{ "id": 683201, "name": "Ronnie Dean GARRETT v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Garrett v. State", "decision_date": "2002-03-07", "docket_number": "CR 01-923", "first_page": "860", "last_page": "867", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "347 Ark. 860" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "69 S.W.3d 844" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "336 Ark. 506", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 51207 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/336/0506-01" ] }, { "cite": "398 U.S. 323", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170963 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/398/0323-01" ] }, { "cite": "385 U.S. 554", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11341302 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/385/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 711", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1772134 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "510 U.S. 222", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 232397 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "citing North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/510/0222-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-108", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "317 Ark. 209", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1443723 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/317/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "529 U.S. 513", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9508846 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/529/0513-01" ] }, { "cite": "344 Ark. 364", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 210177 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/344/0364-01" ] }, { "cite": "262 Ark. 288", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1675948 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/262/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "347 Ark. 455", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 683413 ], "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/347/0455-01" ] }, { "cite": "512 S.W.2d 923", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "256 Ark. 840", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725426 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/256/0840-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 Ark. 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1882763 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/303/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "1 Ark. 21", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8728258, 8728263 ], "year": 1837, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/1/0021-01", "/ark/1/0021-02" ] }, { "cite": "344 Ark. 711", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 210153 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/344/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "weight": 13, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "b" }, { "page": "(b)(1)" }, { "page": "(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 583, "char_count": 12143, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6836884155458828e-07, "percentile": 0.6979673332306247 }, "sha256": "56793db2c197cdeafbb262e6d511f91b28fee7deaabf634c533f4f5ebaf3235e", "simhash": "1:98cca8554712c7b2", "word_count": 2051 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:00:47.549724+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Ronnie Dean GARRETT v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "R AY THORNTON, Justice.\nOn June 7, 1995, appellant, .Ronnie Dean Garrett, was arrested and charged with driving while intoxicated (\u201cDWI\u201d). On August 1, 1995, appellant entered a guilty plea to the offense as charged. At that time, the DWI Omnibus Act provided that, in the event of a second DWI conviction during a period of three years from the date of the first conviction, the charge and punishment for any subsequent DWI offense occurring within that three-year period would be enhanced. See Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111 (b)(1) (Repl. 1997). In 1999, the legislature amended the statute by substituting a five-year look-back period for the earlier three-year look-back period. See Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111 (Supp. 1999). On February 26, 2000, appellant was arrested and charged with second-offense DWI.\nOn March 6, 2001, a hearing on the matter was held in Lonoke County Circuit Court. At trial, appellant conceded that he was operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated at the time of his February 26, 2000, arrest, and does not raise a sufficiency of the evidence argument. Appellant was convicted of second-offense DWI, fined $400.00, and ordered to serve seven days in jail.\nOn appeal, appellant raises three allegations of error. First, he alleges that the five-year look-back period of the 1999 Omnibus Act is an unconstitutional ex post facto statute. Secondly, he argues that the five-year look back period of the statute violates the double-jeopardy clause. Finally, he contends that the 1999 Omnibus Act does not permit a revival of appellant\u2019s first DWI conviction. Finding no merit in these arguments, we affirm.\nFor his first point on appeal, appellant argues that Act 1077 of 1999, codified at Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111, violates the ex post facto clauses of the state and federal constitutions. Specifically, he argues that convicting him under a 1999 statute, which contained an enhanced sentence for a second offense occurring within a five-year period from an earlier conviction, constitutes an ex post facto punishment for his earlier crime.\nThis argument presents an issue of statutory interpretation. If the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous and conveys a clear meaning, it is unnecessary to resort to the rules of statutory interpretation. Barclay v. First Paris Holding Co., 344 Ark. 711, 42 S.W.3d 496 (2001). In reviewing the act in its entirety, this court will reconcile provisions to make them consistent, harmonious, and sensible in an effort to give effect to every part. Id. We also look to the legislative history, the language, and the subject matter involved. Id.\nAt the time of his first offense, Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111(b)(1) (Repl. 1997) was in effect. That statute provides in pertinent part:\n(b) Any person who pleads guilty, nolo contendere, or is found guilty of violating \u00a7 5-65-103 or any other equivalent penal law of another state or foreign jurisdiction shall be imprisoned:\n(1) For no less that seven (7) days and no more than one (1) year for the second offense occurring within three (3) years of the first offense; ...[.]\nId. At the time of appellant\u2019s first DWI conviction, no enhancement was applicable because no second DWI offense had occurred.\nIn July, 1999, the legislature amended the DWI Omnibus Act, specifically Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111, which provides as follows:\n(b) Any person who pleads guilty or nolo contendere to or is found guilty of violating \u00a7 5-65-103 or any other equivalent penal law of another state or foreign jurisdiction shall be imprisoned or shall be ordered to perform public service in lieu of jail as follows:'\n(1) For no fewer than seven (7) days but no more than one (1) year for the second offense occurring within five (5) years of the first offense or no fewer than thirty (30) days of community service; ...[.]\nId. Appellant was given an enhanced punishment for his conviction under the statute in effect at the time of his February 26, 2000, conviction. From the date of passage of Act 1077 of 1999, a conviction of a DWI offense would be enhanced by the showing of a prior DWI conviction within five years of the date of the occurrence of the new offense.\nIn general, \u201cAn ex post facto law declares an offense to be punishable in a manner that it was not punishable at the time it was committed, and relates exclusively to criminal proceedings.\u201d Taylor v. The Governor, 1 Ark. 21 (1837). See also Burns v. State, 303 Ark. 64, 793 S.W.2d 779 (1990). An ex post facto law is one that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal or one that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed. Herman, et al v. State, 256 Ark. 840, 512 S.W.2d 923 (1974). For ex post facto to apply, there must be a change in the law that either criminalizes a previously innocent act or that increases the punishment received for an already criminalized act. Jones v. State, 347 Ark. 455, _ S.W.3d _ (2002).\nIn Sims v. State, 262 Ark. 288, 556 S.W.2d 141 (1977), where the defendant had been convicted twice for DWI before the legislature in 1975 passed an act increasing the penalty for a third DWI offense. Sims committed such a third offense in 1976, after the new law was effective. We upheld the law, reasoning that the enhanced penalty \u201cis not for the first or second offense, but is for the third offense, which is considered as aggravated by reason of the preceding offenses.\u201d Id.\nIn the present case, the conviction in February 2000 was predicated upon the passage of Act 1077 of 1999. The crime was punishable in accordance with the law in effect at the time of the criminal act. Appellant was convicted on either June 7 or June 8, 1995, for his first-offense DWI. On August 1, 1995, he entered a plea of guilty. His sentence at the time was not enhanced because he had no prior DWI convictions. At that time, the 1997 statute, which included a three-year look-back period, was in effect. On August 1, 1999, the legislature enacted a five-year look-back period. On February 26, 2000, appellant was arrested for a second-offense DWI, which was enhanced by his earlier conviction.\nUnder Sims, supra, appellant had notice of the 1999 legislative amendment that any future DWI offense would subject him to an increased penalty. He repeated the DWI offense on February 26, 2000, thereby subjecting himself to an enhanced sentence under the 1999 amendment, which was in effect at the time of his second offense. We note the well-established rule that a sentence must be in accordance with the statutes in effect on the date of the crime. State v. Ross, 344 Ark. 364, 39 S.W.3d 789 (2001). The 1999 amendment was in effect on the date of his February 2000 second offense when he was sentenced accordingly. Thus, appellant\u2019s sentence under the provisions of Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111 (Supp. 1999) was not violative of ex post facto laws.\nAppellant\u2019s rebanee upon Carmell v. Texas, 529 U.S. 513 (2000), is misplaced. Here, there was no retroactive application of legislation that effected a change in evidentiary law. Id. Here, the only change made in Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111 was that the five-year look-back period widened the period of time during which appellant\u2019s status as a DWI offender could be used as an element of a second DWI offense. We have held that prior DWI convictions are elements of subsequent DWI offenses. E.g., Hogar v. City of Fort Smith, 317 Ark. 209, 877 S.W.2d 908 (1994).\nThe State urges that our holding in Ross, supra, where we addressed Act 595, passed in 1995, concerning a felon in possession of a firearm, is not controlling in this case. We agree. In Ross, supra, the key issue was an expungement of the record once Ross fulfilled the terms of his probation. In the present case, however, appellant had no expectation of having his record expunged under the statute. See also Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-108(c) (Repl. 1997). Here, the question does not go to expungement but rather to the enhancement of the sentence, and it is within the legislature\u2019s power to amend the statute to include an enhanced sentence for a second DWI offense during a five-year look-back period.\nFor his second point on appeal, appellant argues that double jeopardy attached to him on August 1, 1995 when he was convicted of his first DWI offense. The trial court\u2019s order, dated May 10, 2001, states:\nOn March 6, 2001 a hearing was held in this case. At that hearing the Defendant argued that it violated the constitutional prohibitions against ex-post facto applications of law and the double jeopardy clause of the constitution for the state to use a four and one-half year old conviction for DWI to enhance the charge in this case from a DWI one to a DWI two charge.\nThe United States Supreme Court has recognized that Double Jeopardy consists of several protections:\nIt protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal. It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple punishments of the same offense.\nSchiro v. Farley, 510 U.S. 222 (1994) (citing North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969)).\nThe United States Supreme Court has also upheld \u201cthe use of prior convictions to enhance sentences for subsequent convictions, even though this means a defendant must, in a certain sense, relitigate in a sentencing proceeding conduct for which he was previously tried.\u201d Schiro, supra (citing Spencer v. Texas, 385 U.S. 554 (1967)). As the Court points out, the double-jeopardy clause \u201cis written in terms of potential or risk of trial and conviction, not punishment.\u201d Id. (citing Price v. Georgia, 398 U.S. 323 (1970)).\nThe trial court did not rule on the double jeopardy issue. We have held that a constitutional issue will not be addressed if it was not brought to the trial court\u2019s attention for a ruling during trial or at some point prior to the entry of final judgment. Warnock v. Warnock, 336 Ark. 506, 988 S.W.2d 7 (1999).\nFor his third point on appeal, appellant argues that nowhere in Act 1077 of 1999, codified at Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111, does it state that prior offenses, whose three-year look-back period has expired, are to be \u201crevived\u201d for the purposes of prosecution. Specifically, appellant argues that there is no indication of legislative intent as to \u201creviving\u201d prior convictions.\nAt the March 6, 2001, hearing, appellant stated,\nHis [appellant\u2019s] three years were up a year and a half before this stop and it is our contention this violates ex post facto and double jeopardy. This is a retroactive application of substantive, non-procedural law when a three year period has completely expired and then you suddenly change the law and pick it back up again. This should be a DWI First Offense is our contention.\nWe disagree with appellant\u2019s argument. The first DWI offense was not revived. It was and remains on appellant\u2019s criminal record. The 1999 DWI statute in effect at the time of appellant\u2019s second conviction simply enhanced the sentence for that conviction based upon his earlier conviction. Moreover, it is unclear as to whether he obtained a specific ruling on the \u201crevival\u201d argument that he now raises on appeal. When appellant committed his second-offense DWI in February 2000, the 1999 amendment, codified at Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111, was already in effect, and consequently, appellant suffered no retroactive application of that statute.\nFinally, appellant\u2019s discussion of Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-65-111(c) (Supp. 1999) is inapposite. This statutory provision concerns offenses \u201coccurring before July 30, 1999, which have not reached a final disposition.\u201d Id. Appellant\u2019s second offense occurred in February 2000, and his prior offense was disposed of in 1995. Under the 1999 amended statute, he remains a DWI-second offender.\nAccordingly, we affirm appellant\u2019s sentence and conviction.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "R AY THORNTON, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Ed Webb & Associates, by: Lynn D. Lisk, for appellant.", "Mark Pryor, Att\u2019y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Sr. Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Ronnie Dean GARRETT v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 01-923\n69 S.W.3d 844\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered March 7, 2002\nEd Webb & Associates, by: Lynn D. Lisk, for appellant.\nMark Pryor, Att\u2019y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Sr. Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0860-01", "first_page_order": 890, "last_page_order": 897 }