{ "id": 1519124, "name": "Phoenix Assurance Company, Limited, v. Ludwig", "name_abbreviation": "Phoenix Assurance Co. v. Ludwig", "decision_date": "1908-10-12", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "465", "last_page": "471", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "87 Ark. 465" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "9 N. J Eq. 401", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 797907 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/9/0401-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Miss. 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Miss.", "case_ids": [ 1659090 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/miss/27/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 Col. 464", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Col.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "15 Pick. 351", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pick.", "case_ids": [ 2020363 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/32/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "36 Ark. 178", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1872482 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/36/0178-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 Ark. 204", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1869327 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/20/0204-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 Ark. 595", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727776 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/5/0595-01" ] }, { "cite": "31 Ark. 476", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1879285 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/31/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "56 S. E. 983", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "204 U. S. 103", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 8290664 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/204/0103-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 Fed. 152", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "case_ids": [ 6748688 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/f/156/0152-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 U. S. 105", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "64 S. C. 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "S.C.", "case_ids": [ 381962 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sc/64/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "161 U. S. 545", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5701404 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/161/0545-01" ] }, { "cite": "44 La. Ann. 760", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "La. Ann.", "case_ids": [ 5270777 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/la-ann/44/0760-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 642, "char_count": 12469, "ocr_confidence": 0.688, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.937730432189311e-08, "percentile": 0.53655328940027 }, "sha256": "6ff0a530336baee866b9d95e44caf8328e84fb55a1dcf9523ca9f5d79cd86b90", "simhash": "1:b135a4a83cd55309", "word_count": 2111 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:24:32.952897+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Phoenix Assurance Company, Limited, v. Ludwig." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "McCueeoch, J.\nAppellant is a foreign insurance corporation, and, prior to March 23, 1905, entered this State for the purpose of operating its insurance business herein. It fully complied with the laws of the State, established agencies throughout the State, and continued the operation of its business up to' the above mentioned date, when it ceased to transact business. On that date its manager in the city of New York notified the Auditor of the State of Arkansas in writing that its agents had been instructed \u201cto cease at once from transacting business in the State,\u201d and the Auditor immediately made an indorsement on his records to 'the effect that appellant company had ceased to do business in the State.\nThe General Assembly enacted a statute approved May 13. 1907, known as the Wingo Act, requiring that every foreign corporation, Including .railroad and insurance companies, before doing business in the State, shall file in the office of the Secretary of State a copy of its charter or articles of incorporation,, etc.; together '\u25a0 with a statement of its assets, liabilities, capital stock, etc., and a certificate designating its place of business in the State and an agent upon whom process may be served.\nThe third section of the act also provides that \u201call corporations here\u00e1fter incorporated in this State and all foreign corporations seeking to do business in this State shall pay into the treasury of this State for the filing of articles a fee of $25 where the capital stock is $50,000 or under; '$75 where the capital stock is over $50,000 and not more than $100,000; and $25 additional for each $100,000 of capital stock.\u201d\nSubsequently, appellant company made tender to the Secretary of State of compliance with all the provisions of the WingO' Act, except that of payment of the fee, and claimed the right to resume business in the State without paying the fee. This-claim was denied by the Secretary .of State, and this action was. instituted in the circiut court of Pulaski County to compel hiih, by' mandamus, to accept and' file the copy of charter and certificates, etc., tendered to 'him by appellant, without requiring payment of said fee, and to issue to appellant a certificate thereof.\n\u25a0The position assumed by appellant\u2019s counsel in support of the claim that their client\u2019s exemption from payment of the fee is, (1) that a foreign corporation which was admitted into the State prior to the passage of the Wingo Act, and whose domestic rights have not been legally terminated, cannot be required to pay the prescribed fee; and (2) that appellant\u2019s corporate rights and legal existence in the State had never been terminated, but that its legal existence in the State was still preserved.\nWe do not deem it necessary to express an opinion as to the first contention of counsel, for we have reached the conclusion that appellant had, prior to the passage of the Wingo Act, voluntarily withdrawn from the State, relinquished whatever domestic rights it possessed, so far as its right to transact business was concerned, and that, in order to come into the-State again for the purpose of doing .business, it is amenable to all the requirements of the new statute, including payment of the prescribed fee.\nIt is argued by counsel with much earnestness that there is a difference between suspension of active business operations in the State by a foreign corporation, and the complete extinction of its legal existence here. This difference is, we think, more theoretical than real, for a foreign corporation is admitted into the State only to transact business. Art. 12, \u00a711, Const. 1874. It does not by such admission become a domestic corporation, nor acquire a permanent domicil in the State like a domestic corporation. 19 Cyc. p. 1206; Liverpool Ins. Co. v. Board of Assessors, 44 La. Ann. 760; St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co. v. James, 161 U. S. 545; Wilson v. Ry. Co. 64 S. C. 162.\nIt has no other tangible existence except in the maintenance of its place of business and the transaction of business, and when it ceases to perform those functions it has ceased to exist in the State. In this respect it is easily distinguishable from a domestic corporation, and the same rules for determining its continued existence do not apply.\nWe do not mean to say that a mere temporary cessation of business would necessarily operate as a complete withdrawal from the State, but we hold that where a foreign corporation ceases definitely to maintain its place or places of business and its agents in the State and to transact business here, its legal existence here is terminated.\nMoreover, there are certain annual duties required of foreign insurance corporations by the statutes of this State in order to continue their legal existence in the State after having been duly admitted, which appellant failed to do. These statutes were in force when appellant originally came into the State, and it is not contended that it has complied with them after it ceased to do business in 1905.\nThese omissions of annual duties are set forth in the agreed statement of facts, as follows:\n\u201c(b) That it did not transmit to the Auditor of State the statement required by section 4337 of Kirby\u2019s Digest.\n\u201c(c) That it did not file with the Auditor of State the statement required by section 4338 of Kirby\u2019s Digest, and did not pay into the State treasury the tax therein stipulated on its net receipts except for the year 1905.\n\u201c(d) That it did not give the bond required by section 4339 of Kirby\u2019s Digest.\n\u201c(e) That it did not certify to the Auditor of State the names of agents appointed by it to solicit risks and insurance policies or receive applications therefor as required by section 4363 of Kirby\u2019s Digest.\u201d\nThese omissions manifest, in the most unequivocal manner, an intention to \u25a0 completely withdraw from the State and from reach of its laws.\nWe are again met with the argument that these statutory requirements relate only to the transacting of business in the State, and not to the right of continued existence in the State \u2014 \u25a0 that, notwithstanding the failure of appellant to comply with the law and its discontinuance of business in the State, it maintained an opaque existence here which preserved its right to resume active operations at any time, with immunity from payment of an entrance fee. We do not, however, concur in this view, for, as already shown, when the foreign corporation wholly withdraws its business from the State and ceases to do business and ceases to comply with the laws of the State with reference thereto, it withdraws itself from the State and loses its legal identity here except in so far as the statute restrains its departure while outstanding contracts made here remain unperformed.\nThe circuit court was right in refusing to issue the writ of mandamus, and his judgment is, therefore, affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "McCueeoch, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Campbell & Stevenson, for appellant.", "William P. Kirby, Attorney General, and Dan\u2019l Taylor, assistant, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Phoenix Assurance Company, Limited, v. Ludwig.\nOpinion delivered October 12, 1908.\nForeign corporations \u2014 withdrawal\u2014terms oe re-entry. \u2014 When a foreign corporation wholly withdraws its business from the State and ceases to do business and to comply with the laws ot tfte State with reference to foreign companies doing business in the State, it will be held to have withdrawn from the State; and if it desires to re-enter, it will be required to comply with the terms of the act of May 13, 1907.\nAppeal from Pulaski Circuit Court, Second Division; Bdzvard W. Winfield, Judge;\naffirmed.\nCampbell & Stevenson, for appellant.\n1, A foreign corporation duly admitted to the State prior to the passage of the Wingo Act, the corporate rights of which have not been terminated in any legal manner, is not amenable to the fee provisions of section 3 of that act. Such a corporation, once duly admitted and enfranchised by the State, in respect to subsequent legislation, stands upon a footing of equality with like domestic corporations, and is not bound by a law which is not equally applicable to them. Art 12, \u00a711, Const.; 204 U. S. 105; 156 Fed. 152.\n2. Appellant, at the time of the passage of the act, was. duly admitted to the State under existing laws governing the admission of foreign insurance corporations, and its corporate rights and existence in the State had never been terminated, (a) At the time of its admission to the State and until the time it suspended active insurance business in the State, appellant complied with all existing and applicable laws for the entry and enfranchisement of foreign insurance corporations. The State therefore became bound to it, as by contract, that it would not discriminate against it in favor of domestic corporations. The duties and rights of insurance companies and the regulation of insurance business had been made the subject of legislative classification and control, prior to appellant\u2019s entry. Review Sandfels & Hill\u2019s Dig., chap. 88, being acts April 25, 1873, Feb. 27, 1875, March 26, 1887, and March 6, 1891, and contend that, by complying with the entry statuses in 1896 and 1899,. appellant made a contract with the State, and that, unless it had forfeited or surrendered its rights thereunder, they existed when the Wingo act was -passed, (b) Appellant did. not forfeit its right to exist and its franchise as such corporation by the mere failure during the time of suspension of business to comply with the statutes imposing certain annual duties upon all insurance-companies engaged in the active conduct of insurance business in the State. These are conditions upon the active conduct of' insurance business in the State, and have no reference to the-corporate existence of a company, (c) Appellant did not by its letter of March 23, 1905, surrender its corporate existence, nor lose same by mere nonuser from that time until 1907, no-action having been taken in the meantime by the State to forfeit its corporate existence. 204 U. S. 103; 156 Fed. 152; 56 S. E. 983. Mere suspension or cessation for a time from business by a corporation does not work a forfeiture of its franchises or an ipso facto dissolution; and while nonuser is a ground for proceeding by the State to forfeit the corporate existence, affirmative action by the State is necessary. 2 Cook, Corp. \u00a7 630;.id. \u00a7 632; 31 Ark. 476; 5 Ark. 595; 20 Ark. 204; 36 Ark. 178; 2 Clark & Marshall on Corp. \u00a7 \u00a7 307, 308; 15 Pick. 351; 10 Col. 464; 3 Dess. (S. C.) 557; 27 Miss. 517; 9 N. J Eq. 401. The statutes of the State confer' no power on the Auditor to cancel or revoke the rights of a corporation. Kirby\u2019s Dig. \u00a7 4330. In the absence of a statute authorizing it, neither the Auditor nor any other executive officer could annul appellant\u2019s corporate rights. Hence the Auditor\u2019s notation made on receipt of appellant\u2019s letter did not have that effect.\nWilliam P. Kirby, Attorney General, and Dan\u2019l Taylor, assistant, for appellee.\nThe Constitution says: \u201cForeign corporations may be authorised to do business in this State, under such limitations and restrictions as may be prescribed by law,\u201d etc. This is equivalent to providing that they shall not be permitted to enter the State for any other purpose than to transact business. It was never intended that a foreign corporation should be admitted for the sole purpose of \u201cexisting\u201d in the State. The contract with the State was that the company should be allowed to enter and transact business as a foreign corporation. Recognition of its corporate existence was merely incidental to and included in the right granted to transact business. Suspension of business, if persisted in and continued for a time sufficient to indicate that it is its intention to surrender its rights, would amount to a termination of its authority to transact business in the State. 10 Cyc. 1299, 1300, 1301. When legal cause exists, the Auditor is impowered to revoke the right of an insurance company, whether foreign or domestic, to transact business here. Kirby\u2019s Dig. \u00a7 4327. Nonuser is legal ground for revocation. When the Auditor, on receipt of appellant\u2019s letter, cancelled the right of appellant, making a record of the cancellation by noting on the insurance register, opposite appellant\u2019s name, \u201cto cease business in State March 22, 1905,\u201d this was the legal termination of its right to exist and do business here. 10 Cyc. 1287, and cases cited. At any rate, the writing and sending the letter and telegram was a voluntary surrender of these rights, and there is no reason why the State should formally accept the surrender. 19 Cyc. 1346, 1347." }, "file_name": "0465-01", "first_page_order": 487, "last_page_order": 493 }