{ "id": 5683034, "name": "Clifton MASON v. STATE of Arkansas", "name_abbreviation": "Mason v. State", "decision_date": "2005-04-14", "docket_number": "CR 03-1100", "first_page": "357", "last_page": "378", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "361 Ark. 357" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "206 S.W.3d 869" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "522 U.S. 950", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11547367, 11547338, 11547564, 11547182, 11547441, 11547250, 11547479, 11547163, 11547289, 11547130, 11547227, 11547421, 11547518 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting Schiro v. Farley, 510 U.S. 222, 232 (1994)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/522/0950-08", "/us/522/0950-07", "/us/522/0950-13", "/us/522/0950-03", "/us/522/0950-10", "/us/522/0950-05", "/us/522/0950-11", "/us/522/0950-02", "/us/522/0950-06", "/us/522/0950-01", "/us/522/0950-04", "/us/522/0950-09", "/us/522/0950-12" ] }, { "cite": "466 F.2d 240", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 719557 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "243" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/466/0240-01" ] }, { "cite": "11 Ark. 519", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727890 ], "year": 1851, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "civil action on debt" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/11/0519-01" ] }, { "cite": "17 Ark. 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8725527 ], "year": 1856, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/17/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "17 Ark. 371", "category": 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Code Ann.", "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "a" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "352 Ark. 92", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1159688 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/352/0092-01" ] }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-113", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "Ark. Code Ann.", "weight": 5, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(2)" }, { "page": "(2)" }, { "page": "(2)" }, { "page": "(2)" }, { "page": "(2)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1534, "char_count": 41227, "ocr_confidence": 0.726, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.3370089847916833e-07, "percentile": 0.6303274824130674 }, "sha256": "51d1d4456d779f2c6f1db1af0f32f58d8c259c32e85edd98fcb66aca97209b37", "simhash": "1:f3e2eeb5242a76d1", "word_count": 7055 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:38:22.368604+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Clifton MASON v. STATE of Arkansas" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Jim Hannah, Chief Justice.\nClifton Mason appeals his convictions for first-degree terroristic threatening and first-degree battery by means of a firearm. Mason argues that there is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction for terroristic threatening. Mason also asserts that this court must reverse his conviction for battery under collateral estoppel or the issue-preclusion arm of the doctrine'of res judicata and Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-113(2) (Repl. 1997) because his prior acquittal on a charge of possession of a firearm by certain persons prohibited the State from again litigating a crime requiring possession of a firearm.\nWe hold that there was substantial evidence in support of the conviction for terroristic threatening and affirm on that charge. With respect to battery by means of a firearm, the State argues that the elements in the earlier trial and the elements in this trial on the battery charge differ, precluding the application of collateral estoppel or issue preclusion. We hold that issue preclusion of res judicata and Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-113(2) precluded the State from attempting to prove in the present trial that Mason possessed a firearm where an earlier jury decided that Mason did not possess a firearm at the time the crimes were alleged to have occurred. We reverse and remand on this charge. Our jurisdiction is pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 1-2(b)(1) and (6) because this case involves issues of first impression and interpretation of an act of the General Assembly.\nFacts\nAccording to the testimony of Jackie Johnson, he and his wife, Latonia Johnson, were in their home February 6, 2002. They were up late cooking for expected company and playing cards. Both Jackie and Latonia testified that Diane Crutchfield came to their house between 12:30 a.m. and 1:00 a.m. on February 7, 2002. According to Jackie, Crutchfield came by because Crutch-field wanted company, and, according to Latonia, Crutchfield came by because she was scared and wanted the Johnsons to accompany her back to her house. Latonia also recounted that Crutchfield wanted to retrieve some money from her house and then return to the Johnson home. Both Jackie and Latonia testified that Mason had been living at Crutchfield\u2019s home for about a month at that point.\nAbout 5:00 a.m., the Johnsons and Crutchfield took a cab to Crutchfield\u2019s house, but found all the doors locked when they arrived. Jackie and Latonia testified that Mason let them in the house by a side door, and Latonia testified that Crutchfield cussed at Mason and told him to go to a back room, which he did. Both Jackie and Latonia testified that the two of them and Crutchfield went to the den and stayed there for about half an hour. According to Latonia, she told Crutchfield to check on Mason because he was being too quiet. According to Jackie, Crutchfield went on her own to check on Mason. According to Jackie, Crutchfield asked him to accompany her, and he did. Jackie testified that when they got to the room, Mason asked, \u201cWhy you bitches back here?\u201d Jackie further testified that Mason then became agitated and pulled a pistol.\nLatonia testified that after Jackie and Crutchfield went to check on Mason, she heard a commotion, went back to the room, and saw Mason holding a gun. Jackie told the jury that at this point, Crutchfield turned and began to leave, and that he did the same, but that Mason shot him first in the wrist and then in the back as he tried to get away. Latonia testified that she saw these events as well, and that after Jackie went outside, Mason followed him out onto the porch and was still shooting at him. Jackie recounted the same, testifying that Mason grazed his neck with a shot as he and Crutchfield ran across the yard.\nAccording to Latonia, after shooting at Jackie, Mason came back inside, where Latonia was hiding in the dining room, and found her. Latonia told the jury that Mason was holding the gun up at her, and that she grabbed the barrel. Latonia testified that she held onto the barrel, throwing Mason on the dining table, where he said, \u201cOh bitch, get your ass on out. Come on, get on up out of here.\u201d Latonia stated that she continued to hold onto the barrel and pulled Mason out the back door, where she fell on the steps. She also testified that Mason hit her on the head with the gun. Latonia then stated that Jackie came back, and Mason said, \u201cI\u2019m fixing to kill you.\u201d Jackie testified that he heard Mason saying to Latonia, \u201cI\u2019m going to kill you, I\u2019m going to kill you,\u201d and that Latonia was saying, \u201cPlease don\u2019t shoot me. Please don\u2019t shoot me.\u201d Marie Holmes, a neighbor, testified that she saw a man chasing a woman with a gun and heard him threaten to kill her. Both Jackie and Latonia testified that Mason then followed them outside for a time and had the pistol in his possession. The Johnsons testified that they then went inside a house and called 911.\nMason was accused of causing injuries to Jackie and Latonia. He was charged in Count I with battery in the first degree by means of a firearm for the injuries to Jackie, in Count II with battery in the first degree by means of a firearm for the injuries to Latonia, in Count III with possession of a firearm by certain persons, and in Count IV with terroristic threatening in the first degree. On May 10, 2002, Count III, the charge of possession of a firearm by certain persons was severed. On August 13, 2002, the State moved for a continuance to have sufficient time to obtain information on Mason\u2019s former out-of-state convictions; the motion was granted as to Counts I, II, and IV. This meant that Count III, possession of a firearm by certain persons, was tried first. That trial resulted in a not-guilty verdict. Based on this verdict, Mason moved on November 12, 2002, that Counts I, II, and IV be dismissed, based on collateral estoppel and Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-l-113(2)(Repl. 1997). The motion was denied, and the circuit court noted that the issue was subject to the \u201cBlockburger test.\u201d Count II was dismissed by the circuit court pursuant to Mason\u2019s motion for a directed verdict.\nTerroristic Threatening\nMason argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for terroristic threatening. The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, direct or circumstantial. Smith v. State, 352 Ark. 92, 98 S.W.3d 433 (2003). Substantial evidence is evidence forceful enough to compel a conclusion one way or the other beyond suspicion or conjecture. Id. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence convicting him, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the State, and only evidence supporting the verdict will be considered. Id.\nThe evidence in the case before us showed that Mason came out of the back room of the house, and that everyone fled from him. Latonia engaged in a physical fight with Mason in which she was forced out the door and fell on the steps to the'porch. During the course of this fight, Mason was reported to have said, \u201cOh bitch, get your ass on out. Come on, get on up out of here,\u201d as well as, \u201cI\u2019m fixing to kill you.\u201d Jackie testified that he heard Mason saying to Latonia, \u201cI\u2019m going to kill you, I\u2019m going to kill you,\u201d and that Latonia was pleading for her life. Also, the neighbor, Marie Holmes, testified that she saw Mason chasing a lady and heard him threaten to kill her.\nA person commits first-degree terroristic threatening if, with the purpose of terrorizing another person, he or she threatens to cause death or serious physical injury or substantial property damage to another person. Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-13-301 (a)(1)(A)(Repl. 1997). See also Proctor v. State, 349 Ark. 648, 79 S.W.3d 270 (2002). Mason threatened to cause death and made the threat in the course of a physical attack on Latonia, Jackie, and Crutchfield. Thus, there was a threat, and, as required, it was communicated to the victim Latonia, in this case directly by Mason. See Smith v. State, 296 Ark. 451, 757 S.W.2d 554 (1988); see also Knight v. State, 25 Ark. App. 353, 758 S.W.2d 12 (1988). It also must be a threat intended to terrorize. Id.\nEvidence that a person is in a fight, is being forced out of the house, is threatened with death, and pleads for her life constitutes substantial evidence in support of a conviction for first-degree terroristic threatening because there is substantial evidence that the necessary threat was made, as well as an intent that the victim be terrorized by the threat. See Sanders v. State, 326 Ark. 415, 932 S.W.2d 315 (1996). We affirm Mason\u2019s conviction and' sentence for terroristic threatening.\nFormer Decision on Possession of a Firearm by Certain Persons\nMason alleges that his conviction for battery in the firstd\u00e9gree by means of a firearm must be reversed based on res judicata, specifically under the collateral estoppel or issue-preclusion facet of res judicata. Mason asserted that it was determined in his prior criminal trial for felon in possession of a firearm that he did not possess a firearm at the time of the events at issue in this case; and, therefore, the State may not again try to prove that he possessed a firearm.\nIn criminal cases, a bar to prosecution is most often based on double jeopardy principles. The application of principles of res judicata in criminal cases is less common. The application of res judicata has a confused and checkered history and merits a detailed discussion, because the principles of double jeopardy are sometimes confused with res judicata and improperly included in discussions of res judicata. We take this opportunity to clarify the application of res judicata in the criminal law.\n\u201cThe concept of res judicata has two facets, one being issue preclusion and the other claim preclusion.\u201d Carwell Elevator Co. v. Leather, 352 Ark. 381, 388, 101 S.W.3d 211, 217 (2003). See also Huffman v. Alderson, 335 Ark. 411, 983 S.W.2d 899 (1998). The term res judicata has sometimes been used to refer only to claim preclusion; however, issue and claim-preclusion are distinct legal concepts. East Texas Motor Freight Lines, Inc. v. Freeman, 289 Ark. 539, 713 S.W.2d 456 (1986). \u201cUnder claim-preclusion, a valid and final judgment rendered on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction bars another action by the plaintiff or his privies against the defendant or his privies on the same claim.\u201d Searcy v. Davenport, 352 Ark. 307, 310, 100 S.W.3d 711, 713 (2003). Under issue preclusion, a decision by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters which were at issue, and which were directly and necessarily adjudicated, bars any further litigation on those issues by the plaintiff or his privies against the defendant or his privies on the same issue. Linn v. Nationsbank, 341 Ark. 57, 14 S.W.3d 500 (2000). Issue preclusion along with claim preclusion constitute the doctrine of res judicata. Carwell, supra; Bailey v. Harris Brake Fire Prot. Dist., 287 Ark. 268, 697 S.W.2d 916 (1985).\nThe rationale for the doctrine of res judicata is the policy of the law to end litigation, once an issue or claim has been fully litigated. East Texas Motor Freight, supra. Res judicata is a common law doctrine. Gideon v. Gideon, 268 Ark. 873, 876, 596 S.W.2d 367 (1980). The concept of res judicata was developed in the common law of this court as well as in the federal courts. In Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 (1970), the federally developed \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d facet of res judicata was declared applicable to the States by way of the Fifth Amendment. This law was later codified as Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-113(2) (Repl. 1997). Journey v. State, 261 Ark. 259, 547 S.W.2d 433 (1977). It was through the common law that the principles of collateral estoppel, made applicable to the States in Ashe, supra, were developed. Our own common law on res judicata remains viable and relevant. The common law is judicially created law that is developed on a case by case basis. Lucas v. Handcock, 266 Ark. 142, 583 S.W.2d 491 (1979). The common law is dynamic, allowing it to grow and tailor itself to changing needs within the doctrine of stare decisis. Shannon v. Wilson, 329 Ark. 143, 947 S.W.2d 349 (1997).\nWhile the doctrine of res judicata is more often encountered in the context of civil litigation, it is a common-law doctrine that is as applicable in criminal law as it is in civil law. State v. Thompson, 343 Ark. 135, 34 S.W.3d 33 (2000); Edwards v. State, 328 Ark. 394, 943 S.W.2d 600, cert. denied, 522 U.S. 950 (1997) (quoting Schiro v. Farley, 510 U.S. 222, 232 (1994)). Res judicata means that \u201ca thing or matter that has been definitely and finally settled and determined on its merits by the decision of a court of competent jurisdiction.\u201d Hunt v. Perry, 355 Ark. 303, 310, 138 S.W.3d 656, 659 (2003). \u201cThe Latin words, res judicata, literally translated into English mean \u2018a thing adjudged\u2019 and freely translated into English mean \u2018the matter has been decided.\u2019 \u201d Hastings v. Rose Courts, 237 Ark. 426, 431, 373 S.W.2d 583, 586 (1963).\nThe doctrine of res judicata should not be confused with more familiar criminal doctrines based on double jeopardy. Both the doctrine of res judicata and the double-jeopardy doctrines of former acquittal or former conviction originate in the common law. The doctrines of former acquittal or former conviction are based on the idea that \u201cno man shall be placed in peril of legal penalties more than once on the same accusation.\u201d Lee v. State, 26 Ark. 260, 264 (1870) (citing Wharton, Criminal Law, p. 574). The doctrine of res judicata is based on the principle that issues and claims properly decided ought not be decided again. East Texas Motor Freight, supra.\nAt common law, there were special pleas in bar of criminal prosecution that went to the \u201cmerits of the indictment, and give a reason why the prisoner ought not to answer it at all, not put himself upon his trial for the crime alleged.\u201d William Blackstone, 4 Blackstone\u2019s Commentaries Ch. 26, para. IV at p. 329 (2d ed. 1769). Two of these special pleas were auterfoits acquit and auterfoits convict. Both were based \u201con the universal maxim of the common law of England, that no man is to be brought in jeopardy of his life, more than once for the same offense.\u201d Id. at 329-30. The plea of auterfoits acquit is a plea in bar based on a prior acquittal for the crime charged. \u201cAnd hence, it is allowed as a consequence, that when a man is fairly found not guilty upon any indictment, or other prosecution, he may plead such acquittal in bar of any subsequent accusation for the same crime.\u201d Id. at 329. The plea of auterfoits convict is a plea in bar based on \u201ca former conviction for the same identical crime.\u201d Id. at 330. These principles of the common law were \u201cborrowed\u201d and placed in both the federal constitution and our own state constitution under the idea that no person should be subjected to prosecution for the same offense twice. Lee, 26 Ark. at 264. The plea of auterfoits acquit is noted in Lee, supra, and earlier in Atkins v. State, 16 Ark. 568 (1856). See also Hammond v. State, 173 Ark. 674, 293 S.W.2d 714 (1928).\nLike the doctrines of auterfoits acquit and auterfoits convict that are now contained in the constitutional protections against double jeopardy, the doctrine of res judicata also derives from a plea in bar at the common law. As Chief Justice DeGrey stated in the oft-cited case of Rex v. The Duchess of Kingston, 20 Howell\u2019s State Trials 538 (House of Lords, 1776), a criminal case on an indictment for bigamy:\nFrom a variety of cases relative to judgments being given in evidence in civil suits, these two deductions seem to follow as generally true: First, that the judgment of a court of concurrent jurisdiction direcdy upon the point, is as a plea, a bar, or as evidence conclusive between the same parties, upon the same matter direcdy in question in another court; secondly, that the judgment of the court of exclusive jurisdiction direcdy upon the point, is in like manner conclusive upon the same matter, between the same parties, coming incidentally in question in another court, for a different purpose. But neither the judgment of a concurrent nor exclusive jurisdiction is evidence of any matter which came collaterally in question, though within their jurisdiction, nor of any matter incidentally cognizable, nor of any matter to be inferred from argument.\nThus, the doctrine of res judicata was coexistent in the common law along with the doctrines of former acquittal and former conviction. However, the doctrines of res judicata and former acquittal and convictions were distinct. It is important that the distinctions be maintained.\nIt is important to understand the law in Arkansas on res judicata in a criminal case as it existed on April 6, 1970. On that date, we had common law regarding res judicata that was applicable, and on that date federal law on \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d was made applicable to the States by Ashe, supra.\nAshe concerned the robbery of the participants in a poker game. It was believed that there were four robbers. Ashe was first tried for the robbery of poker player Donald Knight. The trial court instructed the jury that, if Ashe was found to be one of the participants in the robbery, the theft of any money from Knight would sustain a conviction. Ashe was acquitted. The State then charged, tried, and convicted Ashe of robbery based on the robbery of another poker player. The United States Supreme Court concluded that \u201cthe single rationally conceivable issue in dispute before the jury was whether the petitioner (Ashe) had been one of the robbers. And the jury by its verdict found that he had not.\u201d Ashe, 397 U.S. at 445. The State of Missouri was precluded from trying Ashe in a subsequent trial for robbery of any of the other victims because:\n[o]nce a jury had determined upon conflicting testimony that there was reasonable doubt that petitioner was one of the robbers, the State could not present the same or different identification evidence on a second prosecution for the robbery of Knight in the hope that a different jury might find that evidence more convincing. The situation is constitutionally no different here, even though the second trial related to another victim of the same robbery.\nAshe, 397 U.S. at 446. Based on collateral estoppel applied to the States through the Fifth Amendment, the court found that the subsequent prosecution was barred.\nIn Ashe, the court considered the issue of whether \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d or issue-preclusion, as it had been developed under federal common law, was \u201cembodied in the Fifth Amendment guarantee against double jeopardy.\u201d Ashe, 397 U.S. at 445. The court concluded:\nWe do not hesitate to hold that it is. For whatever else that constitutional guarantee may embrace, (citation omitted) it surely protects a man who has been acquitted from having to \u2018ran the gauntlet\u2019 a second time. (Citation omitted).\nId. This merger by the United States Supreme Court of federal law on the distinct and unrelated doctrines of res judicata and double jeopardy has been characterized as a miraculous transformation. Butler v. State, 91 Md. App. 515, 526, 605 A.2d 186 (1991). The Maryland Court of Appeals noted that before Ashe the court in Hoag v. New Jersey, 356 U.S. 464 (1958), noted at the outset of the opinion that double jeopardy did not apply to the case and then in discussing \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d stated:\nDespite its wide employment we entertain grave doubts whether collateral estoppel can be regarded as a constitutional requirement.\nHoag, 356 U.S. at 471; Butler, 91 Md. App. at 527. We note this not because we doubt the binding authority of Ashe on this court to apply the federally developed doctrine of \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d in criminal cases, but rather to point out as the Maryland Court of Appeals so apdy stated:\nThe point to be made in recounting this constitutional revisionism is that when two or more distinct bodies of doctrine \u2014 stemming from different origins, serving different albeit related purposes, and implemented by different rules \u2014 are generically labeled with the same \u201cumbrella term,\u201d there arises the recurring semantic danger that a statement in the case law, correct in its original context of one variety of double jeopardy law, may be randomly misapplied to some other variety where it does nothing but generate confusion. This is why any discussion of collateral estoppel should meticulously confine itself to nothing but collateral estoppel cases.\nButler, 91 Md. App. at 530-31. The danger of confusion created by the merger of federal law on res judicata and double jeopardy is real. The case of Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161 (1977), followed Ashe. In Brown, the court noted that in Ashe, if all four alleged robberies had been tried in the same proceeding, strict application of the Blockhurger test of double jeopardy would have allowed multiple prosecutions because each robbery was a separate offense. Brown, 432 U.S. at 166, fn. 6. However, with regard to \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d the Court in Brown did not alter the holding in Ashe. Because Ashe was not tried on all four robberies in the same proceeding, \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d precluded asking another jury to decide if he was present at the robbery. Res judicata does not apply where the issue is inconsistent verdicts within the same proceeding. Bridges v. State, 327 Ark. 392, 938 S.W.2d 561 (1997); Jordan v. State, 323 Ark. 628, 631, 917 S.W.2d 164 (1996); McVay v. State, 312 Ark. 73, 847 S.W.2d 28 (1993).\nIn March 1970, less than one month before Ashe was decided, this court handed down Turner v. State, 248 Ark. 367, 371, 452 S.W.2d 317, 319 (1970){plurality opinion) (Turner I), where we stated that \u201c[t]here are no criminal cases in this state relative to the application of res judicata, but we have several civil cases, and the principle is, of course, the same. The doctrine of res judicata, is discussed in several Arkansas cases.\u201d Thus, one month before Ashe was handed down by the United States Supreme Court, we noted that our own common law on res judicata applied to criminal cases. Previously in State v. Gill, 33 Ark. 129, 134 (1878), this court noted the plea of res judicata in a criminal case, but rejected it because the matter had not been tried on the merits.\nIn Turner, Turner was tried for murder and acquitted. The State then charged, tried, and convicted Turner for robbery based on the same facts. Turner asserted res judicata in a motion to dismiss. The circuit court denied the motion and an appeal was taken. In Turner I, we held that res judicata did not apply because the only question determined by the jury was whether Turner committed murder, not whether he committed robbery on that occasion, as alleged in the second criminal action. Turner was charged both with a murder committed in the course of a robbery and premeditated murder with a gun. He was acquitted. However, according to Justice Fogleman\u2019s concurring opinion, the record did not contain either the jury verdict form or indicate what evidence was before the jury. Therefore, it was possible that the jury did not decide the issue of robbery. Turner brought another motion to dismiss, but this time he included the record and argued that Ashe required that he prevail. In Turner v. State, 251 Ark. 499, 473 S.W.2d 904 (1971) (Turner II), this court acknowledged Ashe, but held that the law of the case precluded the appeal because \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d was considered in the first appeal. However, this decision was reversed in Turner v. Arkansas, 407 U.S. 366 (1972); the United States Supreme Court noted that, had the jury found Turner present at the robbery, a decision of guilt on the murder in the first trial would have been complusory under Arkansas accessory law. Based on this, the court found that the jury in the first trial decided that Turner was not present and that under collateral estoppel, this finding foreclosed the charge of robbery that followed.\nIn response to Ashe, Act 280 of 1975 was passed. See Journey v. State, 261 Ark. 259, 547 S.W.2d 433 (1977). Section 5-1-113(2) of the Arkansas Code Annotated provides:\nA former prosecution is an affirmative defense to a subsequent prosecution for a different offense under the following circumstances:\nThe former prosecution was terminated by an acquittal or by a final order or judgment for the defendant which has not been set aside, reversed, or vacated and which necessarily required a determination inconsistent with a fact which must be established for conviction of the second offense.\nThis section is intended to protect the notions of fairness and finality that underlie the decision of Ashe, supra. Journey, supra. However, as already noted, Arkansas common law on res judicata was applicable in criminal cases even before Ashe was decided. It remains applicable.\nMason asserts that \u201c[u]nder the doctrine of collateral estoppel, Mr. Mason\u2019s prior acquittal on the charge of possession of a firearm by certain persons prohibits the State from prosecution of Mr. Mason on the charge of battery in the first degree by means of a firearm.\u201d The State argues that because the \u201cissues in the prosecution of two offenses were not the same . . . the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not apply.\u201d\nSince the decision in Ashe, both the United States Supreme Court and this court have handed down decisions on res judicata in criminal cases. In Schiro v. Farley, 510 U.S. 222 (1994), the Court stated that the person who seeks the protection of issue preclusion bears the burden of showing that \u201cissue of ultimate fact has once been determined in his favor.\u201d Schiro, 510 U.S. at 232 (quoting Ashe, supra). The Court then went on to analyze the case under Ashe, stating that it must be determined \u201cwhether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than Schiro\u2019s intent to kill.\u201d Id. Further, the court stated that \u201cto do so, we \u2018examine the record of a prior proceeding taking into account the pleadings, evidence, charge, and other relevant matter. . . \u201d Schiro, 510 U.S. at 233 (citing Ashe, supra). See also Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342 (1990).\nDevelopment of res judicata by the federal courts in criminal cases and made applicable to the states by Ashe is similar to the law on res judicata as developed in Arkansas and seeks to protect the distinction between res judicata and double jeopardy. In Frank v. Mangum, 237 U.S. 309, 333-34 (1915), the United States Supreme Court stated:\nIt is a fundamental principle of jurisprudence, arising from the very nature of courts of justice and the objects for which they are established, that a question of fact or of law distincdy put in issue and directly determined by a court of competent jurisdiction cannot afterwards be disputed between the same parties. . . The principle is as applicable to the decisions of criminal courts as to those of civil jurisdiction.\nIn Frank, the Court cited to Southern Pacific Railroad v. U.S., 168 U.S. 1, 48-9 (1896), wherein the Court stated:\nA right, question or fact distinctly put in issue and direcdy determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, as a ground of recovery, can not be disputed in a subsequent suit between the same parties or their privies; and even if the second suit is for a different cause of action, the right, question or fact, once so determined, must, as between the same parties or their privies, be taken as conclusively established, so long as the judgment in the first suit remains unmodified.\nSouthern Pacific Railroad, supra, has been cited by this court in the development of our own law on res judicata. See Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Butler, 192 Ark. 614, 618, 93 S.W.2d 329 (1936); The Equitable Life Assurance Soc\u2019y v. Bagley, 192 Ark. 749, 751, 94 S.W.2d 722 (1936).\nIn United States v. Oppenheimer, 242 U.S. 85, 88 (1916), in discussing that res judicata applied in criminal cases, the Court stated:\nThe safeguard provided by the Constitution against the gravest abuses has tended to give the impression that when it did not apply in terms, there was no other principle that could. But the Fifth Amendment was not intended to do away with what in the civil law is a fundamental principle of justice (citation omitted) in order, when a man once has been acquitted on the merits to enable the government to prosecute him a second time.\nIn Collins v. Loisel, 262 U.S. 618 (1923), the Court stated that \u201cthe 5th Amendment, in providing against double jeopardy, was not intended to supplant the fundamental principle oires judicata in criminal cases.\u201d In United States v. Adams, 281 U.S. 269 (1930), the Court stated that although a separate offense was alleged, a former judgment established that, at the time the appellant made the complained of entries in the bank books, there was no intent to defraud. Citing Oppenheimer, supra, the Court found that the judgment was conclusive on this issue even though this was a different offense. In Sealfon v. United States, 332 U.S. 575, 578 (1948), the Court stated that it had long been recognized that the commission of the substantive offense and a conspiracy to commit the same offense are separate and distinct offenses, and that \u201cres judicata may be a defense in a second prosecution,\u201d noting that the \u201cdoctrine applies to criminal as well as civil proceedings . . . and operates to conclude those matters in issue which the verdict determined though the offenses be different.\u201d Thus, long before Ashe, supra, the United States Supreme Court recognized the importance of res judicata in criminal cases, which should be noted in light of the confusion that has arisen since Ashe was decided.\nThe State cites Sherman v. State, 326 Ark. 153, 931 S.W.2d 417 (1996), stating; \u201cHowever, the issues in the prosecution of the two offenses were not the same, and the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not apply.\u201d Thus, the State wished to impose the double-jeopardy element of same offense on res judicata. Sherman was driving a stolen truck when he attempted to outrun the police, and, in the process, drove through a police roadblock, causing damages to cars, as well as injuries to two persons. He was first charged with four misdemeanors: DWI, failure to yield to an emergency vehicle, driving without a license, and reckless driving. He pled guilty. He was then charged with four felonies: fleeing, first-degree assault, and two counts of first-degree battery. He pled double jeopardy, res judicata, and collateral estoppel based on a guilty plea in municipal court. This court analyzed Sherman\u2019s double-jeopardy claim under the Blockburger test to determine whether the offenses were the same. The conclusion was that they were not the same offenses. With respect to the claim of \u201ccollateral estoppel,\u201d this court found that it was not applicable because a factual issue essential to the first verdict was not an essential element of the second charge. Sherman, 326 Ark. at 166.\nIn criminal cases when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit. Thompson, supra; Hill v. State, 331 Ark. 312, 962 S.W.2d 762 (1998). The person who seeks the benefit of issue-preclusion bears the burden of showing that: (1) the issue sought to be precluded is the same as that involved in the prior litigation; (2) the issue was actually litigated; (3) the issue was determined by a final and valid judgment; and (4) the determination was essential to the judgment. In re: Estate of Goston v. Ford Motor Co., 320 Ark. 699, 898 S.W.2d 471 (1995); Crockett & Brown, P.A. v. Wilson, 314 Ark. 578, 864 S.W.2d 244 (1993).\nBecause Mason was accused of being a felon in possession of a firearm in the first trial, the elements in that case were proof that he was a felon and that he either had actual or constructive possession of a firearm. See Banks v. State, 315 Ark. 666, 869 S.W.2d 700 (1994). In that first trial, Jackie testified that, \u201cMason pulled up a handgun.\u201d He further testified that Mason \u201cheld it in his hand, and he shot me with it.\u201d He also testified that Mason had the pistol with him outside, and that he hid it behind his back at one point. He also testified that he saw Mason running down the street with the pistol in his hand. Latonia testified that she saw Mason with the pistol in his hand, and that she saw Mason shoot Jackie. Jackie was treated at the hospital for gunshot wounds. The jury was instructed that Mason was charged with the offense of possession of a firearm and that, to sustain that conviction, the State had to prove that Mason was convicted of a felony and that he possessed or owned a firearm. AMI Crim. 7302. The jury found Mason not guilty of \u201cpossession of a firearm by certain persons.\u201d On November 7, 2002, Mason filed a Motion to Bar Prosecution, arguing that, pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-113(2), and collateral estoppel, his acquittal on the former prosecution for possession of a firearm' barred prosecution for the remaining charges, including battery by means of a firearm. The motion was denied on November 12, 2002. The circuit applied the \u201cBlock-burger test\u201d and denied the motion. The State then tried Mason on Counts I, II and IV, which included battery in the first degree by means of a firearm. The testimony again was that Mason assaulted the victims with a firearm. The jury was instructed that to sustain the charge, the State had to prove that Mason caused physical injury by means of a firearm.\nThe case of McVay, supra, is helpful. McVay was tried on DWI and negligent homicide caused by intoxication. The jury found McVay guilty' of negligent homicide but not guilty of DWI. McVay argued collateral estoppel and this court correctly stated:\nMcVay is correct to this extent: if the state proceeded against him first on DWI and he were acquitted, the state would be collaterally estopped from proceeding against him in a second trial for negligent homicide. See United States v. Greene, 497 F.2d 1068 (7th Cir. 1974); Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 (1970). We disagree, however, with the corollary \u2014 that the same result applies when the two offenses are tried simultaneously.\nMcVay, 312 Ark. at 76, 347 S.W.2d at 30.\nIn the present case, the State moved for a continuance to obtain documentation of prior' criminal acts by Mason. That meant that the felon in possession of a firearm case was tried first. As a consequence of the acquittal in that case, Mason was able to show at the trial on Counts I, II, and IV that the issue ofpossession in the second trial was the same issue as that involved in the prior trial, that the issue was actually litigated, and that it was determined in his favor by a final and valid judgment that he did not possess a firearm at the time of the alleged offenses committed with a firearm. The issue preclusion facet of res judicata and Ark. Code Ann. \u00a7 5-1-113(2) (Repl 1997) precluded the State at the second trial from presenting evidence that Mason possessed a firearm at the time of the crime alleged. This case is affirmed as to the terroristic threatening conviction and reversed and remanded on the first-degree battery by means of a firearm conviction.\nIn Cothren v. State, 344 Ark. 697, 705, 42 S.W.3d 543 (2001), this court stated:\nIn Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the double jeopardy bar applies in the multiple punishment context where the two offenses for which the defendant is punished cannot survive the \u201csame-elements\u201d test. The same-elements test, commonly referred to as the \u201cBlockburger\u201d test, is as follows:\n[Wjhere the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not ____ [A] single act may be an offense against two statutes, and if each statute requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not, an acquittal or conviction under either statute does not exempt the defendant iom prosecution and punishment under the other.\nBlockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. at 304.\nThis court and other courts often use the term \u201cestoppel\u201d rather than \u201cissue preclusion\u201d in discussion of the doctrine of res judicata. This can be confusing, as noted in 50 C.J.S. Judgment \u00a7700 (1997). The first inclusion of the term \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d in an opinion by this court discussing res judicata is Narsi v. Narsi, 233 Ark. 525, 345 S.W.2d 620 (1961), where the term appears in a quote from 27 C.J.S. Divorce \u00a7 174 (1959). The term next appears in Fuller v. Fuller, 240 Ark. 475, 400 S.W.2d 283 (1966), in a quote from Restatement of Judgments \u00a7 68 (1942). The term \u201ccollateral estoppel\u201d first appears in the U.S. Reports in Mercoid Corp. v. Mid-Continent Co., 320 U.S.661 (1944), where the Court cites Scott, Collateral Estoppel by Judgment, 56 Harv. L.R. 1 (1942). Estoppel is an equitable doctrine based in reliance on another party\u2019s actions or representations. See, e.g., In Foote\u2019s Dixie Dandy, Inc. v. McHenry, 270 Ark. 816, 607 S.W.2d 323 (1980). Issue-preclusion does not arise from equity. It is a plea in bar, which is an old term for a legal plea that the action is barred. See, e.g., Flanagan v. Drainage Dist. No. 17, 176 Ark. 31, 32, 2 S.W.2d 70 (1928). The issue of a bar might be thought of as collateral in the sense that suit is barred based on a reason unrelated to the issues raised in the complaint.\nSee, e.g., Fisher v. Jones, 311 Ark. 450, 456, 844 S.W.2d 954 (1993); Smith v. Roane, 284 Ark. 568, 569, 683 S.W.2d 935 (1985). In Toran v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 297 Ark. 415, 419, 764 S.W.2d 40 (1989), we went so far as to state that \u201cres judicata and collateral estoppel are separate concepts.\u201d\nA special plea is a plea in bar as distinguished from a plea on the general issue, or in other words as distinguished from a plea in direct response to the allegations of the action. It is an affirmative plea barring the action. See Black's Law Dictionary 1131 (4th ed. 1951).\nA plea in bar is a plea that defeats an action absolutely and entirely. See Black\u2019s Law Didionary 1130 (4th ed. 1951).\nSometimes in the cases, the plea of auterfoits is spelled auterfois or autrefois.\nThe pleas long predated Blackstone in the common law of England. The plea of auterfoits convict was noted in Bradley v. Banks, 79 Eng. Rep. 243 (K.B. 1611).\nRex v. The Duchess of Kingston, 20 Howell\u2019s State Trials 538 (House of Lords, 1776) was most recently cited in Newman v. State, 284 Md. 285, 863 A.2d 321 (2004), and has been cited by this court on the issue of res judicata in Falls v. Wright, 55 Ark. 562, 18 S.W. 1044 (1892); Peay v.Duncan, 20 Ark. 85 (1859); Shall v. Biscoe, 18 Ark. 142 (1856); State v. Williams, 17 Ark. 371 (1856) (civil action on debt); Trammell v. Thurmond, 17 Ark. 203 (1856); and in, Borden v. State, 11 Ark. 519 (1851) (civil action on debt).\nThis danger has been realized in cases such as United States v. Kills Plenty, 466 F.2d 240 (8th Cir. 1972), where the Eighth Circuit Court mistakenly included an element of double jeopardy in a case on collateral estoppel and stated:\nThe rule of collateral estoppel is \u2018simply that when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit.\u2019 Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 1194, 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970). Thus for collateral estoppel to bar a criminal prosecution, two factors must be present: (1) both adjudicatory entities must be arms of the same sovereign and (2) a factual issue essential to the first verdict must be an essential element of the second charge. In order to prevail in the present case, appellant must persuade the court that (1) the tribal courts and federal district courts are arms of the same sovereign and (2) the question of intoxication, which clearly was resolved in the first trial, is an essential element ofinvoluntary manslaughter. This he has faded to do.\nKills Plenty, 466 F.2d at 243. The analysis is internally inconsistent. The court cites Ashe for the proposition that \u201ccollateral estoppel is \u2018simply that when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit,\u2019 \u201d and then inexplicably adds a requirement that \u201cboth adjudicatory entities must be arms of the same sovereign.\u201d That law comes out of double jeopardy.\nDiane Crutchfield was found murdered a few days after the incidents involved in this case. Therefore, she was not available to testify at either trial, and Mason\u2019s theory in the first trial was that Crutchfield had fired the shots.", "type": "majority", "author": "Jim Hannah, Chief Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Cullen & Co., P.L.L.C., by: Kami S. Wallace, for appellant.", "Mike Beebe, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Valerie L. Kelly, Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Clifton MASON v. STATE of Arkansas\nCR 03-1100\n206 S.W.3d 869\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered April 14, 2005\n[Rehearing denied May 19, 2005.]\nCullen & Co., P.L.L.C., by: Kami S. Wallace, for appellant.\nMike Beebe, Att\u2019y Gen., by: Valerie L. Kelly, Ass\u2019t Att\u2019y Gen., for appellee." }, "file_name": "0357-01", "first_page_order": 377, "last_page_order": 398 }