{ "id": 1894446, "name": "Keith v. Freeman, et al.", "name_abbreviation": "Keith v. Freeman", "decision_date": "1884-11", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "296", "last_page": "307", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "43 Ark. 296" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "5 La. Ann., 675", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "La. Ann.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "3 W. Va,, 522", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "W. Va.", "case_ids": [ 8641974 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/w-va/3/0522-01" ] }, { "cite": "30 Me., 529", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Me.", "case_ids": [ 618199 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/me/30/0529-01" ] }, { "cite": "9 Mo., 878", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "27 Iowa, 356", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "19 La. Ann., 184", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "La. Ann.", "case_ids": [ 2452431 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/la-ann/19/0184-01" ] }, { "cite": "57 Penn. St., 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 1010475 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/pa/57/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "23 Ark., 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1866087 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/23/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "53 Miss., 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Miss.", "case_ids": [ 1670032 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/miss/53/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 Wend., 536", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wend.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "1 Johns., 549", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Johns.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "38 Conn., 449", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Conn.", "case_ids": [ 759975 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/conn/38/0449-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 N. Y., 375", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2052603 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ny/46/0375-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 Mich., 615", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1414809 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mich/41/0615-01" ] }, { "cite": "9 Mass., 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2029756 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/9/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 Ark., 178", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8726014 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/22/0178-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 Iowa, 389", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "26 Wis., 614", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis.", "case_ids": [ 11285808 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/wis/26/0614-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 Iowa, 456", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 2303111 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/38/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 Ark. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "19 Ark., 611", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": -1 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 917, "char_count": 20382, "ocr_confidence": 0.434, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.372364857433046e-07, "percentile": 0.9689951035755366 }, "sha256": "2b1390bbf14bd61172ae4a2458545bbec8130160d16f76365bfb24c8790676b0", "simhash": "1:7a172fa89dc8fe91", "word_count": 3641 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:16:37.449042+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Keith v. Freeman, et al." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Eakin, J.\nThis is an action of ejectment brought by the heirs of Jackson S. Freeman, who died in 1861, the recognized owner. The prima facie title of plaintiffs was. thus established.\nThe defendant Keith defended upon a tax title, alleging in his answer, that the tract of land in controversy was sold by the Collector on \u2014 day of May 1872 for the taxes of 1870 and 1871, was bid in by the State and not redeemed, and in 1845 was certified to the Commissioner of State Lands, and that on the 8th of March 1879, it was purchased of the Commissioner by parties who obtained a deed and had the same recorded, under and through whom defendant claims and holds possession. This defence was presented in the first two paragraphs, together with the statute of limitations of two years.\nThe 3d, 4th and 5th paragraphs denied, respectively, that plaintiffs were the legal owners of the land, that defendant held unlawfully and without right, and that Le unlawfully kept plaintiffs out of possession.\nThe 6th reiterated the facts as to the purchase, and set up further, that defendant and those under whom he claimed had paid the taxes of 1870 and \u201971, and had prior to the commencement of this suit made valuable improvements. Yfherefore he prayed, if dispossessed, to have repaid to him the amount originally advanced with 100 per cent, interest, and 25 per cent, per annum, upon all taxes and costs since paid, together with the full value of improvements, and that a lien be declared.\nAn amended answer, as a 7th paragraph, sets up that by virtue of said purchase from the State in 1879, and of the deed from the purchasers to defendant, he went into and now holds possession, and that more than two years had elapsed between the commencement of. the suit and the making and recording of the certificate to the State of Arkansas ; and more than two years between the begining of the suit and the date of the deed from the State. Wherefore he insists upon the bar of the statute of limitations.\nTo all these paragraphs, separately, the plaintiff demurred, and was sustained by the court as to the 3d, 4th and 5th. \u00c1s to the others the demurrer was overruled. The plaintiff excepted also to the evidence of title exhibited by the defendant, and was sustained as to what purported to be the Clerk\u2019s list and certificate of lands bid off by the State, but overruled as to the deed of the Commissioner and other mesne conveyances.\nThe cause was submitted, then, to the court, which found that the land was duly assessed, the taxes duly levied thereon, und the same duly returned delinquent for the year 1871. That they were sold, as such, by the collector, in May 1872, and bid in for the State, for said taxes of 1871. Further, that a list of said lands was made out by the County Clerk and recorded in the Record Book of the county, showing the lauds sold to tbe\nState, with amount of taxes, penalty and costs. That this record was made in June 1875, hut there was no cer tificate of the clerk with the list, nor any record of such certificate ; That the Clerk did certify to the Commissioner that said lands were sold to the State for said taxes, and had not been redeemed, showing the amount of taxes, penalty and costs, but the certificate was never recorded in the Recorder\u2019s office of the county; wherefore no title vested in the State, and the deed of the Commissioner was void. Judgment for possession was given for plaintiffs, and a lien declared in favor\" of defendant for the original purchase money with 100 per cent., subsequent taxes with 25 per cent, per annum and the value of the improvements. There was a motion for a new. trial, bill of exceptions, and appeal by defendant.\nThe Court made and refused divers declarations of asked by the pai\u2019ties. Opinions would be interminable if it were necessary to discuss and determine these in tail. They are not like instructions to a j ury, which may mislead them in their special duty of finding facts, and applying the law to the facts. It is proper that the coux\u2019t in trying a case should declare separately its finding of facts and its views of the law, because any error in the finding of facts is as much subject to correction as the vex\u2019dict of a jury. But a judgment may be correct though based on mistaken reasoning, and if thex\u2019e be no error in the finding of facts, such a judgment may well stand. Concerning the foundation facts in this case there is no dispute, and the pxfincipal questions for us ar'e; was the list of lands, delinquent for 1871 and sold to the State, certified and recorded in the couuty as required by law and if not, did it so prevent the investiture of title in the State as to make its deed invalid? If void there would arise the subsequent consideration of the statute of limitations.\nPreliminary to this, however, it may he useful to notice an irregularity which appellee contends will sustain the judgment. The warrant attached to the tax-hooks was addressed to the Sheriff instead of the Collector, from which it is contended, m effect, that the collector never had any authority to collect, and could return no delinquent list to be sold. Upon the other hand the appellant says that the sales are made by command of the law and not by virtue of the warrant, which is true. Still there must he some .subject matter upon which the lavi can operate, and there can be no sale without previous delinquency, and no delinquency without some one authorized to collect. Hence the question remains, was it a good warrant ?\nIn this State, the Sheriff was then ex-officio Collector. There may have been exceptional eases of separation of the offices, as there may be now. But it was rare. The popular mind apprehended no distinction, and it has always been the habit and is yet, not only in common parlance, but frequently in formal proceedings, to designate the Collector as Sheriff. It is not precise to do so, and official proceedings had better be precise; but the inadvertence has been so common that we fear it would unsettle large amounts of property to hold the proceedings vitiated, wherever it has occurred. Upon the other hand the subject matter so plainly shows that the Sheriff, as collector, is intended, that no harm can result from holding the warrant valid. It would be criticising too nicely to declare the warrant a nullity, unless it were shown affirmatively that the Sheriff and Collector were, indeed, different persons. The act of 1871 itself speaks of the Sheriff and Collector in the same clause as the same person, and says that \u201che\u201d shall proceed to collect the taxes, &c. See Rev. Act of 1871 p. 155, sec. 78.\nThe defect mainly relied upon is this.' By the act of 1871 lands sold to the State, were required to be conveyed by deed to the State after the time of redemption had expired. (Sec. 127 p. 170, Pamph. Acts). Before that was done, it'was enacted \u201cthat all lands forfeited to. the State for the taxes due thereon, and not sold by the State, may be redeemed by the payment of the taxes assessed against said lands with the cost of-sale,'without any penalty,\u201d and the Auditor was prohibited from offering any delinquent lands for sale until the time provided' by law for advertising and selling delinquent lands in the year 1875. (Acts of May 1874 pages 1 and 2). This would have been on the 3d Monday of May.\nOn the 5th of March 1875,. (Phamph. Acts of \u201974-5 p. 227), another revenue act was passed repealing the section of the act of 1871, being Sec. 5208 of Gantt\u2019s Digest, which required a deed to be made by the Clerk, and providing that after the two years allowed to redeem, \u201c the Clerk \u201c shall make out a certificate of sale to the State for all lands \u201cpurchased by the State as shown by the records of such \u201ctax sale in his office, which have not been redeemed, and \u201c shall state therein the amount of the taxes, penalty and \u201c costs thereon; and cause the same to be recorded in the \u201c Recorder\u2019s office of the County; and thereupon the title \u201c to all lands embraced in such certificate shall vest in the \u201c State; and the Clerk shall immediately transmit such \u201ccertificate to the Commissioner of State Lands, and \u201cthereupon the said lands shall be subject to disposal as \u201c other forfeited lands.\u201d\nIt is plain that the Legislature meant to substitute the certificate of purchase by the State, and its record, in place of the former more formal deed, and to make it the essential and substantial act for the passage of title into the State. The certificate to be sent to the Commissioner was only to advise him, and to make the lands, already passed to the State, subject to disposal as other land,.\nThe Clerk in this case, is not shown to have made any formal certificate to the State, but made and caused to be recorded a list of lands, embracing the tract in question, and showing in separate columns, the Section, Township> Range, acres, year of the taxes, valuation, different kind of tax with thir respective amounts, the total tax, the penalty, costs, and aggregate of the whole. The caption of the list was as follows :\n\u201c List of lands forfeited or sold to the State in Benton County, Ark., May 13th, 1872, for non-payment of taxes for 1871-70, and which remained unredeemed on the 21st day of April 1875.\u201d At the end the list is signed, \u201c John Black, Clerk.\u201d The court below held that this did not meet the requirements of the act, and that the title had never vested in the State, so that defendant could derive title through it.\nA certificate in its most general and widest sense is a writing to give evidence that a fact has, or has not taken place; Official certificates must be duly authenticated, or they cannot serve that purpose. It is important to the efficacy of a certificate that it should speak directly and positively to the fact to be.certified; not in any set form of words, unless it be so prescribed by the statute, but with such certainty as to leave no doubt that it means to assert the required fact or facts existing, or that the required act or acts have been done.\nThe Clerk commences his certificate with the words, \u201c List of lands forfeited, &c.\u201d There is no difference in meaning between this and saying; This is a list of lands forfeited, &c., which would be the same as to say, \u201c The following lands were forfeited, &c.\u201d This is a sufficiently clear and certain assertion, with what follows, that all the lands in the list were in fact purchased by the. State, on the day named, and that they had not been redeemed. The statements in the tabular columns sufficiently showed the amounts of the taxes, penalty and costs thereon. It was the duty of the County Clerk to keep the record of all the lands sold to the State, to note the redemptions, to report quarterly to the Auditor the amounts due the State on such redemptions, and after the time allowed for redemption, to make the certificate in question and cause it to be recorded in the Recorder\u2019s office. The certificate was required to be made from the record of the tax sales in his office, of which he had the control. No one else had the authority to make the certificate, and the Recorder could not lawfully record one, upon the instance of any one else. The word \u201c clerk \u201d appended to his name is to be understood with reference to the subject matter of the document signed, and the duties of the County Clerk and Recorder with regard thereto. The presumption, moreover, is, that these officers rightfully performed their duty. Or, rather, we may not presume that the Recorder received and recorded the certificate and list, presented by any other than the County Clerk. It would have been better that the Clerk had given his office in full, but we are nevertheless satisfied that the word \u201c clerk \u201d is to be understood as Clerk of the County Court, and that is sufficient. The Statute did not require the certificate to be authenticated by his seal of office.\nThe Circuit Court erred in holding that no certificate was appended to the list or recorded with it, and in holding also that the law was with the plaintiff.\nThe question of the Statute of Limitations, in this view is not important. The ad ult plaintiffs fail on the merits.\nDemurrers were sustained to the 3d. 4th and 5th paragraphs of defendants answer. This was proper, as those paragraphs set up only conclusions of law.\n1^ is disclosed in evidence that one of the plaintiffs, entitled to a share of the lands, to-wit \u00a1Minnie Jackson Fi\u2019eeman, whom we take to be a female, was born on the 3d of October 1862. A due tender for taxes, improvements, Ac., with the penalties and per centage on each required by law, was made in her behalf, together with that of the other plaintiffs, about a month before the commencement of the suit. She did not come of age untill the 3d of October 1880, which was less than two years before the beginning of this suit. She still had the right to redeem, but was not able to do so in the precise mode prescribed by the Act of 1871, because the lands had passed to the State out of the hands of the County Clerk, and from the control of the State by the deed of the Commissioner, all befox\u2019e she became of age. Both the State and the State\u2019s vendee took the legal title subject to her interst therein, which was a right of redemption by paying to the County Treasurer within two years after disabilities removed, for the benefit of the purchaser, an amount of money u equal to that for which such land or lot was sold for taxes, penalty and costs of advertising, and the taxes subsequently paid thereon by such purchaser, or those claiming under him, together with interest at the i-ate of ten per cent, per annum, and one hundred per cent, on the whole amount so paid, and the amount paid by purchaser for certificate of purchase, and the expense of advertisirxg \u201d required by the Act. (Acts of 1871 pp. 166 and 167). Nothing is said of improvements.\nThis right has not been cut off by the sale 'from the State. It is a fair construction, however, of the act that the State being satisfied the right to the redemption money has passed to the purchaser. Carroll v. Johnson, 41 Ark. We have deemed it proper to say this much, that the Circuit Court, and the parties may take such course in the further progress of the cause, as they may be advised to be proper and lawful concerning the interest of this particular plaintiff. To say more would be perhaps an unwise anticipation, or direction of the proceedings of a court of original jurisdiction.\nFor error in holding that the lands were not properly certified and recorded in the Recorder\u2019s office by the County Clerk, reverse the judgment and remand the cause for a new trial, and for further proceedings consistent with the law and this opinion.", "type": "majority", "author": "Eakin, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "E. P. Watson for appellant.", "L. Gregg for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Keith v. Freeman, et al.\n1. Practice in Supreme Court. Erroneous declaratio7ts of law by Circuit Court.\nWhen there is no error in the finding of the facts, nor in the judg. ment of the Circuit Court, in a case tried by the court, the judgment will be affirmed though the declarations of law by the court be erroneous.\n2. Taxes ; Warra7it to collect directed to Sheriff.\nA warrant attached to the tax book for collecting the taxes is not illegal for being addressed to the Sheriff instead of to the collector of revenue, unless the Sheriff\" and collector of the county are different persons.\n3. Tax Sales : Certificate of purchase by the State: What sufficient.\nA list of lands showing in separate columns, the sections, township, range, acres, year of the taxes, valuation, different kinds of taxes, with their respective amounts, the total taxes, penalty, costs, and aggregate of the whole, headed \u201c List of Lands forfeited or sold to the State in Benton county, Ark., May 13th, 1872, for non-payment of taxes for the years 1870-1871, and which remained unredeemed on the 21st day of March 1875,\u201d andsigned at the end \u201cJohn Black, Clerk,\u201d and recorded in the Recorder\u2019s office of the county, is a sufficient certificate of purchase by the State under the revenue Act of 1874.\n4. Pleading : Eject77ie7it; A7iswery $leadi7ig conclusions of law .\nAn answer in ejectment denying that the plaintiff is the legal owner of the land \u2014 that the defendant holds unlawfully and without right, and that he unlawfully keeps plaintiff out of possession, sets up only conclusions of law and is demurrable.\n5. Tax Sale : Redemption by infant after sale by the State,\nWhen land of an infant has been forfeited to the State and been sold by the State before his time for redemption has expired, he may redeem from the purchaser from the State, and the redemption money will belong to the purchaser- and not to the State.\nAPPEAL from Benton Circuit Court.\nHon. J. M. Pittman Circuit Judge.\nE. P. Watson for appellant.\nAppellees are -barred by limitation, Sec. 4117 Gantt\u2019s Digest, also by two years limitation curing all defects in the manner of assessing, levying of taxes or any other irregularity of any officer. Seo. 5217 Gantt\u2019s Digest.\nHaving established a prima -fade title in appellant by the certificate of the clerk duly recorded, and chain of title from the State, the burden to disprove was on appellees. Sec 5206 Gantt\u2019s Dig.; 19 Ark., 611/ 15 Id., 331.\nAs to the minors; if they have a right to redeem they must pursue the remedy provided by the statute ; if there is no statutory remedy, they must go into chancery. Carroll v. Johnson 41 Ark. 1\nThe Legislature had the right to cure all irregularities in tax sales, either by a healing act, or by an act providing that certain irregularities shall not invalidate a tax sale. See on the subject of limitation, constructive possession of wild lands, and the power to cure, &c. Lawrence v. Kennedy, 32 Wis.; 18 Id., 268; 38 Iowa, 456; 26 Wis., 614; 29 Id., 152; Parks v. C. & F. R. R., 32 Ark; 29 Iowa, 389; Cooley Cinst. Lim,, Sd Ed. p. 379, note 1 p. 381; Cooley on Taxation p. 230-1; Acts 1871, Sec. 125, p. 169, Sec 123; Oconto County v. Jerr used, 46 Wis; Cooley on Taxation p. 376, 383; Burroughs on Tax. p. 345-6 and notes; Blackwell on Tax Titles, p. 661-2-3, 672-3-4-5/ 22 Ark., 178; 20 Id., 508 ; 37 Id., 107.\nThe warrant addressed to the Sheriff was sufficient, be being ex-officio collector. He was at any rate de facto collector and.all his acts as such are valid and binding. Cooley on Taxation, 189; 9 Mass., 231*; 41 Mich., 615 ; 46 N. Y., 375 ; 38 Conn., 449; 1 Johns., 549; 25 Wend., 536 &c. But the statute was what gave him authority to sell and not the warrant. Acts 1871, p. 169 Sec. 100; Burroughs on Taxation p. 295.\nThe certificate of the clerk contains all that is required by law. Acts 1884-5 p. 227, See. 19. A certificate is a written statement of a fact signed by the officer officially. Bowvier Law Diet.; Webster Diet, in verbum.\nThe law does not require a seal. 53 Miss., 259. Ministerial acts\u2019 of clerks are not always required to be attested by seal. 1 Qreenl., Evidence.\nL. Gregg for appellees.\nThe offices of \u00a1Sheriff and Collector are different \u2014 separately bonded for &c., the duties and responsibilities are distinct and separate, and a warrant directed to the Sheriff did not authorize the collector to sell. The warrant is his authority to sell, and a pretended sale without authority is void and conferred no rights. Burroughs on Taxation, 34 ; 23 Ark., 370; 19 Id.) 602.\nA proper assessment and levy, and warrant to the collector are jurisdictional questions, and not mere irregularities \u2014 there was no authority to sell, and the sale a nullity and could not be cured or rendered valid. \u2022 See. 5217 Gantt\u2019s Dig.) Burroughs an Taxation, 34; Blackwell on Tax Titles, 445 ; 57 Penn. St., 13 ; 19 La. Ann., 184; 27 Iowa, 356.\nThe County Clerk neither made nor recorded a certificate of the sale to the State, as required by law, nor is the list made by him attested by his seal. Sec. 19 Acts 1875 p. 227; Morton v. Reeds 9 Mo., 878.\nSee. 5206 of Gantt\u2019s was never intended to, and the Legislature could not, make a deed absolutely void absolutely valid, or make ajvalid title out of a nullity.\nThe right of the minors to redeem is certainly clear. Any one legally interested in lands or owning any part thereof has the right to redeem. Burroughs' on Taxation, 366-7 and notes; 30 Me., 529 ; Blackwell on Tax Titles, 426 and 430-1.\nA tender of the taxes, penally and costs &c. is equivalent to a redemption. Cooley on Tax. par. 6, p. 367 and note 3,p. 368; 3 W. Va,, 522; 5 La. Ann., 675." }, "file_name": "0296-01", "first_page_order": 320, "last_page_order": 331 }