{ "id": 3509212, "name": "ESSEX INSURANCE COMPANY v. John HOLDER, d/b/a J & H Enterprises, Tom Baumgartner, and Kara Baumgartner", "name_abbreviation": "Essex Insurance v. Holder", "decision_date": "2008-03-06", "docket_number": "07-803", "first_page": "535", "last_page": "540", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "372 Ark. 535" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "261 S.W.3d 456" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "242 S.W.3d. 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.3d", "case_ids": [ 8301434 ], "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw3d/242/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "474 A.2d 1033", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1036-37", "parenthetical": "claimed damages were for cost of correcting defective landscaping work with no claim that defects had caused damage to property other than the work product" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "124 N.H. 676", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.H.", "case_ids": [ 4405122 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "claimed damages were for cost of correcting defective landscaping work with no claim that defects had caused damage to property other than the work product" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nh/124/0676-01" ] }, { "cite": "647 N.E.2d 1211", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1213-14", "parenthetical": "no coverage is provided under a CGL for damages suffered by the homeowners in the underlying actions due to faulty construction or workmanship" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "420 Mass. 87", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 826194 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "92-93", "parenthetical": "no coverage is provided under a CGL for damages suffered by the homeowners in the underlying actions due to faulty construction or workmanship" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/420/0087-01" ] }, { "cite": "908 A.2d 888", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 8458945, 2573580 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "899", "parenthetical": "\"We hold that the definition of'accident' required to establish an 'occurrence' under the policies cannot be satisfied by claims based upon faulty workmanship.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/908/0888-01", "/pa/589/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "589 Pa. 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 2573580 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "335-36", "parenthetical": "\"We hold that the definition of'accident' required to establish an 'occurrence' under the policies cannot be satisfied by claims based upon faulty workmanship.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/589/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "268 Neb. 528", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Neb.", "case_ids": [ 3713786 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "CGL policy does not provide coverage for faulty workmanship that damages only the insured's work product" }, { "page": "576-79", "parenthetical": "CGL policy does not provide coverage for faulty workmanship that damages only the insured's work product" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/neb/268/0528-01" ] }, { "cite": "210 W.Va. 110", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "W. Va.", "case_ids": [ 9474378 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "116", "parenthetical": "\"Poor workmanship, standing alone, cannot constitute an 'occurrence' under the standard policy definition of this term as an 'accident including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.' \"" }, { "page": "83", "parenthetical": "\"Poor workmanship, standing alone, cannot constitute an 'occurrence' under the standard policy definition of this term as an 'accident including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.' \"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/w-va/210/0110-01" ] }, { "cite": "350 S.C. 549", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "S.C.", "case_ids": [ 1063746 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "493" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sc/350/0549-01" ] }, { "cite": "721 N.W.2d 33", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 8463984 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "39", "parenthetical": "\"We conclude property damage caused by faulty workmanship is a covered occurrence to the extent the faulty workmanship causes bodily injury or property damage to property other than the insured's work product.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/721/0033-01" ] }, { "cite": "661 N.E.2d 451", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "456", "parenthetical": "finding that improper construction by a contractor and its subcontractors does not constitute an occurrence when the improper construction leads to defects" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 Ill. Dec. 597", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Dec.", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "finding that improper construction by a contractor and its subcontractors does not constitute an occurrence when the improper construction leads to defects" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 Ill. App. 3d 697", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1172328 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "finding that improper construction by a contractor and its subcontractors does not constitute an occurrence when the improper construction leads to defects" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/277/0697-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 Ohio App. 3d 351", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ohio App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 167986 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "holding that faulty workmanship does not constitute an occurrence when the damage is to the work product only" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ohio-app-3d/136/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "818 N.E.2d 998", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 9169882 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1004", "parenthetical": "holding that faulty workmanship is not an accident and therefore not an occurrence" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ne2d/818/0998-01" ] }, { "cite": "596 N.W2d 67", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 11661487 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "71", "parenthetical": "\"We agree with the majority rule and now join those jurisdictions that hold that defective workmanship standing alone, that is, resulting in damages only to the work product itself, is not an occurrence under a CGL policy\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/596/0067-01" ] }, { "cite": "331 Ark. 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1604799 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "222" }, { "page": "740" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/331/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "736 N.E.2d 566", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "567" }, { "page": "568", "parenthetical": "holding that faulty workmanship does not constitute an occurrence when the damage is to the work product only" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "354 F. Supp. 2d 917", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9033607 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "921" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/354/0917-01" ] }, { "cite": "353 Ark. 834", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1155529 ], "weight": 10, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "844-45" }, { "page": "562-63" }, { "page": "845" }, { "page": "563" }, { "page": "563" }, { "page": "921-22" }, { "page": "923" }, { "page": "563" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/353/0834-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 Ark. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1619295 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "542" }, { "page": "765" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/259/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "353 Ark 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1155517 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "192" }, { "page": "207" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/353/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "327 Ark. 208", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 922697 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/327/0208-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 691, "char_count": 14038, "ocr_confidence": 0.765, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0255487492972552e-07, "percentile": 0.5466260774276801 }, "sha256": "470a86017bba4bdf6d8f11363e02ceaf20964a7f0696fc8e083099b3d5da196c", "simhash": "1:a047534db07f3086", "word_count": 2206 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:33:19.424661+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "ESSEX INSURANCE COMPANY v. John HOLDER, d/b/a J & H Enterprises, Tom Baumgartner, and Kara Baumgartner" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Tom Glaze, Justice.\nWe accepted certification of a single question of Arkansas law submitted by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas under Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 6-8, asking this court whether defective construction or workmanship is an \u201caccident\u201d and, therefore, an \u201coccurrence\u201d within the meaning of commercial general liability insurance policies.\nTom and Kara Baumgartner contracted with John Holder\u2019s J&H Enterprises to build their new home; however, before construction of the home was completed, the Baumgartners filed suit against Holder in the Pulaski County Circuit Court seeking damages for breach of contract, breach of an express warranty, breach of implied warranties, and negligence. Specifically, the Baumgartners alleged that they suffered damages resulting from Holder\u2019s delays, employment of incompetent subcontractors, and defective or incomplete construction. In turn, Holder demanded that Essex Insurance Company (Essex) defend him in the Baumgartners\u2019 action under his commercial general liability (CGL) policies.\nEssex responded by filing an action in federal court, seeking a declaratory judgment that it neither owes Holder a duty to defend him in the Baumgartners\u2019 lawsuit, nor a duty to pay any judgment the Pulaski County Circuit Court might enter against Holder. Essex asserted that there is no coverage under any of the three CGL policies for the damages alleged by the Baumgartners in state court, and, therefore, Holder is not entitled to a defense or indemnity under those policies. Although the federal district court determined that Arkansas law applies in the declaratory judgment action filed by Essex, it certified this question to the supreme court because we have not decided this specific issue.\nEssex issued three separate policies to Holder. In the first policy, 3CM 7680, \u201coccurrence\u201d is defined simply as an \u201caccident.\u201d However, the second and third policies, 3CP 6214 and3CS 3351, added a \u201cCombination Contractor Endorsement\u201d that modified the definition of \u201coccurrence\u201d somewhat and listed several exclusions, stating:\n\u201cOccurrence\u201d means an accident, including the continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions; however, the following is not an \u201coccurrence\u201d under this policy:\na. Actual and/or alleged defective work; and/or\nb. Actual and/or alleged defective workmanship; and/or\nc. Actual and/or alleged defective construction; and/or\nd. Actual and/or negligent construction\nAlthough the Baumgartners deny that the Combination Contractor Endorsement operates to exclude coverage of their claims against Holder and state that this is an issue \u201cnot presently before this court,\u201d they contend that the endorsement and exclusions \u201cindicate[ ] that Essex at one point considered \u201coccurrence\u201d and \u201caccident\u201d to include \u2018defective work,\u2019 \u2018defective workmanship,\u2019 \u2018defective construction,\u2019 or \u2018negligent construction.\u2019 \u201d The Baumgartners\u2019 principal argument on this certified question though, is that the policy term \u201caccident\u201d is undefined within the CGL policy and is therefore ambiguous and should be interpreted liberally in favor of the insured \u2014 Holder.\nArkansas case law is well-developed on the construction of insurance policies. When reviewing insurance policies, this court adheres to the long-standing rule that, where terms of the policy are clear and unambiguous, the policy language controls, and absent statutory strictures to the contrary, exclusionary clauses are generally enforced according to their terms. Smith v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 327 Ark. 208, 937 S.W.2d 180 (1997). It is unnecessary to resort to rules of construction in order to ascertain the meaning of an insurance policy when no ambiguity exists. Id. In other words, the terms of an insurance contract are not to be rewritten under the rule of strict construction against the company issuing it so as to bind the insurer to a risk which is plainly excluded and for which it was not paid. Id.\nThe fact that a term is not defined in a policy does not necessarily render it ambiguous. Smith v. Southern Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 353 Ark 188, 192, 114 S.W.3d 205, 207 (2003). In Continental Insurance Co. v. Hodges, 259 Ark. 541, 534 S.W.2d 764 (1976), the court addressed an insurance policy where the term \u201caccident\u201d was not defined in a liability insurance policy, but found that \u201caccident\u201d is usually defined as \u201can event that takes place without one\u2019s foresight or expectation \u2014 an event that proceeds from an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected.\u201d Id. at 542, 534 S.W.2d at 765 (quoting 44 Am. Jur. 2d Insurance \u00a7 1219 (1969)). In United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Continental Casualty Co., 353 Ark. 834, 120 S.W.3d 556 (2003), we addressed a question of whether a portion of a judgment against an insured party was covered under a CGL policy, based on language which provided coverage for \u201can occurrence\u201d leading to \u201cproperty damage.\u201d Although the policy defined \u201coccurrence\u201d as an \u201caccident,\u201d the term \u201caccident\u201d was undefined. Id. at 844-45, 120 S.W.3d at 562-63. We remanded the issue to the trial court, explaining the following:\nThe policy defines an \u201coccurrence\u201d as \u201can accident.\u201d We have defined an \u201caccident\u201d as \u201can event that takes place without one\u2019s foresight or expectation \u2014 an event that proceeds from an unknown cause; or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected.\u201d [Citation omitted.] Because the policy has defined \u201coccurrence,\u201d and because we have defined \u201caccident,\u201d we con-elude that the remaining fact question must be resolved in this case before coverage can be determined is whether [ ] workmanship . . . constituted an \u201caccident.\u201d [Footnote omitted.]\nId. at 845, 120 S.W.3d at 563. Without addressing or deciding the question, the opinion noted that there was a \u201csplit in jurisdictions over whether defective workmanship is an accident and therefore an occurrence which is covered under the terms of an insurance policy.\u201d Id. at n.4.\nTwo years after Continental Casualty Co., the federal judge in Nabholz Construction Corp. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 354 F. Supp. 2d 917 (E.D. Ark. 2005) was presented the question of whether a CGL policy provided liability coverage for deficiencies in construction work. The federal court pointed out that while our court in Continental Casualty Co., supra, left this specific question unresolved, the federal judge offered his opinion that he believed the Arkansas Supreme Court would likely adopt the majority rule found in other jurisdictions that hold that faulty or defective workmanship is not an accident. See id. at 922 (citing Heile v. Herrmann, Ohio App. 3d 351, 353-54, 736 N.E.2d 566, 567 (1999)). Also, the federal court found our opinion in Unigard Security Insurance Co. v. Murphy Oil, 331 Ark. 211, 962 S.W.2d 735 (1998), instructive. There, an Alabama court entered a judgment against Murphy Oil for breach of a lease contract and trespass, and Murphy Oil subsequently sought coverage for the judgment under its general liability policy issued by Unigard. The key question was whether the damage award against Murphy Oil could be considered \u201csums\u201d that Murphy Oil became legally obligated to pay due to property damage resulting from an \u201coccurrence.\u201d Id. at 222, 962 S.W.2d at 740. The term \u201coccurrence\u201d in the policies at issue in Unigard was defined \u201cas an accidental event.\u201d This court denied Murphy Oil\u2019s coverage claim, because the basis of the damage award against it resulted not from property damage, but rather from Murphy Oil\u2019s failure to perform contractual obligations. Id.\nBased on the holding in Unigard, the federal district court in Nabholz stated:\nSimilarly, here, the fact that \u201cproperty damage\u201d occurred does not alone resolve the issue of whether it was caused by an \u201cevent\u201d for which the Policy provides coverage. \u201cEvent\u201d [Footnote omitted.] is defined in this Policy to mean \u201can accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.\u201d The Arkansas Supreme Court defines \u201caccident\u201d to be \u201can event that takes place without one\u2019s foresight or expectation \u2014 an event that proceeds from an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected.\u201d\nNabholz, supra, 354 F. Supp. 2d at 921 (quoting Continental Cas. Co., supra, 353 Ark. at 845, 120 S.W.3d at 563). Applying this court\u2019s definition of an \u201caccident\u201d from Continental Casualty Co., the federal district court concluded that the contractor\u2019s obligation to repair or replace its subcontractor\u2019s defective workmanship could not be deemed unexpected on the part of the contractor, and therefore, failed to constitute an \u201cevent\u201d for which coverage existed under the policy. Id. at 921-22. The federal court in Nabholz was \u201cfurther persuaded\u201d by the difference between CGL policies and performance bonds. It offered the following explanation:\nThe purpose of a CGL policy is to protect an insured from bearing financial responsibility for unexpected and accidental damage to people or property. It is not intended to substitute for a contractor\u2019s performance bond, the purpose of which is to insure the contractor against claims for the cost of repair or replacement of faulty work. [Contractor] might have elected to purchase a performance bond to protect it from a known business risk that its subcontractor would not perform its contractual duties. That [the contractor] has no remedy for its subcontractor\u2019s default under its CGL policy is neither troublesome nor unexpected given the nature of the risk involved.\nId. at 923.\nIt appears that the majority of states that have considered this issue have held that defective workmanship, standing alone, which results in damages only to the work product itself, is not an accidental occurrence under a CGL policy. While several jurisdictions have found CGL policies to be ambiguous and construed the ambiguity against the drafter, we find these cases unpersuasive. Under Arkansas law, the fact that a term is not defined in a policy does not necessarily render it ambiguous, Smith v. Southern Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., supra, and here, our case law has consistently defined an \u201caccident\u201d as an event that takes place without one\u2019s foresight or expectation \u2014 an event that proceeds from an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected. See, e.g., Continental Cas. Co., supra, 353 Ark. at 845, 120 S.W.3d at 563. Faulty workmanship is not an accident; instead, it is a foreseeable occurrence, and performance bonds exist in the marketplace to insure the contractor against claims for the cost of repair or replacement of faulty work.\nAccordingly, we hold that defective workmanship standing alone \u2014 resulting in damages only to the work product itself \u2014 is not an occurrence under a CGL policy such as the one at issue here.\nCertified question answered.\nSee, e.g., Pursell Constr., Inc. v. Hawkeye-Security Ins. Co., 596 N.W2d 67, 71 (Iowa 1999) (\u201cWe agree with the majority rule and now join those jurisdictions that hold that defective workmanship standing alone, that is, resulting in damages only to the work product itself, is not an occurrence under a CGL policy\u201d); Amerisure, Inc. v. Wurster Constr. Co., Inc., 818 N.E.2d 998, 1004 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (holding that faulty workmanship is not an accident and therefore not an occurrence); Heile v. Herrmann, 136 Ohio App. 3d 351, 736 N.E.2d 566, 568 (1999) (holding that faulty workmanship does not constitute an occurrence when the damage is to the work product only); Monticello Ins. Co. v. Wilfred\u2019s Constr., 277 Ill. App. 3d 697, 214 Ill. Dec. 597, 661 N.E.2d 451, 456 (1996) (finding that improper construction by a contractor and its subcontractors does not constitute an occurrence when the improper construction leads to defects); ACUITY v. Burd & Smith Const., Inc. 721 N.W.2d 33, 39 (N.D. 2006) (\u201cWe conclude property damage caused by faulty workmanship is a covered occurrence to the extent the faulty workmanship causes bodily injury or property damage to property other than the insured\u2019s work product.\u201d); L-J, Inc. v. Bituminous Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 350 S.C. 549, 567 S.E.2d 489, 493 (Ct.App.2002); Corder v. William W. Smith Excavating Co. 210 W.Va. 110, 116, 556 S.E.2d 77, 83 (W.Va. 2001) (\u201cPoor workmanship, standing alone, cannot constitute an \u2018occurrence\u2019 under the standard policy definition of this term as an \u2018accident including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.\u2019 \u201d); Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Home Pride Cos., Inc., 268 Neb. 528, 684 N.W.2d 571, 576-79 (2004) (CGL policy does not provide coverage for faulty workmanship that damages only the insured\u2019s work product); Kvaerner Metals Div. of Kvaerner U.S., Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co. 589 Pa. 317, 335-36, 908 A.2d 888, 899 (2006) (\u201cWe hold that the definition of\u2018accident\u2019 required to establish an \u2018occurrence\u2019 under the policies cannot be satisfied by claims based upon faulty workmanship.\u201d); Commerce Ins. Co. v. Betty Caplette Builders, Inc. 420 Mass. 87, 92-93, 647 N.E.2d 1211, 1213-14 (1995) (no coverage is provided under a CGL for damages suffered by the homeowners in the underlying actions due to faulty construction or workmanship); McAllister v. Peerless Ins. Co., 124 N.H. 676, 474 A.2d 1033, 1036-37 (1984) (claimed damages were for cost of correcting defective landscaping work with no claim that defects had caused damage to property other than the work product).\nSee, e.g., Lamar Homes, Inc. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 242 S.W.3d. 1 (Tex. 2007).", "type": "majority", "author": "Tom Glaze, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Davis, Wright, Clark, Butt & Carithers, PLC, by: Constance G. Clark, for petitioner.", "Wright, Lindsey &Jennings, LLP, by: Roger A. Glasgow, Kyle R. Wilson, and Gary D. Marts, Jr., for respondents." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "ESSEX INSURANCE COMPANY v. John HOLDER, d/b/a J & H Enterprises, Tom Baumgartner, and Kara Baumgartner\n07-803\n261 S.W.3d 456\nSupreme Court of Arkansas\nOpinion delivered March 6, 2008\nDavis, Wright, Clark, Butt & Carithers, PLC, by: Constance G. Clark, for petitioner.\nWright, Lindsey &Jennings, LLP, by: Roger A. Glasgow, Kyle R. Wilson, and Gary D. Marts, Jr., for respondents." }, "file_name": "0535-01", "first_page_order": 559, "last_page_order": 564 }