{ "id": 922656, "name": "Horace D. GENTRY v. Athanett O. GENTRY", "name_abbreviation": "Gentry v. Gentry", "decision_date": "1997-02-10", "docket_number": "96-1063", "first_page": "266", "last_page": "271", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "327 Ark. 266" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "938 S.W.2d 231" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 662", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 659", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ark. App. 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark. App.", "case_ids": [ 6136465 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "25" }, { "page": "199" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark-app/53/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 Ark. 894", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1597801 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "897" }, { "page": "856" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/248/0894-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 Ark. 403", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1740817 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "405" }, { "page": "950" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/282/0403-01" ] }, { "cite": "984 F.2d 848", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10516419 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "850" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/984/0848-01" ] }, { "cite": "930 P.2d 112", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 11786997 ], "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nev/113/0074-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 N.W.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10590733 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "11", "parenthetical": "holding that Social Security is immune from adjustment by state courts in dividing marital property" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/445/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "720 P.2d 747", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 2178890 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "751-52", "parenthetical": "stating that Congress intended to preempt state property-division law as applied to Social Security benefits of a spouse upon a divorce" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/or/301/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "577 A.2d 976", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 7383498 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "979" }, { "page": "980" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/577/0976-01" ] }, { "cite": "485 U.S. 395", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 14073 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "397" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/485/0395-01" ] }, { "cite": "439 U.S. 572", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11331576 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "575-576" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/439/0572-01" ] }, { "cite": "409 U.S. 413", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6176077 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "417" }, { "page": "417" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/409/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 407", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" }, { "page": "(a)" }, { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 469, "char_count": 8046, "ocr_confidence": 0.767, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.462046483749807e-07, "percentile": 0.8056357725875138 }, "sha256": "8fea53eb78ad8947ed40343fe15ad19898842d59b966a1bab4e7b1670ad3c9a9", "simhash": "1:3888b2d328bf6355", "word_count": 1290 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:50:41.435320+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Horace D. GENTRY v. Athanett O. GENTRY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Ray Thornton, Justice.\nThis case presents the issue whether an agreement to divide future Social Security benefits can be enforced by the courts of Arkansas notwithstanding the provisions of federal law prohibiting the transfer or assignment of such benefits. After twenty-eight years of marriage, the appellant, Horace D. Gentry, and the appellee, Athanett O. Gentry, were divorced in 1984. They entered into a property settlement which was approved by the court and which included among its provisions the following paragraph nine:\nIn the event that the husband is entitled to Social Security payments, the wife shall be entided and shall receive one half of all payments that are made to him.\nMr. Gentry began receiving benefits in September, 1995, and did not pay Ms. Gentry the agreed one-half of the benefits. She filed a Petition for Citation for Contempt because of Mr. Gentry\u2019s refusal to obey the court-ordered property-settlement agreement. Mr. Gentry admitted entering into the agreement, but contended that his Social Security benefits were nonassignable under federal law.\nThe matter was heard in June 1996, and the court ruled the property-settlement agreement was an enforceable contract; that Mr. Gentry owed Ms. Gentry $3, 290.00 reflecting her one-half share of the Social Security benefits already received and that Mr. Gentry would owe one-half of his future benefits.\nMr. Gentry appeals contending that paragraph nine of the agreement violates 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 407, and is unenforceable under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. We agree, and reverse the decision of the chancery court.\nThe Social Security Act provides that:\n(a) The right of any person to any future payment under this sub-chapter shall not be transferable or assignable, at law or in equity, and none of the moneys paid or payable or rights existing under this subchapter shall be subject to execution, levy, attachment, garnishment, or other legal process, or to the operation of any bankruptcy or insolvency law.\n42 U.S.C. \u00a7 407(a) (emphasis added). The United States Supreme Court has adopted the position that \u00a7 407(a) imposes, \u201ca broad bar against the use of any legal process to reach all social security benefits.\u201d Philpott v. Essex County Welfare Bd., 409 U.S. 413, 417 (1973). In a case interpreting a similar prohibition against assignment of future retirement benefits the Supreme Court stated that by enacting such anti-assignment statutes, Congress has, \u201cafforded recipients [protection] from creditors, taxgatherors, and all those who would anticipate the receipt of benefits\u201d. Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 575-576 (1979).\nThe United States Supreme Court found in Bennett v. Arkansas, 485 U.S. 395, (1988), that an Arkansas statute was in conflict with \u00a7 407 of the Social Security Act, and held that the Supremacy Clause precluded Arkansas from attaching a prisoner\u2019s Social Security benefits. Id. at 397.\nThe United States Supreme Court in Philpott held that the provisions of 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 407 barring the use of \u201cany legal process\u201d to reach social security benefits\" bars all claimants, including a state. Philpott, 409 U.S. at 417.\nIt is generally agreed that under the Supremacy Clause, any state action is preempted by a conflicting federal law. Kirk v. Kirk, 577 A.2d 976, 979 (R.I. 1990); see also Swan v. Swan, 720 P.2d 747, 751-52 (Or. 1986) (stating that Congress intended to preempt state property-division law as applied to Social Security benefits of a spouse upon a divorce) and Olson v. Olson, 445 N.W.2d 1, 11 (N.D. 1989) (holding that Social Security is immune from adjustment by state courts in dividing marital property).\nThe thrust of these decisions is that state courts are without power to take any action to enforce a private agreement dividing future payments of Social Security when such an agreement violates the statutory prohibition against transfer or assignment of future benefits. See also Boulter v. Boulter, 930 P.2d 112 (Nev. 1997).\nThe Social Security statute itself specifically prohibits assignment of \u201cfuture\u201d receipt of benefits, and not those benefits already received. Once Social Security benefits are received, they become the recipient\u2019s personal property and he can do whatever he wishes with them, even use them to pay preexisting obligations. United States v. Eggen, 984 F.2d 848, 850 (7th Cir. 1993). We have applied that principle in this state when we held that a lump-sum settlement already received from Social Security is marital property and is subject to division. Bagwell v. Bagwell, 282 Ark. 403, 405, 668 S.W.2d 949, 950 (1984).\nWe understand the rationale followed by the chancery court in holding that contracts entered into voluntarily must be enforced. It is well established that when parties enter voluntarily into an independent property-settlement agreement that is incorporated into a decree of divorce, it cannot subsequently be modified by the court. Law v. Law, 248 Ark. 894, 897, 455 S.W.2d 854, 856 (1970); Kennedy v. Kennedy, 53 Ark. App. 22, 25, 918 S.W.2d 197, 199 (1996).\nThe Court of Appeals in Kennedy found no merit in' the appellee\u2019s argument that the payment of alimony after he reached retirement age violated federal law. An exception to the \u00a7 407(a) provision prohibiting access of others to Social Security benefits was made in 1975 when 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 659(a) was enacted. This statutory exception to \u00a7 407 makes benefits subject \u201cto legal process. . . to provide child support or make alimony payments,\u201d Congress specifically excluded from its definition of alimony any community-property settlement, equitable distribution of property, or other division of property between spouses. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 662(c). The Rhode Island Supreme Court observed in Kirk v. Kirk that federal law has carefully limited a divorced spouse\u2019s ability to reach Social Security benefits, and stated: \u201cTherefore, these Social Security benefits may be reached by a former spouse for alimony or child support but not for property division.\u201d Kirk, 577 A.2d at 980.\nThere is no award of alimony in this case. The plain language of paragraph nine makes it clear that \u201c[i]n the event that the husband is entitled to Social Security payments, the wife shall be entided and shall receive. . .\u201d a share of future Social Security benefits potentially belonging to Mr. Gentry. This amounts to a transfer or assignment of future benefits prohibited by \u00a7 407, and therefore paragraph nine was invalid and unenforceable when signed. As this issue is a matter of first impression in Arkansas, we note with interest the 1997 decision by the Supreme Court of Nevada where a similar question was resolved in Boulter v. Boulter. In a well-reasoned opinion, that court stated:\nAlthough social security recipients may use the proceeds of their social security, after their receipt, to satisfy preexisting obligations, they may not contract to transfer their unpaid social security benefits. Thus, in contracting to give Noleen one-half of his benefits before he was eligible to receive them, Ronald ineffectually \u201ctransferred his right\u201d to the benefits. Because Ronald and Noleen attempted to transfer their rights to future benefits in violation of 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 407(a), the agreement was invalid and neither this court nor the district court may order its enforcement. Moreover, the fact that the property settlement agreement is entered into voluntarily by the parties is without relevance.\nBoulter v. Boulter, 1997 WL at 2.\nWe have determined that the attempted future assignment of one-half of whatever benefits Mr. Gentry might receive from Social Security was preempted by the provisions of 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 407(a), and we hold that the chancery court was without jurisdiction to enforce an award of one-half of his social security benefits to Ms. Gentry.\nReversed and remanded.", "type": "majority", "author": "Ray Thornton, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "D. Scott Hickam. for appellant.", "Clark & Clark, by: Jim Clark, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Horace D. GENTRY v. Athanett O. GENTRY\n96-1063\n938 S.W.2d 231\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered February 10, 1997\nD. Scott Hickam. for appellant.\nClark & Clark, by: Jim Clark, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0266-01", "first_page_order": 294, "last_page_order": 299 }