to as Baker) question the chancellor\u2019s finding that the parties\u2019 lease agreements, particularly the MFN clause, are unambiguous, and as a matter of law, reflect the parties never intended the car-rental leases to be automatically extended by a competing company\u2019s separate and later lease.\nThe chancellor relied heavily on the case of Eveleth Taconite Co. v. Minnesota Power & Light Co., 221 N.W. 157 (Minn. 1974), where the Minnesota Supreme Court was faced with a similar issue. There, Eveleth Taconite Company entered into two contracts that called for the Minnesota Power & Light Company to provide all necessary electric power to Eveleth\u2019s plant and mine. Both companies settled on a three-year contract for providing power to Eveleth\u2019s plant, and a five-year contract for providing power to its mine. The contracts contained a MFN clause which provided as follows:\nCompany [defendant Minnesota Power] agrees that, if at any time during the term of this agreement it has in effect an agreement which gives or grants to any other customer, similarly engaged in the taconite industry and who receives the same class and type of electric service as Eveleth Taconite Company, more favorable treatment for the purchase of said electric service or otherwise gives or grants to any such customer more favorable price, terms or conditions, with respect to said other customer\u2019s purchase of said electric service, Company shall notify Eveleth Taconite Company in writing with respect to said more favorable treatment, price, terms or conditions and said Eveleth Taconite Company, at its election, may request Company to substitute for this agreement such more favorable agreement in its entirety or on an equivalent basis to amend this agreement to give effect to such substitution.\nSubsequent to the signing of Eveleth\u2019s contracts, Minnesota Power executed contracts with other taconite producers, and the terms and conditions of those contracts were the same as Eveleth\u2019s except they were for a period of ten years, and being later in time contained different termination dates. When the time came for cancellation of Eveleth\u2019s contracts, Eveleth insisted the MFN clause in its contracts entitled it to the same termination date as that contained in the longest contract in which Minnesota Power had entered with other taconite producers. Without this requested extension of its term of contract, Eveleth was required to pay a higher rate for electricity than that paid by the other competing companies. The Minnesota Supreme Court rejected Eveleth\u2019s contention and gave the following reasoning:\nIn our judgment, there is little doubt that the parties intended that the most-favored-nations clause would protect plaintiff [Eveleth] from being placed in a noncompetitive position by provisions in its contracts with defendant [Minnesota Power], including the price of its electricity, which were less advantageous than provisions its competitors might be granted by defendant at a later time during the agreed-upon span of plaintiff\u2019s contracts. We do not believe that the period of duration of the contract was intended to be included in the phrase \u201cterms or-conditions\u201d because to do so would create a situation in which the contract could be indefinitely extended at plaintiff\u2019s election if defendant continued to enter contracts with other taconite companies. In other words, these contracts would be perpetual if defendant entered other agreements with taconite producers because plaintiff, if it so chose, could continually assume the longer term of those contracts. That result appears inconsistent with the intent of the parties, particularly in light of the evidence concerning the pre-contract negotiations in which plaintiff successfully resisted defendant\u2019s preference for a 10-year contract. In addition, the fact that the most-favored-nations clause uses the two separate phrases, \u201cterm\u201d and \u201cterms or conditions,\u201d in different parts of the clause and in different contexts, gives further evidence that the parties intended those words to have different meanings. (Emphasis added.)\nLike the holding in the Eveleth case, the chancellor here simply determined that, when construing the MFN clause in Baker\u2019s and the Commission\u2019s 1971 lease agreement, the parties never intended the length of their agreement would be extended. In fact, the 1971 lease contained another provision separate from the MFN clause that established (1) a ten-year term commencing with August 24, 1971, and (2) a renewable period often years upon the same terms and conditions. No language in either the length-of-term provision or the MFN clause of the 1971 lease specifically provided for an automatic extension of Baker\u2019s lease term for any reason. To accept Baker\u2019s argument that its lease should be \u201cautomatically extended\u201d requires one to rewrite the parties\u2019 agreement, which we refuse to do. Also, if we were to approve Baker\u2019s \u201cautomatic extension\u201d theory, these car-rental leases would be perpetual, since Baker would continually assume the longer lease term given any existing or new competitor. Our court of appeals has held a lease provision will not be construed as conferring a right to a perpetual renewal unless the language is so plain as to admit of no doubt of the purpose to provide for perpetual renewal. Pults v. City of Springdale, 23 Ark. App. 182, 745 S.W.2d 144 (1988). That holding makes sense, is applicable here and negates Baker\u2019s theory because the plain wording of the 1971 lease provides for no automatic term extensions.\nBaker suggests its 1971 lease is ambiguous, and the chancellor erred in not finding so. Baker points to parole evidence it offered to show the Commission had long manifested an intention to treat car-rental concessionaires equally and to have uniform commencement and termination dates for all such concessionaires. Again, uniform termination dates were never mentioned in the Baker/ Commission lease, nor was there any language providing for automatic term extensions for any reason.\nIn fact, a fair reading of the MFN clause of the Baker/Commission 1971 lease reflects merely that the Commission could not give concessions, containing more favorable terms and conditions, to other car-rental operations. Under this provision, Baker had every right to enforce its contractual rights when it received disparate treatment, but it never did so until after its lease expired. Having delayed such action, Baker now argues its 1971 lease should be construed to mean it had been automatically extended when Budget\u2019s 1986 lease was executed, thus making Baker\u2019s expiration date to be 2006, rather than the 1991 date actually provided in Baker\u2019s lease.\nIn sum, Baker, under the plain language of its 1971 lease, could have negotiated or filed suit in an effort to enforce its rights under the MFN clause, but it simply failed to do so. The chancellor was correct in her holdings \u2014 the 1971 lease was free of ambiguity, extrinsic evidence was irrelevant, and when construing the entire agreement, the MFN clause in Baker\u2019s lease did not automatically extend the termination date to coincide with the termination date of the Budget lease.\nFinally, we consider Baker\u2019s argument that, aside from the trial court\u2019s ruling regarding the MFN clause issue, the trial court erred in refusing to reach Baker\u2019s other argument that the commission\u2019s proposed new lease constituted an illegal exaction because it contained an unlawful new rental rate based upon each concessionaire\u2019s gross receipts. The chancellor reasoned that, because Baker continued to operate under a year-to-year agreement and had not, as yet, executed the Commission\u2019s proposed new lease agreement containing the asserted unlawful rental rate, it would be merely advisory on the chancellor\u2019s part to decide the rental rate issue. We agree. Suffice it to say, courts do not sit for the purpose of determining speculation and abstract questions of law or laying down rules for the future conduct of individuals in their business and social relations. Micklish v. Grand Lodge of the Loyal Star, 162 Ark. 71, 25 S.W. 353 (1924); see also Andres v. First Ark. Development Finance Corp., 230 Ark. 594, 324 S.W.2d 97 (1959). Because this issue presented by Baker depends on a state of facts which is future, contingent, or uncertain, we agree with the chancellor that it would be premature and advisory to render a decision at this time.\nSpecial Justice JAMES A. ROSS, JR., joins this opinion; Special Chief Justice JOSEPHINE L. HART, NEWBERN and BROWN, JJ., dissent; JESSON, C.J., and DUDLEY, J., not participating.\nFor clarity, Avis will be referred to as Baker.\nSome differences exist between Budget\u2019s 1986 lease and the prior 1971 and 1973 leases. For example, the rates for terminal building space, parking space and ground rental space were higher and rental rate and fee review procedure differs in Budget\u2019s lease. The Budget lease also contains an additional leasehold improvements section not contained in the earlier leases.\nWe note that intervenor appellants National Car Rental and Hertz also have never signed the Commission\u2019s proposed lease.", "type": "majority", "author": "TOM Glaze, Justice." }, { "text": "DAVID Newbern, Justice,\ndissenting. The words of a contract are to be taken and understood in their plain meaning. First Nat. Bank of Crossett v. Griffin, 310 Ark. 164, 832 S.W.2d 816 (1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 919 (1993), appeal after remand, 318 Ark. 848, 888 S.W.2d 306 (1994); Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. of Arkansas, Inc. v. Milburn, 269 Ark. 384, 601 S.W.2d 841 (1980). To hold that the term (duration) of a contract is not one of its terms and conditions raises legal sophistry to a new level.\nThe evidence before the Chancellor included J. Dan Baker\u2019s affidavit and the deposition of Harry Don Denton, assistant manager of the airport. Mr. Baker stated his intention was that the duration of the 1971 concession agreement was to be one of the terms and conditions subject to the \u201cmost-favored-nation clause.\u201d Mr. Denton stated that, when the car-rental concession agreements were entered in 1971, all were of the same duration. At one point of his deposition, as abstracted, Mr. Denton also said:\nMy concern was generated as a result of the words in the contract with really litde understanding of the concept of the most favored nation clause. There were two principal concerns: one, the actual reading of the sentence. The words in the contract implied to me that terms and conditions meant what it said.\nHis other principal concern was the other facilities contracts at the airport which had similar terms. He said the \u201c[i]ntention of the 7/94 agreement was to have all the concessionaires sign new agreement^] to eliminate the controversy over varying maturities.\u201d\nThe Airport Commission has entered an agreement with Budget with rental rate terms more favorable to Budget than those it now wishes to impose on the other concessionaires. The Budget lease was apparently entered without consideration of the fact that its duration exceeded the durations of the leases to the other concessionaires and might well violate the provision prohibiting the Airport Commission from granting to Budget terms and conditions more favorable than those granted to Baker and the others.\nIn Eveleth Taconite Co. v. Minnesota Power & Light Co., 221 N.W.2d 157 (1974), the Minnesota Supreme Court rejected the invitation to define the meaning of \u201cterms or conditions\u201d in the context of whether it includes \u201cterm\u201d or duration of the contract in all fact situations. The \u201cmost favored nation clause\u201d in that contract provided, \u201cif at any time during the term of this agreement it [the electric company] has in effect an agreement which gives or grants to any other customer ... more favorable treatment ... or otherwise gives or grants to any such customer more favorable price, terms or conditions ...\u201d Eveleth would be entitled to obtain the same terms [emphasis by the Court]. Explaining its decision to differentiate the two references to \u201cterm\u201d and \u201cterms and conditions\u201d in the case before it, the Court said:\nIn our judgment, there is little doubt that the parties intended that the most-favored-nations clause would protect plaintiff from being placed in a noncompetitive position by provisions in its contracts with defendant, including the price of its electricity, which were less advantageous than provisions its competitors might be granted by defendant at a later time during the agreed-upon span of plaintiff\u2019s contracts. We do not believe that the period of duration of the contract was intended to be included in the phrase \u201cterms or conditions\u201d because to do so would create a situation in which the contract could be indefinitely extended at plaintiff\u2019s election if defendant continued to enter contracts with other taconite companies. In other words, these contracts would be perpetual if defendant entered other agreements with taconite producers because plaintiff, if it so chose, could continually assume the longer term of those contracts. That result appears inconsistent with the intent of the parties, particularly in light of the evidence concerning the precontract negotiations in which plaintiff successfully resisted defendant\u2019s preference for a 10-year contract. In addition, the fact that the most-favored-nations clause uses the two separate phrases, \u201cterm\u201d and \u201cterms or conditions,\u201d in different parts of the clause and in different contexts, gives further evidence that the parties intended those words to have different meanings.\u201d\nTo begin, the article of the contract before us containing the \u201cmost-favored-nation clause,\u201d Article I.C.3., does not have in it both \u201cterm\u201d and \u201cterms and conditions.\u201d Their appearance together in Article V having to do with the duration of the agreement is virtually irrelevant to the \u201cmost-favored-nation clause.\u201d This difference robs the Eveleth case of much of its precedential value for this case. In addition, we have here no negotiating history of either party seeking leases of longer duration in 1971. To be noted carefully is the Minnesota Supreme Court\u2019s recognition that the lease in question would be perpetuated only to the extent that other leases were entered with longer terms.\nThe fear of \u201cperpetual\u201d agreements is ill-founded. There is nothing perpetual about the Budget lease. Honoring the \u201cmost-favored-nation clause\u201d will not extend the Baker lease beyond the term of the Budget lease. As long as the Airport Commission remembers not to enter any other leases with durations past 2006, the leases of the other concessionaires will not endure beyond that point.\nThe Airport Commission has made a mistake and has placed itself in a position of having to violate its agreement with its concessionaires in order to institute concessionaire rental rates more favorable to it. While it may, perhaps, be able to extricate itself from that position through negotiation with the concessionaires, it should not be allowed to do so by tortured interpretation of plain contract language.\nI respectfully dissent.\nBrown, J., and Special Chief Justice JOSEPHINE L. Hart, join.", "type": "dissent", "author": "DAVID Newbern, Justice," } ], "attorneys": [ "Friday, Eldredge & Clark, by: Harry A. Light, for appellant Baker Car and Truck Rental, Inc.", "Stark, Dininger & Smith, by: William K. Byrum; and Davidson, Horne & Hollingsworth, by: Garland W Binns, for appellant Arelco, Inc., d/b/a National Car Rental.", "Hardin, Dawson & Terry, by: Robert M. Honea, for appellant Careo Rentals, Inc.", "Kaplan, Brewer, & Maxey, P.A., by: Philip E. Kaplan and Jo Ann C. Maxey, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "BAKER CAR AND TRUCK RENTAL, INC.; Arelco, Inc., d/b/a National Car Rental; and Carco Rentals, Inc. v. The CITY OF LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas, Acting By and Through the Little Rock Municipal Airport Commission\n95-1128\n925 S.W.2d 780\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered July 15, 1996\n[Petition for rehearing denied September 9, 1996.]\nFriday, Eldredge & Clark, by: Harry A. Light, for appellant Baker Car and Truck Rental, Inc.\nStark, Dininger & Smith, by: William K. Byrum; and Davidson, Horne & Hollingsworth, by: Garland W Binns, for appellant Arelco, Inc., d/b/a National Car Rental.\nHardin, Dawson & Terry, by: Robert M. Honea, for appellant Careo Rentals, Inc.\nKaplan, Brewer, & Maxey, P.A., by: Philip E. Kaplan and Jo Ann C. Maxey, for appellee.\nSpecial Chief Justice Josephine L. Hart would grant. Jesson, C.J., and Dudley, J., not participating." }, "file_name": "0357-01", "first_page_order": 385, "last_page_order": 394 }