{ "id": 243547, "name": "Joey MILLER v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Miller v. State", "decision_date": "1999-07-15", "docket_number": "99-277", "first_page": "445", "last_page": "453", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "338 Ark. 445" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "994 S.W.2d 476" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 27-16-604", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "a person must be sixteen years old to obtain an unrestricted driver's license" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 3-3-203", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "a person must be twenty-one years old to purchase or possess alcoholic beverages" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "331 Ark. 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1604743 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/331/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 Ark. 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1664990 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/265/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "322 Ark. 8", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1447517 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/322/0008-01" ] }, { "cite": "325 Ark. 3", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 369359 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/325/0003-01" ] }, { "cite": "334 Ark. 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1655434 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/334/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "989 S.W.2d 9", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "holding that the determination of public policy lies almost exclusively in the legislative domain, and the decision of the General Assembly in that regard will not be interfered with by the courts in the absence of palpable error" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 Ark. 265", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1240972 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "holding that the determination of public policy lies almost exclusively in the legislative domain, and the decision of the General Assembly in that regard will not be interfered with by the courts in the absence of palpable error" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/337/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "337 Ark. 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1241031 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/337/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "335 Ark. 85", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 862760 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/335/0085-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 U.S. 707", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1532114 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/442/0707-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11333627 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/387/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "1999 Ark. Acts 1192", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Ark. Acts", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 Ark. 17", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 12020081 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/326/0017-01" ] }, { "cite": "334 Ark. 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1655450 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/334/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-27-317", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "weight": 4, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(g)(2)(A)(ii)" }, { "page": "(g)(2)(A)" }, { "page": "(g)(2)(A)(ii)" }, { "page": "(g)", "parenthetical": "A" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 693, "char_count": 14279, "ocr_confidence": 0.727, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.2629459401373312e-07, "percentile": 0.6128488572113664 }, "sha256": "5f5ddab1fea97b70d8e34706509f22e594d9b9982e753a13d378aafd6f78c47d", "simhash": "1:33e7e1e8ea590020", "word_count": 2402 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:43:54.470477+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Joey MILLER v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Annabelle Clinton Imber, Justice.\nThis is a juvenile case. The appellant, Joey Miller, was adjudicated delinquent for capital-felony murder and was committed to the Department of Youth Services until his twenty-first birthday. On appeal, Miller contends that the trial court should have suppressed his inculpatory statement because: 1) the police failed to inform him of his statutory right, under Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-27-317(g)(2)(A)(ii) (Repl. 1998), to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning; 2) the statement was not voluntarily made; and 3) he did not knowingly and intelligently waive his rights. We affirm on all three points.\nOn September 1, 1998, Joey Miller and his cousin, Tyrone Duncan, were stopped for speeding. The police soon discovered that the car they were driving had been reported as stolen and that they were suspects in the kidnapping of an eighty-four-year-old man from Little Rock. The police arrested the boys and transported them to the Jackson County Detention Center in Newport.\nDetectives J.C. White and Ronnie Smith questioned Miller around 6:45 p.m. or 7:00 p.m. that evening. Miller was just four days away from his fourteenth birthday. After explaining that he was a suspect in the crimes of kidnapping, capital murder, theft of property, and theft by receiving, Detective Smith asked Miller if he could read and write. Miller responded in the affirmative and said that he had completed the sixth grade. This information was recorded on the Miranda waiver form, which Miller initialed. Detective Smith then read the Miranda waiver form to Miller, who indicated that he understood each of his rights, that he wanted to waive those rights, and then signed the form. The detectives, however, did not inform Miller of his statutory right to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning.\nAfter completing the Miranda waiver form, the detectives questioned Miller about the crimes. At first, Miller denied any involvement, but later he admitted to participating in the crimes. After taking a short break, the detectives started a tape recorder and read Miller his Miranda rights for a second time. Again, Miller indicated that he understood his rights and that he wished to waive them. Miller than gave a tape-recorded statement implicating himself in the kidnapping and murder of the victim.\nDuring the suppression hearing, the detectives testified that Miller was coherent and did not appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. They also testified that they did not use threats, promises, or coercion to obtain the statement, and that Miller did not invoke his rights to remain silent, to speak to an attorney, to talk to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning. Miller does not contest these assertions. Finally, the entire questioning lasted approximately two hours.\nMiller\u2019s father, Floyd Prunty, testified that his son was slow to mature, that he was \u201ca quiet, humble little boy,\u201d that he was a \u201cfollower,\u201d and that he did not understand \u201cthe big concepts of fife.\u201d Mr. Prunty also testified that he notified the police on August 31 that his son was missing, but the police did not tell him that his son was in custody until 2:30 a.m. on September 2, which was after his son had waived his rights and had given an inculpatory statement. Mr. Prunty declared that if the police had contacted him, he would have been present during questioning, and, more importantly, that he would not have allowed the police to question his son until he obtained an attorney.\nAt the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the trial court ruled that the taped statement was voluntarily, intelligently, and knowingly made because:\nthe child was close[er] to 14 than 13. He was not threatened; he was not coerced; he was not promised anything. He gave a full and deliberate statement of an account of the events that transpired.\nAfter questioning the wisdom of the law, the trial court ruled that:\nIt\u2019s clear: The law enforcement officials are not legally bound and required to tell a juvenile of his or her right to request a parent to be present or a guardian to be present, which then automatically stops the proceeding. But that\u2019s what the law is.\nBut you\u2019ve got the other law, and you\u2019ve got the other legal rights that are attached through Miranda, the right to remain silent, which he did not invoke; the right to request an attorney and have one appointed free if he so desired, which he did not invoke. After ruling that the State had \u201cmore than met its burden by a preponderance of the evidence,\u201d the court denied Miller\u2019s motion to suppress.\nI. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-27-317(g)(2)(A) (Repl. 1998)\nArkansas Code Annotated \u00a7 9-27-317 (g)(2) (A) (Repl. 1998), provides that:\nNo law enforcement officer shall question a juvenile who has been taken into custody for a delinquent act or criminal offense if the juvenile has indicated in any manner that he:\n(i) Does not wish to be questioned;\n(ii) Wishes to speak with a parent or guardian or to have a parent or guardian present; or\n(iii) Wishes to consult counsel before submitting to any questioning.\nIn several cases, we have explained that juveniles, and not their parents, must invoke their right, under section 9-27-317(g)(2)(A)(ii), to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning. Conner v. State, 334 Ark. 457, 982 S.W.2d 655 (1998); Isbell v. State, 326 Ark. 17, 931 S.W.2d 74 (1996). In Isbell, we recognized that this was a somewhat onerous burden to place on the shoulders of a juvenile, but we recognized that this was the precise intention of the statute. Isbell, supra. Significantly, the legislature did not amend section 9-27-317(g)(2)(A)(ii) in response to Isbell, nor did it do so in this year\u2019s legislative session when it substantially revised the Juvenile Code. See The Extended Juvenile Jurisdiction Act of 1999, 1999 Ark. Acts 1192.\nThe novel issue presented by this case is whether officers are required to inform juveniles of their right, under section 9-27-317(g)(2)(A)(ii), to speak to their parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning. The trial court ruled that officers are not required to do so, and we agree.\nIn Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), the United States Supreme Court held that during a custodial interrogation officers must inform the accused of certain constitutional rights, including the privilege against self-incrimination and the right to an attorney. These rights were extended to juveniles in In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967). There is not, however, a constitutional right for a juvenile to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning. In fact, in Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979), the United States Supreme Court held that a juvenile did not have a constitutional right to speak to his probation officer even though the juvenile trusted the probation officer who had a statutory duty to act in the juvenile\u2019s best interest. In reaching this result, the Court explained that the Constitution gives juveniles, as well as adults, only the right to speak to an attorney. Id.\nAlthough it is not required by the Constitution, the Arkansas General Assembly has given juveniles the statutory ri^ht to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-27-317(g)(2)(A)(ii). We emphasize that without this statutory provision, the police would not be required to allow a juvenile to speak to his parent or guardian even if the juvenile repeatedly made such a request. Because the right is statutory instead of constitutional, Miranda does not require the police to inform juveniles of that right. Hence, we must turn to the plain language of the act to determine if the legislature intended to impose such an obligation on the police. After a thorough review, we can find no such requirement in the clear language of the statute.\nIn sum, the legislature has given a juvenile the statutory right to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present upon the condition that the juvenile makes such a request. The legislature has not, however, imposed upon the police the duty to inform the juvenile of that right, and we cannot do so where the statute is silent. Hence, this case is very similar to K.M. v. State, 335 Ark. 85, 983 S.W.2d 93 (1998), where we recently held that a juvenile does not have a right to assert the insanity defense in the adjudication phase of a delinquency proceeding because no such right could be found in the constitution or the juvenile statute. Although we may question the prudence of giving a juvenile a right without imposing a corresponding duty on the police to inform the juvenile of that right, that is a policy decision properly left to the legislature, and not this court. See Norton v. Hinson, 337 Ark. 487, 989 S.W.2d 535 (1999); McDonald v. Pettus, 337 Ark. 265, 989 S.W.2d 9 (1999) (holding that the determination of public policy lies almost exclusively in the legislative domain, and the decision of the General Assembly in that regard will not be interfered with by the courts in the absence of palpable error).\nFor these reasons, we affirm the trial court\u2019s ruling that the detectives were not required to inform Miller of his statutory right under Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 9-27-317(g) (2) (A) (ii) to speak to a parent or guardian or to have one present during questioning.\nII. Voluntary Statement\nNext, Miller contends that his statement should be suppressed because it was not voluntarily made. In Conner, supra, we recently explained that:\nA statement is voluntary if it is \u201cthe product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception.\u201d Britt v. State, 334 Ark. 142, 974 S.W.2d 436 (1998); Sanford, supra. In making this determination, we review the totality of the circumstances, and reverse the trial court only if its decision is clearly erroneous. Id. Relevant factors include the age, education, and intelligence of the accused; the lack of advice as to his constitutional rights; the length of detention; the repeated and prolonged nature of questioning; and the use of mental or physical punishment. Id. Two other pertinent factors are the statements made by the interrogating officers and the vulnerability of the defendant. Kennedy v. State, 325 Ark. 3, 923 S.W.2d 274 (1996); Oliver v. State, 322 Ark. 8, 907 S.W.2d 706 (1995).\nWhether a juvenile\u2019s statutory rights have been violated is also a factor to be considered when applying the totality test. Isbell, supra; Rouw v. State, 265 Ark. 797, 581 S.W.2d 313 (1979). However, for the reasons explained above, we find no statutory violation in this case.\nMiller was four days away from his fourteenth birthday when he was questioned. He had completed the sixth grade, he could read and write, and there was no evidence that he had a below average I.Q. Furthermore, the detectives properly informed Miller of his Miranda rights, the detention was not long, and there was no evidence of coercion, threats, or violence. Finally, distinguishable from Conner, supra, which we affirmed, the police did not use false statements, psychological tactics, promises, or any other devices to obtain Miller\u2019s confession. Accordingly, we cannot say that trial court was clearly erroneous when it found that Miller\u2019s statement was voluntarily given.\nIII. Knowing and Intelligent Waiver\nFinally, Miller contends that he did not knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda rights. As we have explained in the past, the relevant inquiry here is whether Miller waived his rights with \u201cfull awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.\u201d Conner, supra; Sanford v. State, 331 Ark. 334, 962 S.W.2d 335 (1998). We make this determination by reviewing the totality of the circumstances surrounding the waiver including the age, experience, education, background, and intelligence of the defendant, and we will reverse a trial court\u2019s ruling only if it was clearly erroneous. Conner, supra; Sanford, supra.\nAt the time Miller waived his Miranda rights, he was four days shy of his fourteenth birthday and in the seventh grade. The detectives read Miller his Miranda rights twice, and Miller executed a waiver form. There is also no indication from the record that Miller is unintelligent. Finally, there was no evidence that Miller was under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time he decided to waive his rights. Based on the totality of these circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not err when it ruled that Miller knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights.\nFinally, the appellant contends that as a matter of law a juvenile does not have the mental capacity or maturity to knowingly and intelligently waive his or her constitutional rights. In support of this argument, Miller cites several statutes where the legislature has determined that a juvenile does not have the maturity or capacity to undertake certain activities. See, e.g., Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 3-3-203 (Supp. 1997) (a person must be twenty-one years old to purchase or possess alcoholic beverages); Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 27-16-604 (Supp. 1997) (a person must be sixteen years old to obtain an unrestricted driver\u2019s license). As mentioned previously, the constitutional analysis of whether a juvenile or adult has knowingly and intelligently waived his or her rights depends upon the totality of the circumstances, including the individual\u2019s age and maturity. See, Conner supra; Isbell, supra. Neither this court nor the legislature has developed a bright-line rule based on the accused\u2019s age or maturity alone, and we refrain from doing so in this case.\nAffirmed.\nAct 1192 of 1999 did not go into effect until July 30, 1999, and thus does not apply to the case at hand. Op. Att\u2019y Gen. #99-120.\nAfter K.M. v. State, supra, was decided, the General Assembly gave juveniles the statutory right to assert the insanity defense in certain situations. See 1999 Ark. Acts 1192.", "type": "majority", "author": "Annabelle Clinton Imber, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Melissa Dorn, for appellant.", "Mark Pryor, Att\u2019y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Joey MILLER v. STATE of Arkansas\n99-277\n994 S.W.2d 476\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered July 15, 1999\nMelissa Dorn, for appellant.\nMark Pryor, Att\u2019y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0445-01", "first_page_order": 475, "last_page_order": 483 }