{ "id": 8723501, "name": "Benjamin v. Birmingham", "name_abbreviation": "Benjamin v. Birmingham", "decision_date": "1887-11", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "433", "last_page": "443", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "50 Ark. 433" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "10 Wend., 271", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wend.", "case_ids": [ 2012903 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/wend/10/0271-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 Ark., 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1864470 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/25/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Ark., 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "11 Iowa, 82", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 2276963 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/11/0082-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 Iowa, 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "1 Iowa, 426", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 8664821 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/1/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "11 Mass., 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2053443 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/11/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "16 Pick., 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pick.", "case_ids": [ 2022276 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/33/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 Mass., 14", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 1999498 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/7/0012-01" ] }, { "cite": "32 Ga., 428", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ga.", "case_ids": [ 845129 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ga/32/0428-01" ] }, { "cite": "13 Minn., 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Minn.", "case_ids": [ 746961 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/minn/13/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "16 Mass., 42", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2035293 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/16/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "2 Nev., 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Nev.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "29 Barb., 527", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Barb.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "31 Ark., 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1879244 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/31/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "19 Ark., 671", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727139 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/19/0671-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 Ark., 254", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727603 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/10/0254-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 Baxter, 567", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Baxt.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2 Wheat, 56", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "Wheat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 Ark., 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1309923 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/49/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 Mich., 354", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1346614 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich/33/0354-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 Mass., 500", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 737038 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/119/0500-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 Iowa, 118", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 2309171 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/42/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 N. Y., 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2179275 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/83/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 R. I., 169", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "R.I.", "case_ids": [ 11267950 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ri/12/0169-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 N. Y., 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2161949 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/64/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "45 Ark., 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "40 Ark. 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1897177 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/40/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "24 Ark., 359", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727046 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/24/0359-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 838, "char_count": 19898, "ocr_confidence": 0.468, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.35341413778622e-07, "percentile": 0.8748566036089362 }, "sha256": "e95f4aaf7909f5ef63b930d463d5ce55e1955b618483200325de5d3b3e76a557", "simhash": "1:3931a00c224a5eaa", "word_count": 3453 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:56:08.326499+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Benjamin v. Birmingham." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Cockrill, C. J.\nThe appellants were defendants to a. suit brought by the appellee to foreclose a vendor\u2019s lieu upon land and obtain judgment in personam for the residue of the purchase money that might remain unpaid after the sale of the land. Kidder, one of the parties, sought to be charged, died pending the suit and the cause was revived against his administrator and heirs.. Personal service was had on the defendants Potts, Benjamin and Dill and the heirs and administrator of Kidder;. Slack and Hellmich are non-residents and were served by publication of warning order. There was no defense by any one, except through the guardian ad litem for Kidder\u2019s minor heirs. The complaint was taken as confessed against the defendants who. were personally served, except the infant heirs of Kidder. The plaintiff adduced oral proof to sustain the complaint as to the-others, the substance of which the court caused to be brought upon the record by embodying it in the recitals of \u2019the decree. The proof was no broader than the allegations of the complaint, except as to Kidder\u2019s personal liability. The decree condemned the lands to be sold to satisfy the full amount of purchase money claimed in the complaint, and judgment of recovery was rendered,against Potts, Benjamin, Dill and Kidder\u2019s administrator. An appeal has been prosecuted\u2019on behalf of all the defendants.\nThe non-resident defendants who were only constructively served, assign it as . error that no attorney ad litem, was appointed in their behalf; the infant heirs of Kidder say that there is no record entry showing the appointment of a guardian ad litem to defend for them, and that the attorney who acted for them in that capacity and filed an answer for them was the attorney of record for their co-defendant, Potts, whose interest was antagonistic to their own. Benjamin and Dill submit that the decree -in personam against them is not warranted by the record, and Kidder\u2019s administrator assigns the same ground of error as to the judgment of recovery against his intestate\u2019s estate.\nAs'the complaint was taken as confessed against the defendants'last named, the correctness of the judgment against them is only a question whether the complaint sets forth facts sufficient .to warrant the judgment. The complaint alleged that Birmingham,- the appellee, sold the land to Potts and delivered him a, deed for $2000.00, receiving $400.00 in cash, and Potts\u2019 four promissory notes for the residue, reserving a lien in his deed for the unpaid purchase money; that Potts, in making the purchase, acted as the agent of Slack, Benjamin, Kidder, Dill and Hellmich ; that shortly after his purchase, Potts conveyed the lands to Slack, as trustee, for his co-defendants upon the consideration that Slack, as trustee, should pay .the purchase mouey which Potts had contracted to pay to Birmingham. The deed from Potts to Slack, which is made an exhibit to. the complaint, does not name the parties for whose benefit Slack was to hold the title to the land, and neither Benjamin, Dill, Kidder-nor Hellmich is mentioned in it. The deed is a conveyance to Slack as \u201ctrustee for himself and others\u2019 aud contains these clauses, viz : \u201c for the further consideration of $1600.00 together with interest thereon to be paid to myself (Potts) or T. M. C. Birmingham, as follows, &c., ****** by the said W. D. Slack, trustee for himself and others ; \u201d and \u201cif the said W. D. Slack, trustee, should choose to pay said moneys to Birmingham on my said notes (meaning Potts\u2019 notes for the purchase money of the land) that in that event he is to return said notes duly receipted.\u201d The complaint alleges that \u201cthe others\u201d referred to in Potts\u2019 conveyance are Benjamin, Dill, Kidder and Hellmich, for whom and the said Slack the lands were purchased by Potts ; and that Slack,, by accepting the deed for them bound himself and the others for whom he held the title, personally to the payment of the purchase price due from Potts to the plaintiff ; that when the first of the Potts notes fell due, Slack and the others acting in conjunction with him paid it off, and that when the second one matured they executed and delivered to the plaintiff their own joint and several obligation to pay the amount thereof at a future day. The three unpaid notes executed by Potts and the note of Slack, Benjamin and the others, were filed with the complaint as exhibits, or set out in extenso in it.\nUpon this state of record the' learned counsel for the -appellee certified the cause as an appeal taken for delay merely; but to affirm the judgment iri\u2019toto requires the adoption of several propositions which we cannot approve.\nI. There was no error in the proceedings against Kidder\u2019s heirs, They, with their natural guardian, were regularly served with process. James E. Read appeared and filed an answer for them, as ad litem, denying the' allegations of the complaint; and the final judgment recites.that Read appeared in pursuance of a due and proper appointment by the court as guardian ad litem. This was sufficient to establish his authority. See Rust v. Rives, 24 Ark., 359.\nAs to the other objections made by them, we do not know judicially that James F. Read was attorney for any party in the cause and for that reason inelligible to serve as guardian ad litem. Mansf. Dig., sec. 4958. Clen-denning & Read sign Potts\u2019 answer as attorneys for him, but the identity of the surnames raises no presumption of the identity of the persons.\nII. As to the non-resident defendants.\nBefore judgment can be regularly rendered a defendant only constructively summoned, and who has not appeared, an attorney must . , . appointed at least sixty days in advance to notify him of the action and defend for him. The statute requires it (Mansf. Dig., sec. 5190) and the provision is mandatory. Bush v. Visart, 40 Ark. 124. It is error, therefore, to proceed to judgment without complying with the requirement.\nIII. The question of the personal liability of Benjamin and the others standing with him, is more difficult to solve. It maybe taken as settled that when one deals \u00b0 \u2022 with an agent without knowing of the agency, he may elect to treat the after discovered principal as the person with whom he contracted, and maintain his action accordingly. Foster v. State, 45 Ark., 367; Wharton on Agency, sec. 298. This is true although the contract is in writing and affects real estate. Briggs v. Patridge, 64 N. Y., 357; Williams v. Gillias, 75 Ib., 580; Shaeffer v. Hinkle, Ib., 378; Nicoll v. Bourke, 78 Ib., 580.\nIt is- not necessary to the validity of the contract under the statute of frauds that the writing disclose the principal; and it may be shown by parol that the agent who made the contract in his own name, was acting for another. Cases, Supra, Ford v. Williams, 21 How., ( U. S.) 287, When it is sought to charge an undisclosed principal as the responsible purchaser, as in this case, the statute of frauds is no protection to him, because the contract of the vendee is not required to be in writing. Briggs v. Patridge 64 N. Y., Sup. But this doctrine of principal and agency invoked by the appellee to sustain the liability of Benjamin, Dill and Kidder\u2019s administrator, can have no application in the solution of the question, because the allegations of the complaint go to show that the extent of Potts\u2019 agency and of his authority to bind these\u201ddefendants, is just what is evidenced by the language of his conveyance to Slack, as trustee. Construing the allegations \u201cof the complaint most liberally, we can infer only that this conveyance executes the power in pursuance of which Potts purchased the land for the defendants from Birmingham. If he was not authorized to bind his co-defendants personally in making the purchase, the act of purchasing in his own name did not have that effect. The intention of the parties as to the extent of their obligation is the controlling test, and that intention must find expression in words or acts in order to give the vendor a cause of action against the undisclosed vendees. It found expression, in this controversy, in the conveyance' from Potts to Slack as trustee. The stipulations in it about the payment of the purchase money set forth above, are in effect an agreement by Slack as trustee, to discharge the debt which Potts owed Birmingham and which was secured by a lien on the land. The acceptance of the deed by Slack to hold for himself and others, containing this provision, bound him as effectually as though the deed had been signed by him. Biusse v. Paige, 1 N. Y. Ct. of App. Dec. 138 & n. Urquhart v. Brayton, 12 R. I., 169; Sand v. Kennedy, 83 N. Y., 149; Lamb v. Tucker, 42 Iowa, 118; Furnas v. Durgin, 119 Mass., 500; Crawford v. Edwards, 33 Mich., 354.\nAnd Birmingham, for whose benefit the agreement was made, can maintain his action against Slack directly to recover the debt assumed by him. Cases, Supra; Ringo v. Wing., 49 Ark., 457; Johnson v. Walker, 25 Ib., 196.\nBut' the question presented by this (appeal is, are Benjamin, Dill and Kidder\u2019s administrator bound equally with Slack? They are not named in the deed, but the complaint alleges, and Potts testified, that they were the parties referred to as the \u201cothers.\u201d But there are no words used in the instrument implying an undertaking on the part of the \u201c others \u201d to pay the Birmingham debt; and it throws no light on the question of personal liability to show that the \u201cothers\u201d theie referred to are the parties above named. The fact that they were beneficiaries under that deed is not enough to establish a personal liability to discharge the debt due from Potts to his grantor for the purchase money. In order to give that effect to the acceptance of the Potts conveyance, the language of the instrument should express that intention. Collins v. Rowe, 1 Abb. New Cases, 97; Biusse v. Paige, 1 N. Y. Ct. of App. Dec. sup.; 3 Wash. Real Prop. * 672, sec. 35, a.\nThe obligation assumed by Slack ca.nnot be said to be the promise of the others. The insertion of the words \u201ctrustee \u2019 for himself and others,\u201d after his name, is only as matter of description to show the character in which he acts for his after protection, and it does not affect the rights or remedies of the others parties. Duval v. Craig, 2 Wheat, 56. The direct, express obligation of a trustee does not bind the persons for whose benefit he acts, but himself only. Story Prom. Notes, sec. 63; Conn v. Scruggs, 5 Baxter, 567; Underwood v. Milligan, 10 Ark., 254; McDaniel v. Parks, 19 Ark., 671. His powers are limited to the performance of the duties imposed upon him. He has no principal to-bind. There is nothing in this record to show,, nothing from which it can be inferred, that Slack\u2019s obligation to pay is the act of the others. It may be that the others were willing to enter into an agreement between themselves and with Potts to enjoy a commmunity of interest in the land upon the condition that Slack alone should be personally liable for the debt to Birmingham. Motives of prudence would prompt such an agreement. It was competent for them to make that arrangement and if it was satisfactory to Potts, Birmingham cannot complain. As far as-record shows, Potts was content to rely solely upon Slack\u2019s obligation to hold him harmless,and Birmingham cannot claim to be subrogated to any greater right than his debtor, Potts, is shown to possess.\nThe fact that these defendants joined in making the payment of the first instalment of the purchase money for which Potts had given his notes, and in entering into a personal obligation to pay the second, after.the execution of the deed to Slack by Potts, does not, of itself, establish a ratification of Potts\u2019 acts so as raise a promise to pay the residue-of his indebtedness. It may have seemed to their interest,, at that time, to discharge that part of the incumbrance and relieve iheir title to that extent; but the discharge of a part of the purchase money incumbrance which they were under-no legal obligation to pay, raises no presumption of' a promise to pay off the residue. The. act is consistent with their non-liability. Williams v. Gillies, 75 N. Y. sup., (p. 201.)\nThey became personally bound to Birmingham to the extent of their written obligation to him to discharge Potts\u2019 second note, and to that extent the court was warranted by the record in rendering a personal judgment against Benjamin, Dill and Kidder\u2019s administrator.\nCounsel have not touched upon the question whether the proof shows that Kidder, unlike the others, confirmed all that Potts did by acts in pais, and we therefore waive it.\nThe appellee argues that we should presume that decree is sustained by sufficient evidence because the record discloses that oral testimony was adduced at the hearing, and there is no bill of exceptions. But the oral testimony heard by the court was reduced to writing and embodied as a recital in the record of the decree, and is thus brought upon the record with as much certainty as could have been done by means of a bill of exceptions. The decree shows affirmatively that all the evidence considered by the court is in the record. No bill of exceptions was necessary.\nNo suggestion of error as to Potts has been made.\nThe decree will be reversed as to Slack and Hellmich. As they have entered their appearance by prosecuting the appeal, no attorney ad litem need be appointed for them in subsequent proceedings. Their appearance in the cause is general. Hodges v. Frazer, 31 Ark., 58.\nThe judgment in personam against Benjamin, Dill and the estate of Kidder, in excess of the amount due on the note executed by them and Kidder to Birmingham, is reversed. Otherwise the decree is affirmed. The cause will be remanded to the Logan circuit court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion..", "type": "majority", "author": "Cockrill, C. J." } ], "attorneys": [ "M. W. Benjamin, for appellant.", "Sam. W, Williams, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Benjamin v. Birmingham.\n1. Guardian ad Litem: : Authority of: Medial in judgment.\nWhere the final judgment in a cause recites that one who had filed an answer therein as guardian adlitemiov infant defendants, appeared in pursuance of a due and proper appointment by the court, this is sufficient to establish his authority.\n2. Practice: Judgment against defendant constructively summoned: Appointment of . attorney.'\nIt is error to render judgment against a defendant constructive! j summoned, and who has not appeared in the action, when no attorney to defend for him has heen appointed as required by Mansf. Dig., sec. 5190.\nZ, \"Vendor, and Vendee : Purchase of lands by agent: Personal liability of principal.\nThe plaintiff sold an 1 conveyed to the defendant P., certain lands for $2000.00, receiving $400.00 in cash and P.\u2019s four promissory notes tor the residue of the purchase money, for which he reserved a lien in his deed. P. in making the purchase acted as the agent of his co-defendants, and soon afterwards conveyed the lands to defendant S., \u201ctrustee for himself and others,\u201d by a deed which contained these clauses: 41 For the further consideration of $1600.00 to be paid to myself or \u2018B.,\u2019 (the plaintiff,)\u201d as follows, eic., * * * by the said S., trustee for himself and othersand \u201cjf the said S., trustee, should choose to pay said moneys to B., on my said notes (meaning P/s notes for the unpaid purchase money) then ia that event, he is to return said notes duly receipted.\u201d When the first of P/s notes fell due, hisoo-defendanis,[S.and\u201dtheoth-\u2022ers\u201d referred to in his deed,] paid it; and when the second note matured, they executed to the plaintiff their joint and several obligation to pay the amount thereof ata future day. In an action brought to enforce the plaintiff\u2019s lien and to obtain a judgment in personam for the amount of the three unpaid notes executed by P,, held : \u2022(I.) That the acceptance of P.\u2019s deed with the stipulation it embraceced as to the pay-mentof the four notes, was in effect an agreement by S. to pay the balance due on the purchase money of the land; aud as the agreement was made for the benefit of the plaintiff) he could maintain an action upon it against S. directly, to recover the balance due on the debt thus assumed: (2.) That in the absence of any words in P.\u2019s deed to S., implying an undertaking on the part of their co-defendants to pay the \u2022debt due from P. to the plaintiff, the fact that they were beneficiaries under that deed, did not make them personally liable therefor, and it was error to render a personal judgment against them for any part of such debt, except that represented by P/s second note for the payment of which they became personally bound by their written obligation to the plaintiff.\n\u25a0A, Bill op Exceptions : When not necessary.\nWhere oral testimony adduced at the hearing of a chancery cause, is reduced to writing and embodied as a recital in the decree, no bill of exceptions is necessary to bring it \u00a1upon the record.\nAPPEAL from Logan Circuit Court in Chancery.\nR. B. Rutherford, Judge.\nM. W. Benjamin, for appellant.\nI. There is no record entry showing the appointment \u2022of a guardian ad litem for the heirs of Kidder. Read, who acted as such, was the attorney of Potts, whose interest was adverse. Mansf. Dig., sees. 4957-8,\nII. No attorney ad litem was appointed to defend for the non-resident defendants. Mansf. Dig., secs. 5190, .5201.\nIII. No personal decree could be rendered against .Black, or any one for 'whom he was trustee, 40 Barb., \u25a0226; 29 Barb., 527.\nThe intention of the parties as expressed in the instrument determines wbo are the contracting parties. There is nothing in the deed or notes to show any one to b\u00e9 a \u25a0contracting party except Potts. 2 Nev., 18; 16 Mass., 42; 13 Minn., 106; 42 111., 288; 32 Ga., 428; 7 Mass., 14; 1 Mar. <& J., 622; 1 Lans. (N. Y.,) 282; 16 Pick., 347; 11 Mass., 27; 1 Iowa, 426; 7 Iowa, 504; 4 Green, (la.) 428; 11 Iowa, 82; 3 Dana, (Ky.) 237.\nSam. W, Williams, for appellee.\nIt is evident from the whole case, that Birmingham has \u2022a vendor\u2019s lien; that a personal decree was properly rendered against Potts, and must be affirmed; for the decree is divisible, (Mansf. Dig., 1313,) and as judgment might have been properly given against one or more below and \u25a0continued as to the balance, (Mansf. Dig., 5165,) so it may be, and if proper should be, affirmed as to all \u2022against whom the judgment should have been rightfully rendered. The personal judgment against Potts was proper, lb., sec. 5170, and should be affirmed, even if \u25a0erroneous as to others. . The presumption in the absence \u2022of exceptions and appearance is that the court proceeded regularly. The failure to appoint an attorney ad litem, was an error, which should have been corrected below. \u25a033 Ark., 17; 37 Id., 549. Benjamin and Bill were served; they do not controv\u00e9rt or deny that Potts was acting for them, and the acceptance of the deed reciting the assumption of payment of the notes bound them. They thereby ratified the acts of their agent Potts. This, even if there was no agency, was a purchase of land upon an \u2022agreement to pay Potts\u2019 debt, and became both a lien cn land and a personal debt by novation. 39 Ark., 379. The creditor of Potts has'a personal right*of' action. Abb. Tr. Ev., p. 386.' 25 Ark., 106. Potts\u2019 authority could be proved by parol, and did not contradict the writing. Abb. Tr. Ev., p. 43, seo. 35, p. 402, seo. 26;- 1 Dan. Neg. InSt., 283. \u25a0\nIt Potts acted for them, or they ratified his acts, they are liable. 10 Wend., 271; Dan. Neg. Inst., p. 285, seo. 305. By accepting the deed with the stipulation- to pay the Potts notes they became bound.\nThe cause was heard on complaint, answer -and oral evidence. There is no bill of exceptions setting out the testimony, and this court will presume that there was-evidence to sustain the decree.'\nThere is no proof that Jas. P. Read, who acted as-guardian ad litem, was the same Read who was attorney for Potts. In the absence of proof this court will not presume as to the identity of the parties." }, "file_name": "0433-01", "first_page_order": 441, "last_page_order": 451 }