{ "id": 1524507, "name": "Land v. State", "name_abbreviation": "Land v. State", "decision_date": "1907-10-28", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "199", "last_page": "202", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "84 Ark. 199" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "69 Ark. 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "13 Neb. 193", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Neb.", "case_ids": [ 4400195 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/neb/13/0193-01" ] }, { "cite": "34 Kans. 96", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan.", "case_ids": [ 1127589 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/kan/34/0096-01" ] }, { "cite": "37 S. C. 263", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "S.C.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "116 N. 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State." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "McCueroch, J.\nAppellant, James Land, was adjudged at the trial below to be the father of a bastard child, and appeals from that judgment.\nThe trial jury, in addition to finding that appellant is the father of the child, assessed the lying-in expenses of the mother and a monthly sum for the maintenance of the child, and the court rendered judgment against him for the amounts, in accordance with the provision of the statute, which is to the effect that, unless the defendant in a bastardy case shall pay the judgment for lying-in expense, together with the costs of the case, \u201cthen the court shall have the power to commit the accused person to jail until the same shall be paid,\u201d and that if he shall neglect or refuse to give bond for payment of the monthly sum allowed for maintenance of the child the court \u201cshall commit him to the jail of the county there to remain until he shall comply with such order or until he shall be otherwise discharged according to law.\u201d Act March 17, 1879, Kirby\u2019s Digest, \u00a7 \u00a7 486, 487. The appellant objected to the judgment committing him to jail, and now asks that it be set aside.\nCounsel for appellant contend that the statute in question authorizing the court in bastardy cases to commit the defendant to jail for failure to comply with the judgment of the court is void. They say that, inasmuch as a proceeding to affiliate a bastard child is of a civil and not a criminal nature, the effect of the order committing the defendant to jail is imprisonment for debt, which the Constitution prohibits.\nIt is true that the court has held proceedings of this kind to be of civil and not criminal nature. Pearce v. State, 55 Ark. 387; Chambers v. State, 45 Ark. 56. But it does not follow from this that the Legislature can not impower the court trying the case to enforce its judgment by committal to jail. On the contrary, such authority may be given,\u2019 according to the great weight of the adjudged cases, as a proper exercise of the police power of the State, as a regulation for the good of society and public order. Bell v. State, 124 Ala. 77; Lower v. Wallick, 25 Ind. 68; Ex parte Wheeler, 34 Kansas, 96; Ex parte J. C. H., 17 Fla. 362; Ex parte Bridgeforth, 77 Miss. 532; State v. Brewer, 38 S. C. 263; State v. Giles, 103 N. C. 391; Musser v. Stewart, 21 Ohio St. 353; Ex parte Cottrell, 13 Neb. 193.\n\u201cThe statute,\u201d says the Ohio court, \u201cis in the nature of a police regulation. Its main object is to furnish maintenance for the child and indemnity to the public against liability for its support. The act of the putative father is regarded as an offense against the peace and good order of society, and the penalty which the law imposed for his transgression is to enforce upon him the duty of making provision for the maintenance of his illegitimate offspring.\u201d Musser v. Stewart, supra. The obligation of the father does not arise out of contract, express or implied, but payment or security for payment is exacted of him by operation of 'law as indemnity to the public against the burden of supporting the child. The power to require indemnity implies adequate power to enforce the requirement, and the only way in which the court can enforce its order is to imprison the accused until the order is complied with.\nBut it is said that where the accused is unable to comply with the order the result is to imprison him for an indefinite length of time, perhaps for life. This, of course, depends on his ability or inability to comply with the order of the court. We have no such question before us in this record, as no effort was made by the appellant to show that he was unable to pay the lying-in expense and cost, or to give bond for payment of the monthly allowance. The statute clearly gives the court power to discharge the defendant from custody when it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the court that he can not comply with the order.\nImprisonment under this statute may be likened to that for failure in a divorce case to comply with an order of the court with respect to alimony. This court said, in a case of that kind, \u201cthat imprisonment in such a case is justified on the ground of willful disobedience to the orders of the court; and, so soon as it is ma'de to appear that the defendant is unable to comply with the orders of the court, he should be discharged.\u201d Ex parte Caple, 81 Ark. 504.\nThe orders of the court in the present case followed closely the language of the'statute, and there is nothing in the record to show that it was not properly made.\nIt is next contended that the court erred in permitting an exhibition to the trial'jury of the bastard child. While the record does not specificially disclose the purpose of the prosecution in making the exhibition to the jury, it is necessarily inferred that an opportunity' was sought to allow the jury to observe whether or not the child bore any resemblance to the putative father. There is some conflict in the authorities on this question, but the following cases properly, we think, establish the rule that it is not error to allow the child to be exhibited to the jury. Crow v. Jordon, 49 Ohio St. 655; State v. Woodruff, 67 N. C. 89; Gilmanton v. Ham, 38 N. H. 108; Gaunt v. State, 50 N. J. L. 490; Scott v. Donovan, 153 Mass. 378; Jones v. Jones, 45 Md. 144.\nThe cases that hold to the contrary base the conclusion upon the inherent weakness of such testimony.\nWe think, however, that the weight to be given to the testimony is for the jury, and its weakness or uncertainty affords no reason for excluding it.\nThe youth of the child and the relative improbability of a child of that age having any perceptible resemblance to its parent goes to the weight of the evidence, rather than to the question of its admissibility.\nNo other grounds for reversal of the judgment have been suggested by counsel. The evidence as to the paternity of the child was conflicting, but it was abundant to warrant the verdict.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "McCueroch, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Hunt & Toney, for appellant.", "Byron Herring, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Land v. State.\nOpinion delivered October 28, 1907.\n1. Bastardy \u2014 power to imprison. \u2014 Though a proceeding to affiliate a bastard child is a civil proceeding, the power given to the court by Kirby\u2019s Digest, \u00a7 \u00a7 486, 487, -to commit the father to jail for failure to pay the judgment for lying-in expenses and to give the required bond for payment of the monthly allowance for the child\u2019s maintenance is a proper exercise of the police power of the State, and not an imprisonment for debt. (Page 200.)\n2. Same \u2014 evidence\u2014exhibition op chied. \u2014 It is not error in a bastardy case to permit the child to be exhibited to the jury. (Page 202.)\nAppeal from Cleveland Circuit Court; Zachariah T. Wood, Judge;\naffirmed.\nHunt & Toney, for appellant.\n1. It is error to exhibit a bastard child to the jury on the trial. 16 111. App. 299; 19 Ind. 152; 24 Neb. 33; 23 Utah, 541; 64 Wise. 84. Also to show that the child resembles person charged to be its father, or to show color of its hair and eyes, etc., 4 Allen (Miss.), 435; 43 Md. 144; 16 Me. 38; 29 Hun (N. Y.), 47. The resemblance of an infant is too indistinct and uncertain. 80 Me. 454; 81 Minn. 501; 40 S. W. Rep. 589; 48 Iowa, 43; 64 Wise. 84; 112 Id. 416.\n2. The imprisonment feature of the sentence should have been stricken out. Sections 486-7, Kirby\u2019s Digest, are unconstitutional and void. Bastardy is in the nature of a civil, and not a criminal, proceeding. \u25a0\u25a0 45 Ark. 56; 55 Id. 387; 61 Id. 507. No person can be imprisoned for debt. Art. 2, \u00a7 \u00a7 9 and 16, Const. Ark.; 2 G. Greene (Iowa), 501; 2 Conn. 357; 6 Blackf. 1; 11 N. H. 137; Kirby\u2019s Digest, \u00a7 \u00a7 720, 723, 486; 59 Ark. 237. See also 1 Martin, Chan. Dec. p. 328.\nByron Herring, for appellee.\nThe affidavit was based on Kirby\u2019s Digest, \u00a7 482, and case was tried on Id. \u00a7 486. The imprisonment was a mere police regulation, and the law is not void. 21 Ohio St. 353; 116 N. C. 981; 37 S. C. 263; 34 Kans. 96; 13 Neb. 193; 69 Ark. 378." }, "file_name": "0199-01", "first_page_order": 221, "last_page_order": 224 }