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      "Johnson v. Dooley."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Wood, J.\nThis appeal is from a judgment of the Pulaski circuit court in favor of appellee, based upon the following instrument: \u201c$1,000. Keesville, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1882. On the first day of January, 1883, for value received, I promise to pay Laura S. Hewitt one thousand dollars, with interest, payable in levee bonds of the state of Arkansas, at par, and at Little Rock, in said state. N. G. Hewitt.\u201d\nThe case was tried by the court sitting as a jury, and the facts, as found by the court, are as follows: \u201cThe court finds the note executed August 3, 1882, and due January 1, 1883; that N. G. Hewett died February 6, 1887, and letters of administration were issued on his \u00e9state February 19,1887; [that] the claim was presented in due form of law to the administrator on December 15, 1888, within two years of granting of letters; that the levee bonds and furniture, claimed to have been accepted under the agreement of December, 1886, were never, in fact, delivered and accepted in satisfaction of said note, and that the accord was never consummated, though it was agreed upon by the parties; and plaintiff is entitled to judgment for $1,000 interest at 6 per cent, from August 3, 1882.\u201d The court declared the law as follows: \u201cThe note is for $1,000, with interest at 6 percent, from date, with right of maker to discharge in levee bonds at their face at maturity. Not having been so discharged, the maker was liable for the amount stated in money, and, this never having been paid or settled, the plaintiff is entitled to judgment for the full amount and interest from date, and judgment ordered accordingly.\nThe woi\u2019d \u201cpayable,\u201d whexx used in comixiereial transactioxxs, and in instruments like the one in suit, means \u201cto be paid,\u201d rather than \u201cwhich maybe paid.\u201d Century Diet. \u201cPayable,\u201d 2. Both texuns, when used in similar instruments, received an early construction by this court, which has not been departed from, axxd to which we adhere. In Day v. Lafferty, 4 Ark. 450, the suit was in covenaxxt upon the following instrument: \u201c$129.50. By the first of April next, we px\u2019omise to pay Lorenzo D. Lafferty one hundred and twenty-nine dollars and fifty cents, for value received, payable in current Arkansas Bank Notes. Witness our hands and seals, this 24th December, 1870.\u201d A plea of tender was set up, and a demurrer was sustained to said plea by the lower court, one reason being \u201cthat tender was not made on the day of payment.\u201d In discussing this, the court, through Judge Dickinson, said: \u201cWe consider the law well settled that, if a party covenants to pay in specific articles, he must meet his contract at the time and in the manner specified. Tender cannot be made after the day, unless the damages are capable of being x\u2019educed to certainty by computation; nor can it be px\u2019etended that it is possible to do so, in this instance, without the intexwention of a jury.\u201d In Gist v. Gans, 30 Ark. 309, Judge English, after quoting the above, said: \u201cThe effect of this decision is that the obligation sued on was not payable in money, but in bank notes, the value of which would have to be assessed as damages. In Dillard v. Evans, 4 Ark. 176, the suit was in debt on a note payable \u201cin the common curreixcy of Arkansas,\u201d and it was held that the note sued on was not an obligation for the direct payment of money.\u201d See also Hudspeth v. Gray, 5 Ark. 157; Graham v. Adams, 5 Ark. 262; Hawkins v. Watkins, 5 Ark. 481; Wallace v. Henry, 5 Ark. 107; Sims v. Whitlock, 5 Ark. 103; Wilburn v. Greer, 6 Ark. 358; Bizzell v. Brewer, 9 Ark. 58.\nIn the case of Gregory v. Bewley, 5 Ark. 518, the writing sued on was as follows: \u201cOne day after date we or either of us promise to pay to Hawkins Gregory, executor of the estate of R. T. Banks, deceased, the sum of two hundred and twenty-seven dollars and twenty-five cents, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum until paid, which may be discharged in Arkansas money.\u201d In Hays v. Tuttle, 8 Ark. 124, the writing sued on was a note in the ordinary form for forty dollars, with this closing sentence: \u201cThis note may be paid in the currency of Arkansas.\u201d In these cases it was held that the words \u201cmay be discharged,\u201d or \u201cmay be paid,\u201d imported an alternative condition in the writing by which the maker might discharge his obligation for the payment of money at maturity in the particular funds or property specified, but, if he failed to do so at maturity, the privilege was gone, and the obligation to pay in money or specie became absolute. There is no conflict between these cases and Day v. Lafferty and other cases, supra, but a clear distinction, which Judge Sebastian recognizes in Gregory v. Bewley, supra, as follows: \u201cThe obligation here sued on is distinguishable from the case of one payable primarily in common currency of Arkansas.\u201d Citing Dillard v. Evans and Hudspeth v. Gray, supra.\nThe obligation in the case at bar was payable primarily \u201cin levee bonds of the State of Arkansas.\u201d There is nothing in the record to show that the term \u201cpayable\u201d in the obligation sued on was used in any other than the sense in which that term is usually employed in ordinary commercial or other business transactions. The common acceptation of the term, when so used, is \u201cto be paid,\u201d as indicated in the beginning of this opinion, and it does not signify any alternative condition, privilege or option, but the positive and absolute condition of payment at the time, place and in the specific funds named. The court therefore erred in its declaration of law.\nWe find no other error; but for this the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for new trial.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Wood, J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Dodge, Johnson, Carroll & Pemberton, for appellant.",
      "P. C. Dooley, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Johnson v. Dooley.\nOpinion delivered February 19, 1898.\nBills and Notes \u2014 Promise to Pay in Bonds. \u2014 A note for $1,000, \u201cpayable in levee bonds of the state of Arkansas at par,\u201d is not an undertaking for the payment of money, but for the payment in such bonds absolutely, so that the payee, on the maker\u2019s default, is entitled to damages only to the extent of the value of such bonds, and not to the sum of money named, with interest. (Page 74.)\nAppeal from Pulaski Circuit-Court.\nJoseph W. Martin, Judge.\nDodge, Johnson, Carroll & Pemberton, for appellant.\n\u2022A claim must be properly authenticated when presented to an administrator, in order to give a right of action thereon for his refusal of it. Sand. & H. Dig., \u00a7\u00a7 114, 119; 30 Ark. 755; 48 Ark. 304; 48 Ark. 360. In a suit by an administrator, neither party will be allowed to testify against the other, as to transactions with the deceased. Const, of Ark. \u00a7 2 of schedule; 26 Ark. 476; 31 Ark. 364; 30 Ark. 285; 43 Ark. 307; 51 Ark. 401; 52 Ark. 550; 54 Ark. 185. Express waiver of actual production does away with the necessity for it in a tender. 66 Me. 459; Clark, Cont. 641; 57 Conn. 105. If a new agreement or contract is accepted in satisfaction of a claim, the accord and satisfaction is good without performance. 3 Johns. (N. Y.) 243; 49 Am. Dee. 65; 11 Tex. 336; 1 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.,) 243, and cases cited in note 2. The new agreement entered into by the parties took the place of the original one. 23 Yt. 561; 8 Yt. 141; Clark, Cont. 611; Lawson, Cont. \u00a7 395; 119 N. Y. 198; 39 Mich. 436;37 N. E. 456; 36 Pac. 1098; 82 Yt. 614 and cases cited; 28 Ark. 193. The suit should have been based on the new agreement, which was not a promissory note, but a contract for the delivery of goods. 3 McLain, 106; 14 Peters, 299; 11 Humph. 439; 3 Yerger, 435; 5 Grattan, 163; 23 Wend. 73; 6 Cowen, 108. The most to which the appellee can claim to be entitled to recover would be the value of the bonds, and not the amount of the original note. 4 Ark. 176; 3 Mon. 166; 5 Litt. 225; 5 Litt. 335; 4 Ark. 368. Hence, no such money judgment should have been rendered. 5 Ark. 262; ib. 481; Chitty, Bills, 152; Baily, 11; 4 Mass. 245; 5 Cow. 186; 10 Serg. & Rawle, 94; 3 Ark. 73; 5 Ark. 107; ib. 103; 6 ib. 358; Mar. & Yer. 225; 1 Rand. Com. Pap. \u00a7 96, and cases cited in note; ib. \u00a7 101; 5 Ark. 105; 1 Pars. Notes, 37 and 45; Story on Prom. Notes, \u00a7\u00a7 17 and 18; 9 Ark. 58; 4 Ark. 534; ib. 147; 31 Ark. 319.\nP. C. Dooley, for appellee.\nThe phrase in the note, \u201cpayable in levee bonds of the state of Arkansas, etc.\u201d simply gives the maker the privilege to so pay the note. If the option is not taken advantage of, it is forfeited, and the obligation becomes absolute for the payment of money. 5 Ark. 318; 4 Ark. 450; Hardin, 508; 2 M. Const. Rep.' (S. C.) 447; Bac. Abr. title \u201cDebt;\u201d 4 Ark. 175; 5 Ark. 151; 9 Ark. 58; 30 Ark. 285; 8 Ark. 124; 2 Parsons, Cont. 163; 7 Ala. 175; 4 Yerger, 177; 5 Humph. 423; 14 Vt. 457; 3 Day, 327; 1 O. (Hammond), 524; 3 Sneed, 145; 4 Humph. 336; ib. 247; 5 Yerger (Tenn.), 435; 31 Ark. 319. An accord, to be a bar, must be received and accepted as a satisfaction. Accord without satisfaction is no bar, and, even if Mrs. Hewitt agreed to the alleged new agreement, it was never executed, nor was performance tendered to her. Hence it is no discharge of the first obligation. 33 Fed. 5; 2 Ark. 45; 4 Ark. 203; 54 Ark. 185; 33 Ark. 572; 64 Am. Dec. 143; 2 H. Black. 317; 4 Paige, 305; 44 Me. 121; 110 Mass. 202; 10 Allen, 516; 72 Me. 481; 1 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, p. 95; 23 Wend. 342; 5 Johns. 392; 19 Wend. 408; 2 Miss. 584; 22 Wend. 325; 13 Mass. 424; 64 Me. 563; 57 N. JS.511; 12 E. I. 344; 38 Fed. 5; 4 Ark. 193; T.Raym. 203; 2 Keble,690; 9 Rep. 79b; Croke, Eliz., 46; T. Raym. 450; T. Jones, 158; 2 Keble, 332; ib. 534; ib. 851; 2 Iowa, 553; 3 Johns. Cas. 243; 5 Johns. 386; 8 Ohio, 393; 7 Blackf.582; 23 Wend. 342; 2 Pike, 45; 23 Wend. 342; 14 B. Mon. 457; 1 Gray, 245; 20 Wall. 289; 13 How. 355. The presentment to the administrator was sufficient to base suit on. 29 Ark. 243; 20 Ark. 424; 19 ib. 224; 25 Ark. 220; 13 Ark. 276; 21 Ark. 274."
  },
  "file_name": "0071-01",
  "first_page_order": 87,
  "last_page_order": 91
}