{ "id": 12023229, "name": "Christine M. JONES v. Jerry A. JONES", "name_abbreviation": "Jones v. Jones", "decision_date": "1996-11-04", "docket_number": "95-1150", "first_page": "481", "last_page": "494", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "326 Ark. 481" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "931 S.W.2d 767" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "27 Ark. App. 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6140842 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/27/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "304 Ark. 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1881088 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/304/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "458 A.2d 1257", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 16-40-103", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(b)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "208 Ark. 241", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1478516 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/208/0241-01" ] }, { "cite": "19 Ark. App. 242", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6649794 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/19/0242-01" ] }, { "cite": "761 S.W.2d 933", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1891457, 1891349 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/297/0370-01", "/ark/297/0368-01" ] }, { "cite": "297 Ark. 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1891457 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/297/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "761 P.2d 942", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10398714 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "947-948" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/761/0942-01" ] }, { "cite": "641 N.E.2d 1282", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 10903104 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "changes in lifestyle, including remarriage, do not warrant a change in custody" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ne2d/641/1282-01" ] }, { "cite": "528 So.2d 1358", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 7579398 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "father's remarriage and anticipation of higher standard of living did not amount to circumstances sufficient to support change in custody" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/528/1358-01" ] }, { "cite": "299 Ark. 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1888378 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/299/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "292 Ark. 385", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1871351 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/292/0385-01" ] }, { "cite": "500 P.2d 267", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 2110114 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "husband's claim that wife lived in a neighborhood with a high incidence of crime rejected as a change of circumstances justifying a change in custody" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/or-app/10/0324-01" ] }, { "cite": "722 P.2d 671", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 1594953 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "678" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/104/0420-01" ] }, { "cite": "332 S.W.2d 495", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "231 Ark. 767", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1697087 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "770" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/231/0767-01" ] }, { "cite": "295 Ark. 94", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1893717 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/295/0094-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-13-101", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "317 Ark. 278", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1443765 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/317/0278-01" ] }, { "cite": "320 Ark. 449", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1451153 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/320/0449-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 Ark. App. 24", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6136236 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/51/0024-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1144, "char_count": 26203, "ocr_confidence": 0.824, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.203129003245961e-07, "percentile": 0.967591160720181 }, "sha256": "e332476838501c34d04d83bdf82806ad920abcd90e567c5f274e79369242223a", "simhash": "1:7848a70930a45471", "word_count": 4281 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:12:03.555215+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Christine M. JONES v. Jerry A. JONES" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Bradley D. Jesson, Chief Justice.\nThis is a child-custody modification case. On Sunday morning, December 13, 1992, after receiving ex parte letters from a psychologist and psychiatrist employed by appellee Dr. Jerry A. Jones, the chancellor entered an emergency order providing that Dr. Jones was not required to return the parties\u2019 minor child, Cameron, to the custodial parent, appellant Christine Jones. Two additional ex parte orders and one ex parte communication later, Ms. Jones was also deprived of weekday visitation. Following yet a fourth ex parte order and a hearing on Dr. Jones\u2019s petition for permanent change of custody, the chancellor found that the following changes in circumstance warranted changing custody to Dr. Jones: (1) Ms. Jones was unable to provide for Cameron\u2019s emotional needs; (2) Ms. Jones had moved from Conway, where Dr. Jones lived, to the higher crime area of Little Rock; and (3) Dr. Jones had recently remarried and thus had a more stable family situation. Ms. Jones appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed the chancellor\u2019s ruling in Jones v. Jones, 51 Ark. App. 24, 907 S.W.2d 745 (1995). We granted review pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. l-2(a)(ll) and (f)(1), as we have decided a previous appeal involving the parties. See Jones v. Jones, 320 Ark. 449, 898 S.W.2d 23 (1995). Upon a de novo review of the entire record, we conclude that the chancellor erred in shifting the burden of proof away from Dr. Jones, the party seeking modification, to require Ms. Jones to prove her ability to adequately provide an emotional and stable home environment for the child. When viewing the erroneous shifting of the burden of proof on this issue together with the chancellor\u2019s faulty reliance on Ms. Jones\u2019s move to Little Rock and Dr. Jones\u2019s remarriage as material changes in circumstances, we must conclude that the chancellor\u2019s decision to change custody to Dr. Jones was clearly erroneous. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse and remand with instructions to reinstate the original custody order.\nThe one-sided nature of these proceedings requires a detailed recitation of the facts. The parties\u2019 son, Cameron, was born on October 27, 1989. Dr. Jones, an OB-GYN physician, participated in his son\u2019s delivery, as did his current wife, Diana, who was the labor nurse. While Diana\u2019s and Dr. Jones\u2019s relationship began in September 1990, Dr. Jones and Christine Jones were not divorced until November 13, 1990, just shortly after Cameron\u2019s first birthday. The divorce decree awarded custody of Cameron to Ms. Jones, provided that Dr. Jones was to pay $2,000.00 per month in child support, and required that both parties communicate and correspond with each other regarding Cameron\u2019s health, education, and welfare. The following April, Dr. Jones and Diana, who had custody of a child from a previous marriage, were married. That same year, Christine Jones, also a nurse, got a job with a Little Rock doctor and moved to Little Rock. Dr. Jones opposed the move and offered Ms. Jones $20,000.00 for down payment on a house if she would stay in Conway. According to the parties\u2019 counselor, Arnold Murray, Dr. Jones told him in January of 1992 that, if Ms. Jones did not allow him more visitation with Cameron, he would take her to court and take the child away from her because he had more money to pursue the case than she did.\nIn April of 1992, without informing Ms. Jones, Dr. Jones took Cameron to his friend and medical school classmate, Dr. Justin A. Ternes of Fayetteville, for an evaluation. Dr. Jones related to Dr. Ternes that Cameron had been biting and hitting himself. Dr. Ternes recommended that Cameron see Dr. Gayle Harrison, a developmental psychologist in Litde Rock. Dr. Harrison began seeing Cameron in August of 1992. After observing him for five months, Dr. Harrison noted that Cameron was making progress. Sometime in November of 1992, Dr. Jones told Dr. Harrison that he was thinking of getting custody of Cameron. On November 13, Dr. Harrison spoke with Dr. Jones\u2019s attorney, Helen Rice Grinder, by telephone. On December 3, Ms. Grinder went to Dr. Harrison\u2019s office, at which time Dr. Harrison noted on her file that Dr. Jones planned to seek permanent custody. The following Thursday, December 10, Dr. Harrison saw Cameron and determined that he had regressed to the point that he needed to remain with Dr. Jones. Approximately 4:30 p.m. the next day, Dr. Harrison faxed a letter directly to the chancellor. In her letter, Dr. Harrison reported that Dr. Jones had brought Cameron to her office after having picked him up from Ms. Jones\u2019s home. She observed that Cameron\u2019s behavior had significantly regressed, as he had hidden in a corner, was withdrawn, fearful, clingy, hypervigilant, and unusually disorganized. Dr. Harrison attributed the cause of this behavior to Christine Jones, for Dr. Jones had told her the child had just come from her home.\nAfter receiving a copy of Dr. Harrison\u2019s letter, Ms. Grinder requested a letter from Dr. Ternes. Dr. Ternes, expressing a similar concern that an emergency change in custody was necessary, composed a letter to the chancellor and faxed it to Ms. Grinder\u2019s office. On Sunday morning, December 13, 1992, Dr. Jones attached these letters to his petition and affidavit for permanent change of custody and emergency ex parte relief. The chancellor issued an emergency order providing that Dr. Jones was not required to return Cameron to Ms. Jones. On December 14, Ms. Jones received notice that an emergency custody hearing would be held on December 16. This was the first time she learned that Cameron was receiving therapy.\nFollowing a brief hearing on December 16, the chancellor concluded that there was some evidence of danger to Cameron and ruled that temporary custody would be placed with Dr. Jones. However, in contravention to his finding that Ms. Jones posed a danger to Cameron, the chancellor expressed his desire that the parties setde their custody dispute before the Christmas holidays and announced that Ms. Jones would be awarded \u201cstandard\u201d visitation. On December 18, without first submitting the proposed precedent to Ms. Jones\u2019s counsel, the chancellor entered a second ex parte order, prepared by Dr. Jones\u2019s counsel, which provided that Ms. Jones\u2019s weekday visitation was subject to Dr. Harrison\u2019s review and that Ms. Jones was not to take Cameron to any other psychologists or psychiatrists without court approval. The order also abated Dr. Jones\u2019s $2,000.00 per month child-siipport obligation. Despite Ms. Jones\u2019s objection to the ex parte nature of these proceedings, the chancellor entered yet a third ex parte order on January 4, 1993, revoking her weekday visitation. This order was precipitated by Dr. Harrison\u2019s second ex parte communication to the chancellor recommending that transitional situations be kept to a minimum to avoid detriment to the child.\nOn January 14, 1993, Ms. Jones filed a motion asking the chancellor to reconsider his three ex parte orders and to recuse from the case. Without ruling on the recusal issue, the chancellor sent a letter to the parties on March 22, indicating that he was granting Dr. Jones\u2019s request that Dr. Wrenda Gallien be appointed to perform a psychological examination of Diana and him. The chancellor issued a fourth ex parte order on April 20, in which he appointed Dr. Gallien\u2019s firm, the Family Guidance Center, to compare parenting abilities of Dr. Jones, Diana Jones, and Christine Jones. The order made no provision for the testing of Cameron.\nThe final hearing on Dr. Jones\u2019s permanent-custody petition began on February 15, 1994. On March 7, the chancellor entered a written order granting Dr. Jones\u2019s petition on the basis of three factors: (1) Ms. Jones was unable to provide for Cameron\u2019s emotional needs; (2) Ms. Jones had moved from Conway, where Dr. Jones lived, to the higher crime area of Little Rock; and (3) Dr. Jones had recendy remarried and thus had a more stable family situation.\nIn reviewing chancery cases, we consider the evidence de novo, but will not reverse a chancellor\u2019s findings unless they are clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. ARCP 52(a). Generally, courts impose more stringent standards for modifications than for initial determinations of custody. Jeff Atkinson, Modern Child Custody Practice, \u00a7 9.02 at 452 (1986). In Arkansas, child custody is determined by what is in the best interests of the child, and it is not altered absent a material change in circumstances. Purtle v. Committee on Professional Conduct, 317 Ark. 278, 878 S.W.2d 714 (1994); Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-13-101 (Repl. 1993). The majority of states follow this approach. Atkinson, Modern Child Custody Practice, \u00a7 9.05 at 458. Using these basic principles as guideposts, we will now discuss separately the three changes in circumstances on which the chancellor relied.\nChristine Jones\u2019s move to Little Rock\nMs. Jones challenges the chancellor\u2019s finding that her move from Conway to the Hillcrest area in Little Rock constituted a material change in circumstances. At the final hearing, Dr. Jones presented the testimony of Jim King, a private investigator he had employed to complete a crime-statistical comparison of his and Ms. Jones\u2019s respective neighborhoods. King looked at a ten-block area of Ms. Jones\u2019s Hillcrest neighborhood and a ten-block area of Dr. Jones\u2019s Pippinpost neighborhood in Conway. Having gathered statistics from the Arkansas Crime Information Center, King testified, over Ms. Jones\u2019s objection, that a person was \u201c99 percent more likely to become a victim of crime in the Little Rock area than in the Conway neighborhood.\u201d Finally, King characterized the Hill-crest neighborhood as a \u201cwar zone.\u201d While the chancellor was evidently persuaded by Dr. Jones\u2019s argument, we find it lacking in both legal and factual support.\nUnder Dr. Jones\u2019s theory, the parent living in the statistically safer neighborhood, town, or city should have an advantage in custody disputes. This has never been the law in Arkansas, and we refuse to make such an inequitable principle part of our jurisprudence. In determining support awards, we have encouraged divorced spouses to acquire financial independence. For example, we have held that a court, under proper circumstances, may impute an income to a spouse according to what could be earned by the use of his or her best efforts to gain employment suitable to his or her capabilities. Grady v. Grady, 295 Ark. 94, 747 S.W.2d 77 (1988). In this case, Ms. Jones, in an effort to support herself and her child, moved to Little Rock after obtaining a job there. Thus, it would be inconsistent for us to allow our courts to impose a custody penalty as a price of compliance with our policy of encouraging economic autonomy.\nIn Ising v. Ward, 231 Ark. 767, 332 S.W.2d 495 (1960), we reversed a chancellor\u2019s decision denying a divorced wife\u2019s application for permission to take her three-year-old child to Oklahoma where she and her new husband wished to establish their home. The chancellor\u2019s disapproval was based solely on the trailer home\u2019s location, as the trailer sat on a hill or ridge some fifty to one hundred yards from the edge of Tenkiller Lake. We wrote:\nIf one is inclined to be fearful the threat of danger can be discovered everywhere, in the crowded streets of the city or, as here, in the comparative seclusion of the countryside. We know, however, that in Arkansas and throughout America thousands and thousands of children, representing many generations, have grown up from infancy next to rivers, to lakes, to mountain slopes, and to countless other natural conditions fully as hazardous as those existing near Tenkiller Lake. An attempt to shelter a growing child from every possible danger is manifestly futile, and it is certain that complete security cannot be achieved by means of a court decree. In practice the responsibility for choosing a child\u2019s environment must ordinarily rest upon the parent having custody of the child. The normal love of a parent, especially of a mother, for her child provides the best possible assurance that the infant will not be needlessly exposed to danger. We find in this record no proof to persuade us that the appellant cannot be relied upon to look after her daughter in the new home that she and her husband wish to occupy.\n231 Ark. at 770.\nOther jurisdictions have recognized the inherent flaws in Dr. Jones\u2019s argument. We find the case of Fitzsimmons v. Fitzsimmons, 722 P.2d 671 (N.M.App. 1986), particularly instructive. In that case, the husband, in seeking an original award of custody, argued that, while he remained in the small town of Grants, New Mexico, the wife\u2019s new residence in Albuquerque posed a danger to their children. While the trial court was persuaded by the husband\u2019s argument, the New Mexico Court of Appeals reversed:\nThe logic of [husband\u2019s] argument is faulty. A person, through no fault of his own, can be a crime victim in any American community. . . To accept husband\u2019s argument would require us to find that living in Albuquerque is inherently dangerous, and custody should never be awarded to a parent residing there. To state the proposition is to expose its fallacy.\n722 P.2d at 678. See also King v. King, 500 P.2d 267 (Or. App. 1972) (husband\u2019s claim that wife lived in a neighborhood with a high incidence of crime rejected as a change of circumstances justifying a change in custody). Similarly, we are not persuaded that Ms. Jones\u2019s move to Little Rock, in and of itself, was a material change in circumstances. To the extent the chancellor relied on this faulty premise in making his decision on the permanent-custody issue, his ruling was in error.\nDr. Jones\u2019s remarriage\nMs. Jones also contests the chancellor\u2019s reliance on Dr. Jones\u2019s remarriage as a material change in circumstances. While we have previously held that remarriage of one of the parties is a factor that may be considered when deciding what is in a child\u2019s best interest, we have applied this principle to modifications of support obligations. Thurston v. Pinkstaff, 292 Ark. 385, 730 S.W.2d 239 (1987); Reynolds v. Reynolds, 299 Ark. 200, 771 S.W.2d 764 (1989). Regarding matters of child custody, Professor Atkinson recites the majority view that a change of circumstances of the noncustodial parent, including a claim of an improved life because of a recent marriage, is not sufficient to justify modifying custody. Atkinson, Modern Child Custody Practice, \u00a7 9.07 at 462-463; lisee also Delgado v. Silvarrey, 528 So.2d 1358 (Fla. App. 3 Dist. 1988) (father\u2019s remarriage and anticipation of higher standard of living did not amount to circumstances sufficient to support change in custody); Spoor v. Spoor, 641 N.E.2d 1282 (Ind.App. 3 Dist. 1994) (changes in lifestyle, including remarriage, do not warrant a change in custody). When examining the facts in this case, we cannot agree that Dr. Jones\u2019s remarriage constituted a material change in circumstances.\nDr. Jones married his present wife, Diana, five months after the parties\u2019 divorce. He admitted at trial that their relationship began in September 1990, predating the parties\u2019 November divorce. During oral argument, Dr. Jones agreed that, at the time of the original divorce decree, it was within his reasonable contemplation to remarry.\nIn Fullmer v. Fullmer, 761 P.2d 942 (Utah App. 1988), immediately following the parties\u2019 divorce, the husband remarried a woman who was pregnant with his child before the divorce was final. While the husband stipulated to the initial custody arrangement that the wife be awarded custody, he petitioned for modification only sixteen months later. In his petition, he claimed that, while the wife\u2019s full-time job would cause the child\u2019s placement in day care, his new wife was a full-time homemaker. The Utah Court of Appeals rejected his argument, reasoning that the alleged change in circumstances was within the reasonable contemplation of the husband and thus not legally cognizable:\nIt is also reasonable to assume that respondent would remarry soon after the parties\u2019 divorce and have another child as . . . his second wife was pregnant with respondent\u2019s child before the parties\u2019 divorce was final. Given respondent\u2019s awareness of the circumstances at the time he voluntarily entered into the stipulation which awarded appellant custody, we find his petition to modify custody the very type of litigation and harassment from which our supreme court has attempted to protect custodial parents.\n761 P.2d at 947-948.\nStated simply, Dr. Jones cannot use the circumstances he created as grounds to modify custody. Given his awareness of the circumstances at the time he voluntarily entered into the agreement to award custody of Cameron to Ms. Jones, we cannot agree that his remarriage constituted a material change in circumstances.\nCameron\u2019s emotional needs\nThe remaining factor alleged by Dr. Jones was that Ms. Jones had borderline personality disorder with a continuing mental and emotional problem that had caused Cameron to suffer emotional problems. The chancellor found that Ms. Jones\u2019s inability to provide for the emotional needs of the child was a material change in circumstances that justified modification of the original custody award.\nA judicial award of custody should not be modified unless it is shown that there are changed conditions that demonstrate that a modification of the decree is in the best interest of the child, or when there is a showing of facts affecting the best interest of the child that were either not presented to the chancellor or were not known by the chancellor at the time the original custody order was entered. Stamps v. Rawlins, 297 Ark. 370, 761 S.W.2d 933 (1988). The party seeking modification of the child-custody order has the burden of showing a material change in circumstances. Carter v. Carter, 19 Ark. App. 242, 719 S.W.2.d 704 (1986). While an agreement of the parties regarding custody is not binding on the courts, it is of some importance as tending to show attitude at the time the original divorce suit was filed. Burnett v. Clark, 208 Ark. 241, 185 S.W.2d 703 (1945).\nIn this case, at the time the original decree was entered, Dr. Jones agreed that Ms. Jones would have custody of Cameron. The chancellor recognized in his final order that both parties must have considered each other to be fit and proper persons to have custody of the child, and that the custody in Ms. Jones was what both parties felt to be in the best interest of the child at the time. Both parties agreed to communicate and correspond with each other regarding Cameron\u2019s health, education, and welfare.\nIn violation of this agreement, Dr. Jones, giving no notice to Ms. Jones, took Cameron to see Dr. Ternes in April of 1992, then Dr. Harrison in August of 1992. One week after meeting with Dr. Jones and his attorney regarding Dr. Tones plans to change custody, Dr. Harrison faxed an ex parte letter to the chancellor claiming that an emergency existed necessitating that Cameron not be returned to his mother. At the request of Dr. Jones, Dr. Ternes composed a letter containing a similar recommendation and faxed it to Dr. Jones\u2019s attorney, who in turn delivered it to the chancellor along with Dr. Jones\u2019s verified petition and affidavit. After receiving this information from Dr. Jones and the experts he had employed, the chancellor granted his request for emergency ex parte relief.\nProfessor Atkinson criticizes ex parte communication between an expert and the judge as improper. Atkinson, Modern Child Custody Practice, \u00a7 12.16 at 148 (Supp. 1995). We agree. The letters from Dr. Harrison and Dr. Ternes were not under oath, see Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 16-40-103(b)(Repl. 1994), and should not have been considered by the chancellor.\nWe are further troubled by the chancellor\u2019s second ex parte order, which gave Dr. Jones\u2019s expert, Dr. Harrison, the authority to modify Ms. Jones\u2019s weekday visitation if she found it was detrimental to the child. Professor Atkinson observes that, although a court may base its decision on the opinion of an expert, it cannot delegate to the expert the power to make a decision. Atkinson, Modern Child Custody Practice, \u00a7 12.15 at 687; see abo Shapiro v. Shapiro, 458 A.2d 1257 (Md. App. 1983). In Arkansas, chancery courts have subject-matter jurisdiction to decide the custody, support, and visitation of a child born of the marriage. McCormac v. McCormac, 304 Ark. 89, 799 S.W.2d 806 (1990). Not only did the chancellor delegate jurisdiction of the visitation question to Dr. Jones\u2019s expert in this case, Dr. Harrison exercised this extraordinary grant of power by way of her ex parte letter to the court stating that Ms. Jones\u2019s weekday visitation should be terminated. The chancellor entered a third ex parte order to this effect on January 4, 1993, thus denying Ms. Jones\u2019s weekday visitation. While it is permissible for the chancellor to base an award of custody or visitation after hearing the opinions of experts, we resolve that he cannot delegate this judicial function to someone outside the court, especially to an expert employed by one of the parties.\nAfter receiving a request from Dr. Jones that Dr. Wrenda Gallien be appointed to perform a psychological evaluation, the chancellor entered a fourth ex parte order appointing Dr. Gallien\u2019s firm, the Family Guidance Center, to compare parenting abilities of Dr. Jones, Diana Jones, and Christine Jones. While a comparison of parenting skills might well be appropriate in determining an initial award of custody, the chancellor\u2019s fourth ex parte order seems to gloss over the issue before him \u2014 whether a material change in circumstances and the best interest of the child necessitated a change in custody.\nThe expert testimony presented at the final hearing on this alleged change in circumstances included the following. Dr. William Siegal treated Ms. Jones in 1987 and diagnosed her as having a borderline personality disorder. Dr. Avram Jeffrey Zolten of the Family Guidance Center examined Ms. Jones and observed that she exhibited paranoid behavior. However, he agreed that he and Ms. Jones encountered difficulties when Ms. Jones wanted to tape record the evaluation. While Dr. Zolten found no evidence that she was incapable of adequate parenting, he expressed concern regarding Ms. Jones\u2019s statement that, when she raised her voice to discipline Cameron, he would run to the corner and cry. Dr. Warren Douglas examined Ms. Jones nine times in 1993 and \u201ctotally disagreed\u201d with Dr. Siegal\u2019s diagnosis that she had a borderline personality disorder. He observed that she was very stable, and had no concerns about her parenting abilities or skills.\nDr. Harrison and Dr. Becky Porter treated Cameron and opined that he had been traumatized by a female authority figure. While neither doctor saw Ms. Jones, both testified that her home presented an unstable environment for the child. Dr. Wrenda Gal-lien, the court-appointed psychiatrist, testified that Cameron should remain with his mother. She opined that the child would suffer severe trauma if custody were changed because he would be taken from his mother, who had raised him for the two years since the divorce. Dr. Gallien also criticized Dr. Harrison\u2019s ex parte communication with the chancellor. According to Dr. Gallien, this conduct both constituted and resulted in a \u201ctravesty of justice.\u201d\nDespite the many experts who testified at the final hearing, we note the absence of a disinterested evaluation of the minor child. We think it significant that the chancellor, through its second ex parte order, provided that, while Ms. Jones\u2019s weekday visitation was subject to review by Dr. Jones\u2019s expert, Ms. Jones could not take Cameron to any other psychologists or psychiatrists without court approval.\nWhile the chancellor specifically rejected Dr. Jones\u2019s contention that Ms. Jones suffered from borderline personality disorder, he made the following finding in his written order:\nWhile [Ms. Jones] has proven that she is able to function adequately and competently in most areas of her social and work life, the Court questions [her] ability to adequately provide an emotional, stable and wholesome home for the child.\n(Emphasis added.) The chancellor\u2019s finding that Ms. Jones had not proven that she was able to provide an emotional and stable home environment for Cameron convinces us that he erroneously shifted the burden of proof to Ms. Jones. The chancellor\u2019s repeated entry of ex parte orders, his reliance on ex parte communications from Dr. Jones\u2019s expert, Dr. Harrison, and his failure to appoint a neutral expert to examine the child, lead us to the conclusion that Dr. Jones was somehow relieved of the legal burden to prove that a material change of circumstances and the best interest of the child warranted modification of the initial custody order.\nWe are mindful of the fact that, as a result of today\u2019s decision, Cameron, now age six, will face another change of custody. Yet to uphold the chancellor\u2019s shifting of the burden of proof in this case would be to undermine the very purpose of our elevated standard of proof in modification proceedings \u2014 to promote stability and continuity in the life of the child. In sum, when viewing together the repeated entry of ex parte orders, the erroneous shift of the burden to Christine Jones to prove her emotional stability, and the chancellor\u2019s faulty reliance on her move to Little Rock and Dr. Jones\u2019s remarriage as material changes in circumstances, we must conclude that the chancellor\u2019s decision to change custody to Dr. Jones was clearly erroneous. In so holding, it is unnecessary for us to address Ms. Jones\u2019s remaining arguments pertaining to the temporary custody award. Vairo v. Vairo, 27 Ark. App. 231, 769 S.W.2d 423 (1989).\nReversed and remanded with instructions to reinstate the original custody order.", "type": "majority", "author": "Bradley D. Jesson, Chief Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "The Perroni Law Firm, PA., by: Samuel A. Perroni and Carla Nadzam, for appellant.", "Grinder Law Firm, by: Helen Rice Grinder, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Christine M. JONES v. Jerry A. JONES\n95-1150\n931 S.W.2d 767\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered November 4, 1996\nThe Perroni Law Firm, PA., by: Samuel A. Perroni and Carla Nadzam, for appellant.\nGrinder Law Firm, by: Helen Rice Grinder, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0481-01", "first_page_order": 515, "last_page_order": 528 }