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  "name_abbreviation": "Chamberlin v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance",
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    "judges": [
      "Special Justices Keith Wood and G. William Lavender, join.",
      "Glaze and Imber, JJ., not participating.",
      "Corbin, Thornton, and Hannah, JJ., dissent.",
      "Corbin and Hannah, JJ., join."
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    "parties": [
      "Anita June CHAMBERLIN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY"
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    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Wh. \u201cDub\u201d Arnold, Chief Justice.\nAppellant, Anita June Chamberlin, urges us to overrule precedent, particularly our holding in Clampit v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 309 Ark. 107, 828 S.W.2d 593 (1992), that upheld an insurance policy\u2019s underinsured-motorist-coverage exclusion as not violative of state public policy or the uninsured-motorist statute where the owned-but-not-insured exclusion was clear and unambiguous. We granted appellant\u2019s motion to certify the appeal to this court, and our jurisdiction is authorized pursuant to Ark. R. Sup. Ct. l-2(d) and l-2(b)(2), (4), (5), and (6) (2000). Specifically, Chamberlin asks that we (1) disregard unambiguous anti-stacking clauses in three motor-vehicle insurance policies sold to her husband by appellee State Farm Automobile Insurance Company, and (2) permit her to \u201cstack\u201d the underinsured coverage under those policies for which three separate underinsured premiums were paid.\nBackground\nThe facts are undisputed. Chamberlin was injured in a two-car head-on collision. At the time of the accident, appellant was a passenger in her husband\u2019s car, a 1988 Chrysler New Yorker insured by appellee. Appellant and her husband sued the driver at fault for negligence. Ultimately, the matter was settled because the driver\u2019s insurance company paid the insured\u2019s liability-coverage limits. Chamberlin then sought reimbursement from State Farm. Mr. Chamberlin had purchased three separate insurance policies from State Farm for three vehicles owned by the Chamberlin\u2019s at the time of the accident. Each policy included underinsured-motorist coverage. However, each policy contained an anti-stacking clause stating:\nTHERE IS NO COVERAGE:\n1. For Bodily Injury to an Insured:\na: While occupying a motor vehicle owned by you, your spouse or any relative if it is not insured for this coverage under this policy; or\nb. Through being struck by a motor vehicle owned by you, your spouse or any relative.\n(Emphasis added.)\nState Farm paid Chamberlin the limits of underinsured coverage under the policy issued on the 1988 Chrysler but denied her claims for payment under the remaining policies on the two cars insured by State Farm but not occupied at the time of the accident. State Farm refused to pay on the owned-but-not-insured cars because it claimed that the policy exclusion clearly prohibited stacking. Notably, appellant concedes on appeal that the exclusionary language in the policy is unambiguous.\nChamberlin filed suit in the Pulaski County Circuit Court seeking to be made whole, in part, to the extent that State Farm would be required to pay her the limits of underinsured coverage under the other two policies. State Farm moved for summary judgment. In light of Arkansas case law holding that an insurance carrier may prohibit the stacking of medical-payment coverages under multiple insurance policies, consistent with the language of the no-fault act, and the fact that State Farm\u2019s exclusion was clear and unambiguous, the trial court granted appellee\u2019s motion for summary judgment. The instant appeal ensued.\nAppellant argues that the trial court\u2019s order granting summary judgment should be reversed because our holding in Ross v. United Servs. Auto Ass\u2019n., 320 Ark. 604, 899 S.W.2d 53 (1995), may be extended to permit stacking of underinsured-motorist coverage in the case at bar. Appellant also asks us to overturn our decision in Clampit, which would otherwise prohibit stacking. After considering appellant\u2019s arguments and the applicable controlling authority, we decline to reverse the trial court.\nI. Standard of review\nAppellant\u2019s sole point on appeal challenges the trial court\u2019s order granting State Farm summary judgment. In reviewing summary-judgment cases, we need only decide if the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment was appropriate based on whether the evidence presented by the moving party, State Farm, left a material question of fact unanswered. Notably, the moving party always bears the burden of sustaining a motion for summary judgment. All proof must be viewed in the light most favorable to the resisting party, and any doubts must be resolved against the moving party. However, the moving party is entitled to summary judgment if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Ark. R. Civ. P. 56 (2000); Robert D. Holloway, Inc. v. Pine Ridge Add\u2019n Resid. Prop. Owners, 332 Ark. 450, 453, 966 S.W.2d 241, 243 (1998) (citing McCutchen v. Huckabee, 328 Ark. 202, 943 S.W.2d 225 (1997)).\nOnce the moving party makes a prima facie showing that it is, entitled to summary judgment, the opponent must meet proof with proof by showing a material issue of fact. Dillard v. Resolution Trust Corp., 308 Ark. 357, 359, 824 S.W.2d 387, 388 (1992). If a moving party fails to offer proof on a controverted issue, summary judgment is not appropriate, regardless of whether the nonmoving party presents the court with any countervailing evidence. Collyard v. American Home Ins. Co., 271 Ark. 228, 230, 607 S.W.2d 666, 668 (1980). Here, the parties agree that there are no disputed facts. Accordingly, our review must focus on the trial court\u2019s application of the law to those undisputed facts.\nII. Stacking of underinsured-motorist coverage\nTurning our attention to the applicable law, we first acknowledge appellant\u2019s concession that she cannot recover underinsuredmotorist coverage from State Farm on the two owned-but-not-insured vehicles under our current case law. Significantly, we considered the precise issue raised here in Clampit v. State Farm Mutual Auto. Ins. Co., 309 Ark. 107, 828 S.W.2d 593 (1992). Of course, in Clampit, we rejected the same arguments now advanced by appellant. Nevertheless, appellant disagrees with the trial court\u2019s reliance on our case law and urges us to abandon our position in Clampit.\nAppellant also invites us to extend our holding in Ross, a recent case where we allowed stacking of underinsured coverages. Flowever, we permitted the stacking under specific facts unique to Ross. In Ross, coverage was imposed by operation of law because the insurance company failed to comply with a legislative mandate requiring that, underinsured-mqtorist coverage be offered and, if declined, rejected in writing. Ross, 320 Ark. at 609-10, 899 S.W.2d at 56 (quoting 3 Alan Widiss, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance \u00a7 32.7 (2d 1992)). Unlike the instant case, the insurance-policy language at issue in Ross prohibited the stacking of policies but not the stacking of cars within a single policy. Ross, 320 Ark. at 610, 899 S.W.2d at 56. Ross is distinguishable. Accordingly, we decline to extend its holding to the facts presented in this appeal.\nIn any event, Chamberlin contends that our holding in Clampit reflects a minority-jurisdiction position. In response, State Farm insists that our case law is controlling precedent and that the instant facts, including an unambiguous insurance-policy exclusion, do not warrant a break from such precedent. We agree. Under the doctrine of stare decisis, we are bound to follow prior case law. The policy of stare decisis is designed to lend predictability and stability to the law. State of Arkansas Office of Child Support Enforcement v. Mitchell, 330 Ark. 338, 343, 954 S.W.2d 907, 909 (1997) (citing Parish v. Pitts, 244 Ark. 1239, 1252, 429 S.W.2d 45, 52 (1968) (superseded by statute on other grounds)). It is well-settled that \u201c[precedent governs until it gives a result so patently wrong, so manifestly unjust, that a break becomes unavoidable.\u201d Mitchell, 330 Ark. at 343, 954 S.W.2d at 909 (quoting Parish, 244 Ark. at 1252). Our test is whether adherence to the rule would result in \u201cgreat injury or injustice.\u201d Mitchell, 330 Ark. at 343, 954 S.W.2d at 909 (quoting Independence Fed. Bank v. Webber, 302 Ark. 324, 331, 789 S.W.2d 725, 730 (1990)). We find that the case at bar does not warrant a break from precedent.\nMoreover, contrary to appellant\u2019s assertion, Arkansas public policy does not favor stacking. In Clampit, we explained the public-policy rationale supporting our decision. For example, if an insurer is required to insure against a risk of an undesignated but owned vehicle, it is required to insure against risks that it is unaware of and unable to charge a premium for. Clampit, 309 Ark. at 109, 828 S.W.2d at 594-95. Of course, if more coverage is desired, an insured remains free to supplement coverage in an existing policy by paying additional premiums calculated to insure against the increasing covered risks.\nGiven that the rights at issue are governed by statute and not common law, we also heed legislative intent. Compare Shannon v. Wilson, 329 Ark. 143, 947 S.W.2d 349 (1997) (explaining that the field of common law is not primarily the legislature\u2019s province but the court\u2019s and that the court is free to amend the common law and not bound to adhere to outmoded holdings pending legislative action). Although aware of our judicial decisions, including Clampit, the legislature has not amended the governing statutes to permit stacking. In fact, as appellee notes, the General Assembly\u2019s silence over \u201ca long period gives rise to an arguable inference of acquiescence or passive approval\u201d to the court\u2019s construction of the statute. Chapman v. Alexander, 307 Ark. 87, 90, 817 S.W.2d 425, 427 (1991).\nAppellant\u2019s reliance on authority from other jurisdictions is equally unpersuasive. Not only is the cited case law not controlling on this court but, in many cases, it is clearly distinguishable. Other states\u2019 decisions turned upon specific language in the state\u2019s statute authorizing stacking or an expressed legislative intent favoring stacking. In any event, we addressed the issue of foreign authority directly in Clampit and commented that \u201csheer numbers of decisions of other jurisdictions one way or the other on any given question are of course not controlling on this Court.\u201d Clampit, 309 Ark. at 111, 828 S.W.2d at 595-96.\nHere, State Farm priced its premiums based on single-car coverage, and appellant\u2019s policy was limited by an accepted, clear exclusion. Consequently, State Farm asserts that its unambiguous policy should not be construed to provide coverage for a plainly-excluded risk, for which no premium was paid. See, e.g., Baskette v. Union Life Ins. Co., 9 Ark. App. 34, 652 S.W.2d 635 (1983). Indeed, we have held that parties are free to contract on terms, and so long as the policy language is clear and not violative of the state law, we shall enforce the agreement as written. See Pardon v. Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Ins. Co., 315 Ark. 537, 868 S.W.2d 468 (1994).\nIn Youngman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 334 Ark. 73, 971 S.W.2d 248 (1998), we discussed a simple rule for analyzing almost any stacking problem: \u201cRead the Statute and Read the Policy!\u201d Youngman, 334 Ark. at 79, 971 S.W.2d at 251 (citing State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Beavers, 321 Ark. 292, 901 S.W.2d 13 (1995) (quoting Douglass and Telegadis, Stacking of Uninsured and Underinsured Motor Vehicle Coverages, 24 U. Rich. L. Rev. 87 (Fall 1989)). Applying the same principle here, we cannot say that the trial court erred by concluding that State Farm\u2019s unambiguous owned-but-not-insured exclusion was valid.\nBased upon the controlling authority of Clampit, the inapplicability of Ross, and the absence of any legislative intent enabling stacking, there are no grounds justifying reversal of the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment. Further, we conclude that the instant facts do not yield a result so patently wrong and so manifesdy unjust that a departure from our precedent is unavoidable. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Chamberlin, resolving any doubts against State Farm, and acknowledging that there remain no genuine issues of material fact, we hold that the trial court did not err in finding that appellee was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\nAffirmed.\nSpecial Justices Keith Wood and G. William Lavender, join.\nGlaze and Imber, JJ., not participating.\nCorbin, Thornton, and Hannah, JJ., dissent.",
        "type": "majority",
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      },
      {
        "text": "RAY THORNTON, Justice,\ndissenting. This case presents us with an opportunity to extend our decision in Ross v. United Servs. Auto Ass\u2019n., 320 Ark. 604, 899 S.W.2d 53 (1995), where we held that underinsured motorist coverage could be stacked to allow full recovery of injuries sustained by a policy holder in circumstances where the insurance company failed to comply with a legislative mandate requiring that such coverage be offered. The majority declined to extend Ross, supra, and I respectfully dissent.\nIn 1992, the court decided Clampit v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 309 Ark. 107, 828 S.W.2d 593 (1992), by a 4-3 majority, holding that public policy does not require that uninsured motorist coverage must be paid by an insurance company even when another policy provides such coverage. After we decided Ross, supra, extending underinsured coverage to an insured when the insurance company failed to comply with applicable statutes, we revisited the issue once again in Youngman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 334 Ark. 73, 971 S.W.2d 248 (1998), and decided that the anti-stacking provisions of the insurance policy were enforceable. Justice Corbin noted in a strong and well-reasoned dissent:\n[ W]hen an insured purchases such coverage, he or she pays an added premium for such coverage. According to this court\u2019s decisions enforcing other-insurance clauses, however, he or she may be entitled to recover under such added coverage only in certain circumstances. In other words, the added premium is consistently being paid, but the coverage is less than consistently being provided. Should the insurers continue to benefit from receiving premium payments from their respective clients, only to deny payment of coverage to the clients where another insurer has already paid? It seems to me that, while we have gone out of our way to avoid giving a windfall to the insured, we have inadvertently provided a windfall to the insurers, by allowing them to benefit from the payment of additional premiums for uninsured-motorist coverage. Such windfall was never intended by the Uninsured Motorist Act (citation omitted).\nId. Justice Corbin also wrote that \u201cthe overwhelming majority of states now embrace the notion that an injured insured should be entitled to collect on multiple uninsured-motorist policies in order to fully compensate or indemnify the insured. Id. (citing Alan I Widiss, Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Insurance \u00a7 13.6 (1990).\nI agree with Justice Corbin\u2019s dissent in Youngman, supra, on the issue of stacking as a matter of public policy and quote further from that dissent:\n[ A]nti-stacking (or other-insurance) clauses pertaining to underinsured-motorist coverage deny Arkansas policyholders their reasonable expectations of full compensation, and that such clauses accordingly violate public policy. I further believed that such clauses pertaining to uninsured-motorist coverage are equally violative of public policy, as they, too, deny policyholders their expectations of being fully compensated in the event they are injured by the actions of an uninsured motorist. I do not believe, however, that recovery under more than one policy should actually enrich or benefit an insured beyond his or her injuries.\nId. (emphasis added).\nIn 12A George J. Couch, Cyclopedia of Insurance Law \u00a7 45:628 (2d rev. ed. 1981 & Supp. 1997), the author writes, \u201cthe injured party may draw in order to compensate him for his actual loss where a single policy is not sufficient to make him whole.\u201d Id. In this case, appellant requests that she be made whole. Even the majority in Clampit, supra, concedes that the \u201c[underinsuredmotorist] coverage is designed to provide compensation to the extent of the injury, subject to the policy limit.\u201d Id. Stacking would enable appellant in this case to receive compensation for almost the entire extent of her injury.\nIn Youngman, supra, the majority recognizes that thirty-six states have allowed stacking of insurance coverage policies that have been actually purchased and paid by the insured. I believe it is time we joined the majority view and respectfully dissent. However, by the majority\u2019s decision today to allow prohibitions against stacking to be enforced, those adversely affected by the anti-stacking rule must look to the legislature for guidance on the underlying issue of public policy. Otherwise principles of stare decisis will preclude us from examining this issue again.\nI respectfully dissent, and I am authorized to state that Justice CORBIN and Justice HANNAH join in this dissent.\nCorbin and Hannah, JJ., join.",
        "type": "dissent",
        "author": "RAY THORNTON, Justice,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Duncan & Rainwater, P.A., by: Neil Chamberlin and J. Stephen Holt, for appellant.",
      "Laser, Wilson, Bufford & Watts, P.A., by: Kevin Staten and Brian A. Brown, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Anita June CHAMBERLIN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY\n99-191\n36 S.W.3d 281\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered January 25, 2001\n[Petition for rehearing denied March 1, 2001. ]\nDuncan & Rainwater, P.A., by: Neil Chamberlin and J. Stephen Holt, for appellant.\nLaser, Wilson, Bufford & Watts, P.A., by: Kevin Staten and Brian A. Brown, for appellee.\nGLAZE and Imber, JJ., not participating."
  },
  "file_name": "0392-01",
  "first_page_order": 418,
  "last_page_order": 427
}
