At the general election in 1882, Swepston and Barton were opposing candidates for the office of Sheriff of Crittenden County. The returns showed Swepston’s election by a majority of 165 votes, and he was commissioned. Bai’ton instituted a contest in the County Court, and was successful there, as also in the Circuit Court, on appeal, where he recovered a judgment of ouster against Swepston.
There is in the record no paper purporting to be a bill of exceptions, and to be signed by the presiding judge, which appears either from the indorsement of the clerk or from any record entry to have been filed in the cause. Consequently, the scope of our review is limited to such errors as are apparent upon the record without the intervention of a bill of exceptions.
1. Contested Election: Notice is Roth writ and declaration.
In this proceeding the-notice of contest is the foundation of the action, and performs the double office of a writ and a declaration. Vance v. Gaylor, 25 Ark., 32.
A motion to strike out the specifications contained in *553Barton’s original and amended notice, and also a demurrer to the same, were successively overruled and exceptions saved. This raises tbe question whether, conceding the grounds of contest set forth in the notice to be true in point of fact, they are sufficient in law to put the opposite party to proof.
The specifications were as follows :
1 and 2. One of the three judges of election at each of the voting precincts of Marion and ITopefield was a postmaster.
3. At Orawfordsville precinct one of the judges was a non-resident of the State.
4. At the same precinct there was a discrepancy of two votes between the tally-sheet and the returns, the former showing 404 votes cast, and the latter 402, and the judges and clerks, when summoned before the canvassing board, struck oft'two votes from the tally-sheet, so as to make it correspond with the returns. *
5. At the same precinct the judges began to count the votes before sunset; but other qualified electors appearing, their votes were received.
6. At the same precinct twenty-five persons, naming them, who were not qualified electors, were permitted to vote.
7. At Bradley precinct one of the clerks of election was a minor.
8. At the same precinct six votes were wrongfully counted against Barton.
9. At Fifteen-Mile-Bayou precinct, one of the judges wTas a candidate for justice of the peace — an office to be filled at the same election.
10. The returns from Ferguson precinct give the contestee 61 votes, and the contestant 46; whereas, the certificate of the judges and clerks shows that Barton received *55446 votes and Swepston none. Also the poll-hooks of this precinct were signed and certified by only one clerk.
11. At the same precinct one of the clerks was a candidate for the office of justice of the peace.
In the Circuit Court the contestant was allowed, over the objection of his competitor, to add, by way of amendment, a twelfth ground of contest, viz :
That Swepston was a defaulter to the county, having held the office of county clerk from 1868 to 1873, and from 1876 to 1878, and, while 'in office, having collected a certain tax on certificates of record upon recorded instruments which he had failed to pay over or account for.
The Constitution of 187 h article 5, section 8, provides that no person who now is, or shall be hereafter, a collector, or holder of public money, * * * shall be eligible * * * to any office of trust or profit, until he shall have accounted for and paid over all sums for which he may have been liable.
No judicial ascertainment of this defalcation is alleged, but only that the County Court had referred the accounts of Swepston .to commissioners, and that they had reported that he was indebted in a certain sum; but no final action upon the report seems to have been had. It may be questionable whether, until an officer’s accounts have been adjusted by the Auditor, in the case of a debtor to the State, or by the County Court, in the case of a debtor to the county, such a disqualification arises as to debar him from office.
legal effect of votes cast for an ineligible candidate, two views have been entertained. The English doctrine is, that if the disqualification of a candidate is notorious, votes east for him will be deemed to have been purposely thrown away, and the candidate having the next highest number of votes will be elected. The English *555authorities on this subject are reviewed in the Galway election cases, (2 Moak’s Eng. Rep., 714), and the cases are collected in a note to Commonwealth v. Cluley. (Brightley’s Leading Cases on Elections, 151.) This rule has been adopted in Gulick v. New, 14 2nd., 93; Carson v. McPhetridge, 15 Ind., 327, and Hutchinson v. Tilden, 4 Har. & McH., 279.
Now, there is no averment of knowledge, by the electors, of ■ Swepston’s ineligibility, nor of any facts from which notice could be implied. The fair inference is, that it was not generally known, since the contestant," as it appears, only became aware of it after the institution of his contest.
But the weight of American authority is, that when a vote for an ineligible candidate is not declared void by statute, the votes he receives, if they are a majority or plurality, will be effectual to prevent the opposing candidate being chosen, and the election must be considered as having failed. Cooley on Const. Lim., 620; Dillon Mun. Corp., 196, (135), and cases cited. Commonwealth v. Cluley, 56 Pa. St., 270; People v. Clute, 50 N. Y, 432; State v. Tierney, 23 Wis., 430; People v. Morliter, 23 Mich., 342; Crawford v. Dunbar, 52 Cal., 37; State v. Vail, 53 Mo., 97; Fish v. Collins, 21 La. Ann., 289; Cockran v. James, 14 Am. Law Reg., 222.
The real issue in this cause was, which candidate received a majority of the legal votes cast. If Barton did not obtain such a majority, but his competitor was ineligible, it by no means follows that he, as the next in the poll, should receive the office. “The votes are not less legal votes because given to a person in whose behalf they can not be counted.” Saunders v. Haynes, 13 Cal., 145.
If Swepston was a defaulter, the Governor, if that fact had been properly brought to his notice, might have lawfully refused to sign his commission. (Taylor v. Governor, 1 Ark., 21.) And he may still be ousted upon quo warranto. *556Eor ineligibility relates to the capacity of holding, as well as being elected to an office. (Carson v. McPhetridge, 15 Ind., 327.) But it is not a matter which is involved in the present contest, for,. if true, it does not show Barton’s election.
4. Same: Election officers disqualified'
The first, second, third, seventh, ninth and eleventh grounds of contest relate to the qualifications of election officers. By them Barton objects to the counting of certain returns, not on account of any illegal and wrongful act purposely committed by those officers and tending to prevent a fair expression of the popular will, but because they did not possess the qualifications required by law.
Our Constitution provides (section 10, of article 3), that “ no person shall be qualified to serve as an election officer who shall hold at the time of the election any office, appointment or employment in or under the Government of the United States.
“ Nor shall any election officer be eligible to any civil office to be filled at an election at which he shall serve.”
Our election law enacts that the County Court shall appoint three discreet persons in each township, having the qualifications of electors, to act as judges of election, and the judges shall select two persons having the like qualifications, to act as clerks. The judges are also to be able to read and write, and no candidate for any office elective at that election, is to be judge. Act of January 83, 1875, sections 3 and 100.
It is a manifest impropriety for the County Court knowfingly or carelessly to appoint as judges, and for the judges to select as clerks, persons not having the requisite qualifications. But we are not prepared to say that this is such a flagrant and incurable irregularity as to vitiate the poll. That would be to punish the people for the defaults of their agents, and to transfer elections from the qualified
*557voters to the canvassing boards. The established rule is, that informalities and slips in the minor details of an election are to be overlooked, provided they do not deprive any legal voter of his vote, nor admit a disqualified person to vote, nor cast any uncertainty on the result, and have not been brought'about by the agency of a person seeking to derive a benefit from them. The People v. Cook, 8 N. Y., 67; S. C. Brightley’s Lead. Cases on Mee., 433, where the authorities are collated.
But there is another principle of the law which is decisive of this question. These judges and clerks of election were officers de facto. Now the acts of such an officer, so far as the public is concerned, are as valid as the acts of an officer de jure. His title can not be inquired into collaterally. Eor an application of this principle to election officers, see The People v. Cook, and cases there cited, and Brightley’s Note, supra.
The fact that some of the election officers were candidates at the same election, while it might avoid the election as to them, would not affect the other candidates.
Of the fifth specification it is sufficient to say that the provision of the statute, that polls are to be closed at sunset, has been construed to be directory, not mandatory. Act of January 33, 1875, section 16; Holland v. Davies, 36 Ark., 446.
7. Same: votes0™uiegai’received.
The remaining grounds of contest, if they are true in fact, are insufficient to change the result. It is no valid objection to an election that illegal votes were received, or ° legal votes rejected, if they were not numerous enough to overcome the majority. Sudbury v. Stearns, 21 Pick., 148; Blandford v. Gibbs, 2 Cush., 39; Christ Church v. Pope, 8 Gray, 140; Ex parte Murphy, 7 Cown., 153; McNeeley v. Woodruff, 1 Green, 352; The People v. Cicott, 16 Mich., 295; The People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550; Matter Chenango Mutual Insurance Co., 19 Wend., 635.
*558The notice of contest concedes the election of the contestee upon the face of the returns, and does not state facts sufficient to set aside votes enough to elect the contestant. In truth, this result can be reached only by the suppression of the vote of whole townships for mere irregularities, not going to the merits.
Reversed and remanded, with directions to sustain the demurrer to the notice of contest.