{ "id": 36030, "name": "Brian STOLTZE v. ARKANSAS VALLEY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE CORPORATION", "name_abbreviation": "Stoltze v. Arkansas Valley Electric Cooperative Corp.", "decision_date": "2003-10-30", "docket_number": "03-47", "first_page": "601", "last_page": "618", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "354 Ark. 601" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "127 S.W.3d 466" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "327 F. Supp. 583", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 5582183 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "587" }, { "page": "587" }, { "page": "589" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/327/0583-01" ] }, { "cite": "208 Ark. 419", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1478572 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/208/0419-01" ] }, { "cite": "347 Ark. 682", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 683459 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/347/0682-01" ] }, { "cite": "246 Ark. 1134", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1604176 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/246/1134-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 11-2-117", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "770 N.E.2d 315", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 9411448 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "318" }, { "page": "318" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ne2d/770/0315-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 23-17-236", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "318 Ark. 452", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1455861 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455" }, { "page": "456" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/318/0452-01" ] }, { "cite": "54 App. Div. 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.", "case_ids": [ 7757896 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1900, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nys/66/0522-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 Ark. 657", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8724522 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1949, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/214/0657-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 Ark. 216", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1619182 ], "weight": 11, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "219" }, { "page": "217" }, { "page": "217" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/259/0216-01" ] }, { "cite": "439 S.W.2d 627", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1604088, 1604106, 1604052 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/246/0159-01", "/ark/246/0533-01", "/ark/246/0744-01" ] }, { "cite": "246 Ark. 533", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1604106 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/246/0533-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 Ark. 109", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1742304 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/281/0109-01" ] }, { "cite": "270 Ark. 506", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1709290 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "510", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" }, { "page": "510" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "510", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "509" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/270/0506-01" ] }, { "cite": "340 Ark. 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1365201 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/340/0563-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 Ark. 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 939023 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/345/0056-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1103, "char_count": 29592, "ocr_confidence": 0.755, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.0626719727622425e-07, "percentile": 0.7567514553937315 }, "sha256": "99110017317191b23b19e379538ca654f320aea4698119fc0a89ce5621231e24", "simhash": "1:3e291117741fb460", "word_count": 4747 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:05:30.600361+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Brian STOLTZE v. ARKANSAS VALLEY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE CORPORATION" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Jim Hannah, Justice.\nAppellant Brian Stoltze appeals an order of the Sebastian County Circuit Court, Greenwood Division, granting summary judgment to appellee Arkansas Valley Electric Cooperative Corporation (\u201cAVECC\u201d). While employed by Arkansas Electric Cooperative, Inc. (\u201cAECI\u201d), an independent contractor of AVECC, Stoltze suffered a severe burn injury due to an electric shock. Stoltze filed suit against AVECC. He acknowledged the general rule that an employer owes no duty to employees of its independent contractors; however, he argued that several exceptions applied to his case which would make AVECC liable. AVECC moved for summary judgment, arguing that it owed no duty to Stoltze. The trial court granted AVECC\u2019s motion for summary judgment and dismissed Stoltze\u2019s case with prejudic\u00e9.\nStoltze raises four issues on appeal. He argues that the following exceptions create a duty of care on the part of AVECC toward Stoltze, in that: (1) there was sufficient evidence to demonstrate that AVECC was negligent in hiring AECI, thus the negligent hiring exception should be applied; (2) there was sufficient evidence to demonstrate that AVECC negligently performed certain duties, thus the negligent performance exception should be applied; (3) AVECC was charged by law or contract with performing specific duties, thus the specific duty exception should be applied; and (4) the inherently-dangerous exception to the general rule should be extended to protect employees of the independent contractor.\nWe affirm the trial court on all points. This case was certified to this court by the court of appeals. Our jurisdiction is pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 1-2(b)(5).\nFacts\nOn November 17, 1997, Stoltze was injured while working as a lineman for AECI. His employment resulted from a contract between AECI and AVECC, by which Stoltze would perform upgrades on electrical lines. Stoltze sued AVECC to recover damages for injuries he sustained as a result of an electrical shock. This shock resulted from Stoltze\u2019s touching a \u201chot wire\u201d while attempting to replace an electrical wire.\nStoltze testified that he was wearing rubber gloves at the time of the accident. He stated that he was not wearing rubber sleeves, and he stated that, to his knowledge, at the time of his injury, rubber sleeves were not available to any AECI employees. Stoltze also testified that he was not warned by any of his crew members that it was dangerous for him to stand on a wire while placing a rubber blanket over another wire.\nSummary Judgment\nSummary judgment is to be granted by a trial court only when it is clear that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, and the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Jackson v. City of Blytheville Civil Serv. Comm\u2019n, 345 Ark. 56, 43 S.W.3d 748 (2001). The evidence is viewed most favorably for the person resisting the motion, and any doubts or inferences are resolved against the moving party. Id. However, when there is no material dispute as to the facts, the court will determine whether \u201creasonable minds\u201d could draw \u201creasonable\u201d inconsistent hypotheses to render summary judgment inappropriate. Flentje v. First Nat\u2019l Bank of Wynne, 340 Ark. 563, 11 S.W.3d 531 (2000). In other words, when the facts are not at issue but possible inferences therefrom are, the court will consider whether those inferences can be reasonably drawn from the undisputed facts and whether reasonable minds differ on those hypotheses. Id.\nLiability of Employer for Negligence of Independent Contractor\nThe general rule is that an employer is not responsible for the negligence of his or her independent contractor. See Jackson v. Petit Jean Elec. Co-op., 270 Ark. 506, 606 S.W.2d 66 (1980). However, we have recognized that there are exceptions to the rule. We have noted that an employer may be held liable for the conduct of a careless, reckless, or incompetent independent contractor when the employer was negligent in hiring the contractor. See Arkansas Pools, Inc. v. Beavers, 281 Ark. 109, 661 S.W.2d 395 (1983). We have also recognized an exception where the employer has undertaken to perform certain duties or activities and negligently fails to perform them thereafter or performs them in a negligent manner. See Gordon v. Matson, 246 Ark. 533, 439 S.W.2d 627 (1969). In addition, we have noted that an employer may be liable to third parties when he or she delegates to an independent contractor work that is inherently dangerous. See Jackson, 270 Ark. at 510 (emphasis added).\nNegligent Hiring\nStoltze argues that he presented evidence that summary judgment was improper because he raised a question as to whether AVECC was negligent in hiring his employer, AECI. Stoltze states:\nApparently, all AECI employees performed hazardous work with high-voltage electrical lines without ever wearing mbber sleeves, even though wearing mbber sleeves is, in certain circumstances, required even by AECI\u2019s own safety manual. . . . This failure of AECI to provide mbber sleeves, when the use of rubber sleeves was required by its own safety manual, amounts to incompetence to perform the work contemplated by the contract with AVECC as well as negligence towards its employees.\nStoltze argues that AVECC may be liable for AECI\u2019s incompetence because AVECC \u201cdid not adequately inquire into AECI\u2019s competence to perform the tasks required by the contract.\u201d\nBill Peters, the director of engineering for AVECC, stated that, in order to participate in AVECC\u2019s bidding process, an independent contractor must be on the qualified bidder list. Peters stated that, when hiring an independent contractor, AVECC does not inquire into the safety history of the independent contractor. Rather, AVECC relies on its consulting engineer firm, AllgeierMartin, to determine whether an independent contractor is a qualified bidder. Peters stated that, in formulating a qualified bid list, Allgeier-Martin reviews criteria such as the contractor\u2019s experience and references, and whether the contractor has an Arkansas contractor\u2019s license. Peters stated that he thought \u201csafety would fall within [the review].\u201d An Allgeier-Martin representative stated that \u201c[s]afety considerations have never been part of our scope of work with respect to construction,\u201d and that safety issues are' addressed in the contract. The record indicates that AECI had been on AVECC\u2019s qualified bid list for \u201cabout 25, 30 years or more.\u201d When asked whether there was a reevaluation or review of criteria that is performed on bidders that have made it to the qualified bidder\u2019s list, Allgeier-Martin\u2019s representative stated: \u201cIf a contractor on that list is relatively active [in] expressing interest in various projects and we have no other reason to review their qualifications then there\u2019s no formal process.\u201d\nStoltze maintains that if AVECC had investigated the competence of AECI, then AVECC would have discovered that AECI did not make rubber sleeves available to its employees. He also states that AVECC should have known, through observation of AECI employees at work, that rubber sleeves were not made available to them at any time. He argues that \u201c[b]ecause the Allgeier-Martin employees were expected to report safety violations of this sort, AVECC, through its contractor Allgeier-Martin, had constructive knowledge of AECI\u2019s incompetence to perform the dangerous work on energized lines required by their contract with AVECC.\u201d\nStoltze maintains that \u201c[t]he failure of AECI to provide rubber sleeves to its employees was a proximate cause of [his] injury.\u201d To support his argument, Stoltze submitted the affidavit ofjohn St. Clair, an electrical engineer. St. Clair stated: \u201cIf Brian Stoltze had been wearing rubber sleeves, it is more probable than not that he would not have been shocked when his elbow came into contact with the hot wire.\u2019\u2019 Larry Harp, Manager of Safety and Loss Control at AECI during Stoltze\u2019s employment, testified that \u201cputting rubber sleeves on would not overcome the danger created by putting a wire of a different potential inside the bucket while the employee worked on an energized wire, even with rubber sleeves.\u201d Thus, AVECC maintains that it was Stoltze\u2019s own negligence that caused the accident.\nIn Western Arkansas Telephone Co. v. Cotton, 259 Ark. 216, 532 S.W.2d 424 (1976), we stated:\nAlthough there is some authority to the contrary, it has generally been held that the duty rests on the employer to select a skilled and competent contractor, and the employer is liable to third persons for the negligent or wrongful acts of an independent contractor employed by him where he knew his character for negligence, recklessness, or incompetency at the time he employed him, or where the employer was negligent in failing to exercise reasonable care in the selection of a competent contractor. However, where the independent contractor is in fact a competent person to perform the work, it is of no consequence whether or not due care was used in the selection. The fact that a contractor is negligent in respect of the work in question raises no presumption that the employer was guilty of negligence in employing him.\nCotton, 259 Ark. at 218 (citing Ozan Lumber Co. v. McNeely, 214 Ark. 657, 217 S.W.2d 341 (1949)). We have noted that \u201c[t]he cases also hold that the fact that a principal knows that [an] independent contractor is personally ignorant or untrained in the actual performance of the work does not, of itself, make the owner liable to the contractor\u2019s employees.\u201d Cotton, 259 Ark. at 219. We have further noted that \u201can employer who has previous successful experience with an independent contractor in the performance of his work cannot be held Hable on the theory of the neghgent selection of the contractor.\u201d Id. (citing Kueckel v. Ryder, 54 App. Div. 252, 66 N.Y.S. 522 (1900)). The burden of proof is upon the party alleging negHgence to prove the employer either knew or should have known of the incompetency of the independent contractor. Beavers, supra.\nIn Cotton, supra, an employee of Hutcherson\u2019s Tree Service, an independent contractor, was injured while taking down some telephone cables for the primary contractor, Western Arkansas Telephone Co. Cotton, 259 Ark. at 217. The employee and Hutcherson\u2019s Workmen\u2019s Compensation carrier brought an action against the telephone company on the theory that the telephone company was negligent in selecting Hutcherson as a contractor to remove the telephone cables. Id. Hutcherson had performed one other job for the telephone company prior to the job in which the employee was injured. Id. at 217. The court noted that \u201c[i]n selecting Hutcherson to remove telephone cables, appellant made no inquiries of Hutcherson nor any outside source to determine if Hutcherson was competent to perform the service.\u201d Id.\nAVECC states that \u201cAECI had proven itself time and time again as a competent independent contractor which has had a history of contracting with AVECC dating back for decades before Bfian Stoltze\u2019s accident.\u201d AVECC further states that AllgeierMartin has assisted AVECC in the bidding process \u201cin excess of 40 years.\u201d\nAVECC argues that \u201ccompetency is established in a firm of engineering consultants which had a relationship with AVECC spanning four decades and an independent contractor in AECI which had extensive experience in performing the very job required by the contract. Even at first glance, this should negate any claim of negligent selection.\u201d We agree.\nIn the present case, AECI had performed numerous jobs for AVECC over the course of at least twenty-five years. In Cotton, the independent contractor had performed only one prior job for the primary contractor when the independent contractor\u2019s employee was injured. Also, in Cotton, the primary contractor made no inquiries concerning the competency of the independent contractor. In the present case, AVECC hired a consulting firm to evaluate its potential bidders.\nThe record contains no evidence that AVECC had reason to believe that AECI was incapable of adequate performance at the time the contract was entered into. Stoltze did not dispute the fact that at the time the contract was entered into, AECI had successfully performed numerous jobs for AVECC over the course of several years. We hold that Stoltze failed to show that there is a genuine issue as to a material fact or that reasonable differing inferences could be drawn from the undisputed facts. Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment. In view of our holding on this point, we need not address the issue of whether the negligent hiring exception extends the liability of the principal to the employees of the independent contractor. See Jackson, 270 Ark. at 510.\nNegligent Performance of Duties\nStoltze next contends that AVECC should be liable because it undertook to perform certain safety measures and negligently failed to perform them thereafter or performed them in a negligent manner. Stoltze argues that the language of the contract indicates that AVECC maintained control over the work. To support his argument, Stoltze points to the following contract provisions:\nThe contract between AVECC and AECI provides that \u201c[AVECC] reserves the right to require the removal from the Project of any employee of the [AECI] if, in the judgment of [AVECC], such removal shall be necessary in order to protect the interest of [AVECC].\u201d The Contract also provides that \u201c[AllgeierMartin] may recommend to [AVECC] that [AECI] suspend the work wholly or in part for such period or periods as [AllgeierMartin] may deem necessary due to ... such other conditions as are considered unfavorable for the satisfactory prosecution of the work or because of the failure of [AECI] to comply with any of the provisions of the Contract.\u201d\nThe entrusting of work to an independent contractor does not remove the duty of reasonable care from one who retains control over any part of the work. Williams v. Nucor-Yamato Steel Co., 318 Ark. 452, 455, 886 S.W.2d 586 (1994). We have stated:\nWhen ... there is no demonstration of an exercise of actual control or violation of the duty to warn by the one engaging an independent contractor to perform work, we have turned to the contract to see if the prime contractor or owner retained the right of control or supervision and thus assumed an additional duty [of] care toward the employees doing the work.\nId. We further stated that \u201c[w]hen there is no such right retained in the contract, we affirm a summary judgment entered in favor of the owner or prime contractor.\u201d Id. In Williams, supra, we cited general authority from Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 414:\nIn order for the rule stated in this Section to apply, the employer must have retained at least some degree of control over the manner in which the work is done. It is not enough that he has'merely a general right to order the work stopped or resumed, to inspect its progress or to receive reports, to make suggestions or recommendations which need not necessarily be followed or to prescribe alterations and deviations. Such a general right is usually reserved to employers, but it does not mean that the contractor is controlled as to his methods of work, or as to operative detail. There must be such a retention of a right of supervision that the contractor is not entirely free to do the work his own way.\nWilliams, 318 Ark. at 455-56 (citing Restatement (Second) Torts \u00a7 414, cmt. c (1965)).\nThe contract provisions cited by Stoltze are insufficient to show that AVECC retained the right of control. The provisions do nothing more than give AVECC a general right to order the work stopped or resumed. Moreover, the contract provides that AECI \u201cshall cause the construction work on the Project to receive constant supervision by a competent superintendent . . . who shall be present at all times during working hours where construction is being carried on.\u201d It further provides that [AECI] \u201cwill make available for use in connection with the proposed construction all necessary tools and equipment and qualified superintendents and foremen.\u201d In the present case, \u201cthe contract appears to have been drafted carefully to assure that all control and supervision other than priorities of projects remained with\u201d AECI and not AVECC. See Williams, 318 Ark. at 456.\nStill, Stoltze argues that the contract states that all work shall be performed \u201cto meet at least the safety rules and regulations prescribed by [AVECC] for its employees.\u201d The rest of the provision states that this includes \u201cthe use of rubber gloves, hot sticks and associated protective equipment. ...\u201d Stoltze argues that this is evidence that AVECC attempted to put in place certain safety requirements.\nStoltze also argues that \u201cthe APPA safety manual, in use by AVECC at the time of this incident, was dated 1988. It does not comply with the OSHA rules regarding rubber gloves that were in effect in 1997.\u201d According to Stoltze, the APPA safety manual in use at the time of the injury did not require rubber sleeves when the voltage between any two conductors does not exceed 7500 volts; he states that this is not in compliance with OSHA.\nIn addition, Stoltze states that the National Electric Safety Code (\u201cNESC\u201d) requires the use of rubber sleeves when employees approach any conductive object within 2.2 feet when the object is energized and not fully insulated from the employee. Further, he cites NESC Rule 441 A3b, which provides that employees must use rubber sleeves when exposed to energized lines or parts that are not covered with insulating protective equipment. Stoltze also cites Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 23-17-236(a) (Repl. 2002), which provides that \u201cany violation by a telecommunications company or cooperative of the National Electric Safety Code or requirements established by the commission shall merely be evidence of negligence.\u201d\nAVECC states:\nThe Appellant attempts to connect alleged violations of OSHA, alleged violations of the National Electric Safety Code (NESC), and an alleged violation of the Code of Federal Regulations by AECI in not providing rubber sleeves to its workers due to some alleged negligent performance of AVECC.\nAVECC\u2019s contention is well taken. Stoltze does not explain how the alleged violations of AECI support his argument that AVECC was negligent in performance of its duties.\nFinally, Stoltze argues that, \u201c[a]nother area in which AVECC undertook certain safety measures is that the local cooperatives, such as AVECC, made safety training available to employees of AECI.\u201d This argument has no merit because, as AVECC states, \u201cAECI presented safety meetings and training to the members of various state electric cooperatives, such as AVECC \u2014not the other way around as Appellant asserts.\u201d Indeed, Tommy Lee Stark, Stoltze\u2019s supervisor at AECI, stated that AECI put on the safety training at the cooperatives. In sum, Stoltze has failed to demonstrate that AVECC should be liable to Stoltze because it undertook to perform certain safety measures and negligently failed to perform them thereafter or performed them in a negligent manner.\nSpecific Duty\nStoltze also argues that AVECC can be held liable for the negligent acts of AECI because AVECC is charged by law or contract with performing the specific duty of complying with safety regulations. To support his argument, Stoltze cites Becker v. Kreilen, 770 N.E.2d 315, 318 (Ind. 2002). In that case, the Supreme Court of Indiana stated that one exception to the general rule of non-liability of a principal for an independent contractor\u2019s negligence is \u201cwhere the principal is by law or contract charged with performing the specific duty.\u201d Becker, 770 N.E.2d at 318.\nIn 1992, AVECC was cited by OSHA for a safety violation because an employee attempting to change out a transformer on a line with 7200 volts was not wearing rubber gloves or an equivalent method of insulation or guarding. As a result of the violation, AVECC entered into an Informal Settlement Agreement with OSHA in which AVECC agreed to comply with provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Stoltze argues that AVECC\u2019s \u201cfailure to comply with the terms of the OSHA settlement was a direct violation of that duty charged to AVECC by that agreement,\u201d and that \u201cAVECC had certain duties imposed by law that subject it to the specific duty exception, and it should be held to owe a duty of care to Stoltze as a result.\u201d\nAVECC argues that:\n[ t]he alleged violation of AVECC was a failure to provide gloves to its employees and not sleeves to the employees of the independent contractors. It was directed to be posted for the employees of AVECC. There is absolutely no connection between the requirements of the OSHA Informal Settlement and the allegations of Brian Stoltze.\nAn employer has a duty to maintain a safe place of employment for its employees. See Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 11-2-117 (Repl. 2002). We have interpreted this statute as not being applicable unless an employer-employee relationship exists. See Horn v. Shirley, 246 Ark. 1134, 441 S.W.2d 468 (1969). Since AVECC and Stoltze did not have an employer-employee relationship, this statute is inapplicable.\nStoltze next argues that a specific legal duty can also be applied through directives issued by the Rural Electrical Association (\u201cREA\u201d). He refers to a bulletin issued by REA in 1967 which provides guidelines that are to be followed by electric utilities that borrow funds from the REA. Stoltze fails to explain how financial guidelines create a specific legal duty for AVECC to protect employees of AECI, and he fails to support this contention with a convincing argument or citation to authority. Where no citation to authority or convincing argument is offered, we decline to address the issue on appeal. Norman v. Norman, 347 Ark. 682, 66 S.W.3d 635 (2002).\nInherently-Dangerous Exception\nFinally, Stoltze argues that the inherently-dangerous exception should apply to protect employees of the independent contractor.\nIn Williams, supra, we stated:\nWhen an owner or general contractor has hired an independent contractor to perform work, as in this case, the rule is that the general contractor or owner has a duty to exercise ordinary care and to warn in the event there are any unusually hazardous conditions existing which might affect the welfare of the employees. The recognized exception occurs if the prime contractor [or owner] has undertaken to perform certain duties or activities and negligently fails to perform them thereafter or performs them in a negligent manner. Aluminum Ore. Co. v. George, 208 Ark. 419, 186 S.W.2d 656 (1945).\nWilliams, 318 Ark. at 454-55 (citing Gordon v. Matson, 246 Ark. 533, 439 S.W.2d 627 (1969)). However, \u201c[t]he duty of an employer of an independent contractor to use ordinary care or to warn of latent dangers does not contemplate a duty to warn of obvious hazards which are an integral part of the work the contractor was hired to perform.\u201d Jackson, 270 Ark. at 509. In Jackson, supra, the court explained:\nAlthough the general rule is that an employer is not responsible for the negligence of his independent contractor,... a well-recognized exception. . . extends liability when the work which the employer delegates to an independent contractor is inherently dangerous. This exception is grounded in a recognition that the possibility of harm to others is so great when the work activity is inherently dangerous that the law tolerates it only on terms of insuring the public against injury. We impose vicarious liability under these circumstances to insure that the public has legal access to a financially responsible party. The exception was obviously intended to protect those who have no direct involvement with the hazardous activity, are only incidentally exposed to its risks and have no direct means of insuring themselves against loss. Since employees of an independent contractor are directly involved in the hazardous activity, have knowledge of the risks and are insured against injury by worker\u2019s compensation, we perceive no sound justification for expanding the exception to include persons it was surely not designed to protect.\nJackson, 270 Ark. at 510 (citations omitted).\nStoltze states: \u201cAdmittedly, Arkansas Courts have decided that this exception should not apply so as to protect employees of the independent contractor.\u201d However, he argues that policy reasons and the facts in the present case support rejection of our holding in Jackson that the inherently-dangerous exception does not apply to employees of an independent contractor.\nStoltze states that the Jackson court was incorrect in stating that the employees of the independent contractor are directly involved in the hazardous activities. Stoltze states that he was classified as a groundman, and that he was not qualified to work on energized lines. Stoltze also argues that the Jackson court was incorrect in stating that the employees of independent contractors have knowledge of the risks. He maintains that no one ever told him that \u201chis activities of that morning were dangerous.\u201d Finally, Stoltze argues that the availability of workers\u2019 compensation should not bar recovery against the principal because workers\u2019 compensation, as it operates today, does not adequately reimburse victims of catastrophic incidents like the one in this case.\nIn Jackson, supra, a case which is factually similar to the present case, the court stated that \u201cit cannot be seriously contended that [the primary contractor] should isolate lines from the employees of an electrical contractor whose compensation and contractual obligations expressly contemplate working around energized lines .\u2019\u2019Jackson, 270 Ark. at 509. In the present case, the contract provided that AECI \u201cshall . . . employ, in connection with construction of the Project, capable, experienced and reliable foremen and such skilled workmen as may be required for the various classes of work to be performed.\u201d The contract also provides that AECI was to provide a \u201ccompetent superintendent. . . who shall be present at all times during work hours where construction is being carried on.\u201d\nEven if we assume that Stoltze was a groundman and not qualified to work on energized lines, by the plain language of the contract, it was AECI\u2019s responsibility, not AVECC\u2019s responsibility to ensure that qualified workers performed the job. In addition, the contract provides that it was AECI\u2019s responsibility to employ a superintendent, as well as competent foremen, to oversee the job. It follows that it was AECI\u2019s responsibility to warn Stoltze of dangers inherent in working with energized wires. As to Stoltze\u2019s third argument, that he is not adequately compensated by workers\u2019 compensation laws, we find Olson v. Kilstofte and Vosejpka, 327 F. Supp. 583, 587 (D. Minn. 1971), to be instructive:\nSince the statutory remedy afforded employees under Workman\u2019s Compensation is exclusive as against the employer, under the formulation adopted by the state legislature an employee forfeits any common law cause of action that may have arisen out of the negligence of his employer which results in injury occurring within the scope of his employment. The doctrine of non-delegable duty if literally applied destroys the liability barrier between an owner and an independent contractor, and for practical purposes treats the two separate entities as one before the law.\nOlson, 327 F. Supp. at 587. In upholding a verdict against the employee of an independent contractor, the Olson court stated:\nTo hold as plaintiff requests would negate almost entirely the doctrine of independent contractor. There is scarcely anything that a person himself might negligently do that an independent contractor might not also do. In light of the facts of this case, to remove the time hallowed insulation of the doctrine of independent contractor is not something this court feels it should do ... .\nOlson, 327 F. Supp. at 589.\nLike the Olson court, we are not inclined to overrule longstanding precedent on the law concerning independent contractors. Accordingly, we will not overrule the longstanding rule in Arkansas that the inherently-dangerous exception does not extend to the employees of independent contractors.\nAffirmed.\nStolze asserts that in Cotton, supra, we erroneously cited Kueckel v. Ryder, 54 App. Div. 252, 66 N.Y.S. 522 (1900). He states that Kueckel, supra, does not hold that an employer who has previous successful experience with an independent contractor in the performance of his work cannot be held liable on the theory of neghgent selection of the contractor. Stoltze does not indicate what he believes is the holding in Kueckel. AVECC states that the Kueckel court \u201cdiscussed the\u2018doctrine of independent contractors,\u2019 the requirement of\u2018competent persons\u2019 for the job at issue, and the fact that the independent contractor ultimately enlisted was indeed competent____While the Kueckel court did not use the same language as the Cotton court, use of the case by the Arkansas Supreme Court was proper.\u201d\nIn Kueckel, supra, the employer had previous successful experience with the independent contractor in the performance of his work. We cannot say that the use of Kueckel by the Cotton court was in error.", "type": "majority", "author": "Jim Hannah, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Patton, Tidwell & Schroeder, L.L.P., by: Christie Gunter Adams, for appellant.", "Friday, Eldredge & Clark, by: James C. Baker, Jr. and Alan G. Bryan, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Brian STOLTZE v. ARKANSAS VALLEY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE CORPORATION\n03-47\n127 S.W.3d 466\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered October 30, 2003\nPatton, Tidwell & Schroeder, L.L.P., by: Christie Gunter Adams, for appellant.\nFriday, Eldredge & Clark, by: James C. Baker, Jr. and Alan G. Bryan, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0601-01", "first_page_order": 627, "last_page_order": 644 }