#### State vs. Floyd.

In November, 1846, defendant was elected judge of the seventh circuit, composed of Uhe counties of Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Pope, Scott, Yell, and Conway, for the term of four years. By an act of December 29th, 1848, the judicial circuits were re-arranged, reduced from eight to six; the counties of Scott, Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Carroll, Newton, Madison, Washington and Benton, declared to constitute the fourth circuit, and defendant assigned to that circuit. Held, that though the number of defendant’s circuit was changed, from seventh to fourth, yet its identity was preserved, as it embraced a majority of the counties of his original circuit, including the county of his residence, and that he was rightfully judge of the fourth circuit Under the new arrangement.

That such a change in his circuit did not abolish his office.

On Writ of Quo Warranto.

'The fatíts are stated by the Chief Justice.

CJlendenin, Attorney General.

E. II. ENgush and Ringo & Traps all, for defendant.

The recent amendment to the constitution, declaring that the people shall elect their circuit judges, did not vacate the office of defendant. State vs. Scott, ante. In this case, we will regard that point as settled.

The State alleges that the defendant was elected judge of the seventh judicial circuit, that the act of Dec. 29, 1848, reorganizing the circuits, &c., abolished the seventh circuit, and there*303fore be is out of office; and that so much of said act as undertakes to assign him to the fourth circuit is void. The defendant insists that said act did not abolish his office, but merely changed the field of his labors — simply changes the territory over which he is to exercise the duties and powers of his office. This is the issue, and it must be settled by a recurrence to first principles, there being no adjudicated cases precisely in point.

In settling questions arising out of our organic law, it is necessary to keep in view the objects of the people of this country in ordaining written constitutions — the evils of the British government of which our forefathers complained, which drove them to the new world, led to their independence, and against which they designed to protect themselves and their posterity by written constitutions.

In England, says Mr. Blackstone, Book 1, p. 271-2, the king is the fountain of honor, office, and of privilege — he is really the parent of them. He is, says the same learned author, (lb. 266-7-8,) the fountain, the distributor, of justice, and has alone the right of erecting courts of judicature, and appointing judges as his substitutes, or delegates, to hold the courts. Hence the judges in England held office at the pleasure of the crown, and history abundantly attests that a state of dependence upon the king too often made them the mere instruments of oppression. One of the great objects of the people of this country, therefore, in establishing written constitutions, was to secure the independence of the judiciary, and the consequent impartial administration of justice. This must be borne in mind in the investigation of this case.

It may be well to settle here the questions: What is an office? What is the office of circuit judge ? Whence does it derive its existence? Blow is it created? How far does it depend upon the Legislature for creation, and the continuance of its existence? In other words, how far is the judiciary dependent on the Legislature ?

Sovereignty, says Blackstone, (Book 1 ,p. 49,) is the power to make laws. In this country it may, more properly, be defined *304the right, or power, to govern, including the power to make, administer and execute laws. This sovereignty, or right to govern, is in the people at large. Our State constitution divides the powers of government into three departments: the legislative, executive, and judicial; and delegates each division of power to a separate body of magistracy. (Art. 3, sec. 1.) It further sub-divides each of these divisions — carves them out, as it were, into offices. An office may, therefore, be defined, a portion of sovereignty set apart, by the constitution, to be delegated to, and exercised by, an individual, for the public good, or to carry out the objects of government. See Dorsey's case, 7 Porter (Ala.) R. 293.

In making these divisions of the powers of government, it may be seen, by examining the frame-work of the constitution, the design was to make them independent and co-ordinate, in order that each body of magistracy might look alone to the constitution for the tenure of office, and not occupy dependent positions.

The judicial department is sub-divided into offices thus: a supreme court, circuit courts, county courts, probate courts, corporation courts, and justices courts; and the amount of judicial power contained in each of these sub-divisions, or offices, is defined. (Art. G.) The second section of this article defines the jurisdiction of the supreme court; and the seventh section fixes the tenure of the office, the qualification of the judges, &c., leaving nothing for the legislative department to do but to select the individuals who are to fill the office, and nothing for the executive to do but commission them; and the moment they are elected, and commissioned, they become independent of the other departments, and look alone to the constitution for the tenure of their office.

So the third section of the sixth article creates and defines the office and powers of circuit court, and the seventh section prescribes the qualifications of the judge, fixes the tenure of the office, and but two things remain to be done by the Legislature: to divide the State into convenient circuits, and elect the judges; in other words, to select the persons to exercise the office which *305is carved out by the constitution, and fix the territorial boundaries in which they are to perform its duties; and, by the recent amendment, the power to elect the judges is restored to the people. Under the single power, therefore, to divide the State into judicial districts, it is sought to make the official tenure of the-judges wholly dependent upon the Legislature.

The framers of the constitution anticipated an increase of' population, and of the number of counties, and had necessarily to entrust to the Legislature the power to arrange the judicial circuits as public convenience might require; but it was never designed that this power should be exercised in disregard of another provision of the organic law securing to- the judges a tenure of four years.

The fourth section of the sixth article provides that the “State shall be divided into convenient circuits, each to consist of not less than five nor more than seven counties contiguous to each other, for each of which a judge shall be elected, who, during his continuance in office, shall reside, and be a conservator of the> peace, within the circuit for which he shall have leen elected.” And the 8th section provides that the “circuit judges shall be elected for four years from the date of their commissions.”

Under these provisions the defendant was elected, in November, 1846, judge of the seventh circuit, composed of the counties of Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Pope, Scott, Yell, and Conway, for-four years; and, by a fair and reasonable construction of the fourth section of article six, he had a right to exercise the office of judge, in the circuit for which he was elected, for the constitutional term, and the Legislature could not change that circuit-until the expiration of his term. Had this .interpretation of the-fourth section been adopted, the circuits would have been per-. manent for four years at least, and could not have been changed-at every session, as they have been, producing confusion and inconvenience to judges, bar, and people. Under this construe- ■ tion the circuits could have been arranged in advance- of the election of the judges, and could have been re-arranged every four years if public convenience required it. But, however rea*306sonable this construction may be, it is not necessary for the defendant to rely upon it to make out his defence.

We come now to the question, can the Legislature abolish a circuit, for which a judge has been elected, before the expiration of his term, so as to deprive him of his office ? Though the defendant does not rest his case upon the denial of such power, yet he may, with much plausibility, take this position. That the Legislature cannot abolish the office, is manifest, because it is established by the constitution. The proper inquiry is, can the Legislature deprive the judge of the office, by abolishing his circuit ; or, in other words, taking from him the field of his labor ?

The recent amendment to the fourth section of article six declares that the Assembly shall not be restricted as to the number ~of counties which may be put into a judicial circuit. If the effect of this amendment is to confer upon the Legislature the power to abolish a circuit at pleasure, and at any time, regardless of the tenure of the judges, then the independence of that branch of the judiciary is gone. They are mere tenants at the will of the General Assembly. True, circuits are established for public convenience, and no doubt may be discontinued when public good requires it; but, in discontinuing them, the constitutional rights of the judges are not to be disregarded. In Teshvs. Commonwealth, 4 Dana, 522, and Bruce vs. Fox, 1 Dana, 452, it was held that if an office is created by statute, the Legislature may abolish it, and thereby oust an incumbent; but if the office is established by the constitution, it is otherwise. Here, the defendant, when elected, looked to the constitution for the tenure of his office, and not to any statute. In Ohio vs. Choate, 11 Ohio R. 512, it was decided that the assembly could not legislate an associate judge of the county court out of office by changing the boundary of his county, and throwing his residence into an adjoining county. That was a stronger case than this, for here both the old and new circuit embrace the residence of Judge Floyd.

Grant that, in this country, there is no property in office, yet the.officer has a constitutional tenure which must be regarded. When a lawyer gives up his practice, goes upon the bench for *307four years, and makes his arrangements to continue there for that time, surely it was never intended tliat the Legislature should have power to put him out of that office at pleasure, regardless of the injury and inconvenience it would visit upon him. While public good is paramount, the constitutional rights of the officer are not to be overlooked. The object of the amendment may always be accomplished by abolishing a circuit when the office is vacant, or by making the act take effect at the expiration of the term, which was done in this case, as we shall presently see.

But conceding that the Legislature have the power to abolish a circuit, and thereby oust the judge, it is manifest, from the face of the act in question, that they did not design to deprive defendant of his office. At the time the act was passed, it was notorious that Sneed, judge of the fourth circuit, had moved to Texas, and besides his term had expired. There was also a vacancy in the eighth circuit. The Legislature, knowing these facts, re-arranged the circuits, reduced the number to six, and expressly provided that the defendant, who was judge of the seventh circuit, should be judge of the fourth, under the new arrangement.

The seventh circuit consisted of the counties of' Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Pope, Scott, Yell, and Conway. The counties put into the fourth circuit, by the act of 29th December, 1848, to which defendant is assigned, are Scott, Cranford, Franklin, Johnson, Carroll, Newton, Madison, Washington and Benton.

Thus four of the counties (making a majority) which composed the seventh circuit, are embraced in the fourth, including Johnson, the county of defendant’s residence.

Certainly changing the number of defendant’s circuit from seventh to fourth, did not oust him from office. If the next Assembly were to pass an act reversing the numbers of the circuits, calling the sixth the first, and so on through, it would be absurd to conclude that such a change would oust all the judges.

If changing the number (or name) of defendant’s circuit, did not oust him, does the change made in the counties which compose *308it ? His present circuit embraces Jour of the original coimties, three have been cut off, anchffve added. If such a change of a circuit will deprive a judge of his office, (contrary to the expressed intention of the Legislature,) what less change will do it ? — where is the fatal point to be fixed ? We think if. the Legislature can change the circuit at all, it may make a total change. If no change can be made, the act of 29th Dec., 1848, is void, and the defendant is judge of his original circuit. If a change may be made, and such'change ousts the judge, then all the judges are out of office, for said act changes all the circuits.

If t)ie change made in defendant’s circuit put him out of office, then the alteration made in the fifth circuit ousted Judge Feild, for the change in Feild’s circuit is about as great as that made in defendant’s. Feild was elected judge of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Saline, Pulaski, Prairie, White and Perry. The act of 29th December, 1848, puts Saline, Pulaski, Prairie, Conway, Pope, Yell and Perry in the fifth circuit, dropping one county, and adding three others, making a change of four counties. There are but four of the original counties in Feild’s circuit, and there are four of defendant’s original counties in his new circuit. A similar change was made in the other circuits; and if Floyd is out of office, the other judges are out, and if they are in, he is in. Yet the Attorney General does not pretend that any other judge is ousted by the act in question.

The only difference is, that the name of defendant’s circuit is changed. Well, there is nothing in a name! If the act had called the fifth the fourth, and assigned Feild to the fourth, surely that would not have deprived him of his office.

The Legislature did not intend to oust defendant by the act of 29th December, 1848, as shown upon its face. lie is protected in his office by great constitutional guarantees; and we respectfully contend that to oust him would be establishing principles subversive of the independence of the j udiciary; and though in future they will receive their offices from the people, yet in fact they will be tenants at the will of the Legislature, and may be driven to the degrading practice of hanging about that body, and *309electioneering, to prevent their circuits being abolished, by that spirit of change which unhappily pervades our legislation.

WalkeR, J. Did not sit.

Johnson, C. J.

The writ issued in this case commands William W. Floyd to appear before this court, and to show by what warrant and authority he holds and exercises the QÍIice and franchise of judge of the fourth judicial circuit in this látate; and then avers that, by an amendment to the constitution and the act passed in pursuance thereof, the judicial circuit for which he was elected judge has been abolished, and that, by such abolishment of the circuit, he had ceased to be one of the circuit judges of the State of Arkansas. The defendant appeared in obedience to the mandate of the writ, and filed his response. He alleges, by way of response, that he was elected judge of the seventh judicial circuit of said State, by the General Assembly, on the 30th November, A. D. 1846, for the term of four years from the date of his commission, and that he was duly commissioned, by the governor of said State, as such judge, on the day of his election ; that, by an act passed on the same day of his election, it was declared, the counties of Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Pope, Scott, Yell and Conway, should constitute the seventh circuit; that, by an act of 29th of December, 1848, entitled “An act to divide the State into judicial circuits,” &c., it was declared that the counties of Scott, Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Carroll, Newton, Madison, Washington and Benton, should constitute the fourth circuit, and that the judge of the seventh circuit should be judge of the fourth circuit. He further stated that a majority of the counties which composed the seventh circuit, including Johnson county, the county of his residence, were, by the act aforesaid, put into the circuit called the fourth by said act; that, at the time of the passage of said act, the circuit called the fourth, under the previous arrangement of the circvts, had no judge; that Judge Sneed had vacated his office by removal to Texas, and that his constitutional term had actually expired, and that *310the General Assembly had re-arranged the circuits with a full knowledge of the vacancy, as was shown upon the face of the act of the 29th of December, 1848. Upon this state of facts ho insists that his office, as judge of the seventh circuit, has not been abolished, as suggested by the writ; but that a change has merely been made in the number and territorial boundaries of his circuit; by which change the Legislature did notydesign to abolish his office, nor was such the effect of the change. He therefore submits that, by virtue of his election, and commission, and by virtue of the constitution of the State, and the act of 29th of December, 1848, he rightfully exercises the office of judge of the fourth judicial circuit of this State, and prays to be discharged, &c. To this response, the Attorney General interposed a demurrer : the legal effect of which is to admit the facts, but to deny their sufficiency in point of law.

The only question really involved in this case relates to the constitutionality of the act of the 29lh of December, 1848, so far as it operates upon the seventh circuit. It is conceded, by the demurrer, that the defendaut was elected to the judgeship of the seventh judicial circuit of this State, by the General Assembly, on the 30th of November, 1846, for the term of four years from the date of his commission, and that he was duly commissioned, as such judge, on- the day of his election, by the governor of the State.

In order to a full solution of this question, it will be necessary to refer to the constitution as it existed at the date of the defendant’s election, and also to such changes as have been subsequently made in that instrument. The sixth article of the constitution declares that “the judicial power of this State shall be vested in one supreme court, in circuit courts, in county courts, and in justices of the peace : ” that “the supreme court shall be composed of three judges, one of whom shall be styled a chief justice, and two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of any two of said judges shall, in every case, be necessary to a decision;” and that “the supreme court, except in cases otherwise directed by the constitution, *311shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the State, under such restrictions and regulations as may, from time to time, be prescribed by law: ” that “ the State shall be divided into convenient circuits, each to consist of not less than five nor more than seven counties contiguous to each other, for each of which a judge shall be elected, who, during his continuance in office, shall reside and be a conservator of the peace within the circuit for which he shall have been elected.” And further, that “the General Assembly shall, by joint vote of both houses, elect the judges of the supreme and circuit couits, a majority of the whole number, in joint vote, being necessary to a choice; ” and that “the judges of the circuit court shall be at least twenty-five years of age, and shall be elected for the term of four years from the date of their commissions.” These are believed to be all the constitutional provisions, bearing upon the question, that were in existence at the date of the election and commission of the defendant. The Legislature, at its last session, whilst in the exercise of their conventional powers, adopted an amendment to the original constitution, by which they repealed that portion of the fourth section of the sixth article which restricted the circuits to not less than five nor more than seven counties. The same body, at the same session, under the authority of this amendment, and in their capacity of legislators, proceeded to re-organize the circuits throughout the entire State, and, in the re-organization, not only parcelled out some of the circuits as they then stood, but actually reduced the number from eight to six. In the act of re-organization an express provision is made that, in case this court shall decide that another amendment of the constitution, by which the power of election is transferred from the Legislature to the people, does not so operate as to oust the judges whose constitutional terms had not expired, that then, and in that case, the judge of the seventh should be the judge of the fourth circuit. The legal effect of that amendment has already been determined by this court in the case of The State vs. William C. Scott. It was there held that the amendment did not, per se, oust the judges, but *312that they were entitled to hold and execute their respective offices during the constitutional term for which they were elected.

The principle settled in that case, admitting that the Legislature did not exceed their constitutional limits in the re-arrangement of the circuits and in transferring the judge of the seventh to the fourth circuit, might be considered as conclusive of the whole question. But herein lies the point to be determined, and it is not without its difficulties. It is apparent that, in case the Legislature possessed no constitutional power to change the name and to destroy the identity of the seventh circuit, that then although the defendant may be nominally acting as judge of the fourth, yet, as it stands admitted by the demurrer that he is still resident in the county of his former residence, and that that, with three others now composing a part of the fourth, constituted a majority of those embraced within the seventh circuit, he, although nominally the judge of the fourth, is not such in reality so acting; but that he, as of right he ought to be, is, and is acting as, the judge of the seventh circuit. I consider the proposition (dear and unquestionable that, in case the circuit judges can be said to have any constitutional rights as applicable to their offices, they are entitled to all such as are secured by that entire instrument as it stood in all its parts at the time of their election and commission. The defendant has an undoubted right to all the guarantees of the constitution as they existed at the date of his commission. What are those guarantees? They are to be found in the following provisions, to wit: “The State shall be divided into convenient circuits, each to consist of not less than five nor more than seven counties contiguous to each other, for each of which a judge shall be elected, who, during his continuance in office, shall reside and be a conservator of the peace within the circuit for which he shall have been elected,” and that “the judge of the circuit court shall be at least twenty-five years of age, and shall be élected for the term of four years from the date of his commission.” He is elected, then, for the term of four years from the date of his commission, and he is expressly required, during his continuance in office, to reside and *313be a conservator of the peace within the circuit for which he shall have been elected. These provisions, it will be perceived, are clear and imperative, and the judge is just as much bound to reside within the limits of the circuit to which he shall have been elected as the Legislature are to arrange the circuits and elect an incumbent for each. If this proposition be true, and it is too clear to admit of cavil, where is the power in the Legislature, either by modifying or destroying the circuit, to disable the judge from residing within it, and thereby rendering obedience to the positive requirements of the constitution?

But it is contended that the Legislature, having created the offices of circuit judge, necessarily possesses the power to destroy them at pleasure. It will be admitted, as a general rule, that the powers of creation and destruction are inseparable; yet this rule must necessarily be subject to certain exceptions, in cases where the power of creation is exercised under constitutional restrictions. For example, the Legislature undoubtedly possesses the power to enact, or, if it be more proper so to speak, create a law, and their power of repeal or destruction is equally clear; yet this, by no means, proves that they, by such repeal, can destroy, or even impair, such constitutional rights as may have been acquired under it. The constitution establishes a circuit court system, and confers upon the legislature the power to divide the State into convenient circuits, and also to elect a judge for each. It may be conceded, and the true doctrine is believed to be, that, by the exercise of this power, the office itself is actually evolved, and put into active operation. But the moment the office is evolved and receives shape and mould, by the hands of the Legislature, all the constitutional guarantees, ipso facto, attach themselves to it; and, for the purposes of the incumbent during the time prescribed, it is just as much a constitutional office as that of the supreme judgship, or any other, created directly by the constitution itself. But here it is objected that to hold thus is to sanction the doctrine of vested rights in a public office. To this I answer, that the rights claimed by the defendant do not arise out of a mere legislative act, but that they *314result directly from, and are secured to him by, the constitution of the country. A right conferred upon a party by an exercise of legislative power becomes so completely vested as not to be susceptible of divesture by mere legislative authority, and, for a much stronger reason, would it not be when secured by the organic law itself. The doctrine of vested rights is not relied upon to sustain the position taken by the defendant, nor could it be, unless it should go to the extent to deny the power of the people in convention to oust him from his office. This is not pretended; but, on the contrary, such power is fully conceded. But, to illustrate this principle more clearly, let us suppose that the Legislature, after having fixed a judge’s salary, should attempt to abolish, or even to diminish it during his constitutional term or office. Such an act would be admitted by all to be a clear and palpable violation of the constitution, and consequently void. The question then arises here, in what respect is the amount of his salary, when fixed by the Legislature, more firmly secured than his territorial limits and the identity oí his circuit? The salary cannot be said to have been created by the constitution, but is clearly the mere creature of law; and yet it would not be pretended, for a moment, that the Legislature could ever diminish it during the time for which the judge shall have been elected. The two cases stand upon a perfect parity of reason, and they are both alike entirely beyond legislative control for the term, prescribed by the constitution. I conclude, therefore, from all the provisions of the constitution, when taken and construed together, that when the Legislature arranged the seventh circuit, and designated' the comities which composed it, and filled it by the election of the defendant, their power over it ceased: during his constitutional term.

But here I am met with an argument based upon necessity and public policy. It is contended that, unless the Legislature should be permitted to add to or diminish a circuit, new counties must necessarily be left without courts, and that such a state of things would be productive of great inconvenience and much injustice to the public. To this I respond, that, if such should *315be tbe result, tins court could not, with any degree of propriety, be held responsible for it. The people of the State, in the rightful exercise of their sovereign powers, ordained and established the constitution; and the only duty devolved upon this court is to expound and interpret it. But I imagine that the evil anticipated would not necessarily exist, as the Legislature would have the undoubted right to designate, in advance, the circuit to which a new county or counties should be attached upon the happening of a vacancy, or upon the expiration of a constitutional term of the incumbent.

The defendant rests his defence also upon another and distinct ground, and that is, that, although the seventh circuit shall be considered as abolished, yet the Legislature did not intend to oust him, but expressly provided for the event, and transfered him to the fourth circuit. True it is that the act clearly evinces the intention to continue him in office, in case that he should not be ousted by the operation of the amendment by which the power of election was transferred fr3m the Legislature to the people. However, with their intention I conceive this court has but little to do. The question before us is not one of legislative intention, but of constitutional power. It is obvious, from the express words of the act, that the Legislature did not intend to deprive him of a circuit judgship, although the one for which he had been elected should have been abolished; yet, had such been the legal effect of their acts, the transfer would have been without constitutional sanction, and consequently he could not have enjoyed the fruits of their kindness. If the seventh circuit was actually abolished, and the fourth erected out of the whole, or even a part, of it, the Legislature most clearly possessed no power to fill the latter by a mere transfer, but would have been confined to the constitutional mode of election. If they could transfer the judge of the seventh to the fourth circuit, they could also transfer him to the first or to any other within the limits of the State. This they most unquestionably could not do. I will suppose, for the sake of illustration, that, instead of re-organizing the circuits throughout the State, and reducing the number *316from eight to six, they had merely reversed the order of their number, can it be possible that any one would insist that they could have driven the judge of the eighth circuit out of the one for which he was elected, and have compelled him either to resign or take up his residence in the first? I consider the proposition too monstrous to entertain for a moment. The language of the constitution is clear and imperative that he shall reside and be a conservator of the peace within the circuit for which he shall have been elected during his continuance in office. It is not the number that constitutes the circuit, but the counties of which it is composed.- The number is used purely and solely to distinguish the one from the other, and consequently a mere change of name or number cannot affect the integrity or identity of the circuit.

I am, therefore, of opinion that, although the defendant is acting nominally as the judge of the fourth, he is in reality acting as the judge of the seventh circuit, which he is, of right, authorized to do; and tha£ consequently he is not guilty of usurpation of office, and ought to be discharged.

Scott, J.

In this case I shall treat as closed the constitutional question settled by a majority of this court in the case of The State vs. William C. Scott. Not that my views, adverse to the correctness of that decision, have, in any degree, changed: on the contrary, my convictions remain clear that the question was erroneously decided; but because I entertain the opinion that, unless a decision of this tribunal, upon a constitutional question, is likely to be revolutionary in its effects, or to inflict some serious wound upon the liberty or the safety of the citizen, the public interest will be better subserved by yielding to its authority, and thus promoting that certainty of the organic law which alone can be the mother of public confidence and repose, than to wage single-handed a war of argument and opinion that can only beget a distrust of judicial stability, which will not fail to be prolific of litigation, and may be sometimes even still more mischievous in discouraging public measures of the highest im*317port. Bat, while this will be my coarse on the present occasion, seeing nothing in the decision of the question referred to indicative, in my judgment, of the serious consequences alluded to, I will endeavor, in my opposition to decisions subversive of public or individual liberty, or of personal security, which may tend to destroy the great land marks of the constitution, should any such ever be made, to be at all times unyielding. In this position, taken after much deliberation, I am fully sustained by the views of an eminent judge, the Hon. Briscoe G. Baldwin, of Virginia, one of the judges of the supreme court of appeals of that State, whose purity of life, accuracy and great learning in the profession, self-possession and soundness of judgment, entitle his opinions to profound respect. He says “it is difficult to conceive any thing more mischievous than fluctuations and vibrations of the highest judicial tribunal upon the organic law of the State, for the tendency is to shake the foundations of society and throw it into confusion and anarchy. A decision of a supreme court, on such a question, ought not to be departed from, however unsatisfactory to succeeding, or even the same judges, without the gravest, most cogent and highest considerations. There doubtless may be cases in which such a decision ought to be repudiated, as, for example, where the effect is likely to be revolutionary, or where it inflicts a serious wound upon the liberty or safety of the citizen. In such emergencies it is the duty of every sentinel upon the ramparts of the constitution to sound the alarm and defend the citadel, though others may have proved faithless or recreant. But, if the principle asserted, however erroneous, be not vitally dangerous or mischievous, it is far better to bow to the constituted authority, and leave the redress to the people, or those whom they have appointed to change or modify the organic law.”

And, having disposed of this question, I have but to announce, in the briefest possible terms, that, although in the views of the chief justice, presented in his opinion just read, I have not been able to concur, entertaining, as I do, the opinion that consistently with the genius of our government, as I understand it, no public *318officer can rightfully claim any proprietary interest, or private property, as against the public, in any office, and that, under our constitution, the unrestricted powers allowed to the Legislature, in reference to the circuits, necessarily include the power to abolish any of them at their pleasure, and thereby dispense -with the office of circuit judge, evolved from the constitution in its creation, whenever, in their discretion, the exigencies of the public interest might require the abolition of any circuit; nevertheless, I fully concur with him on the main question, basing my concurrence upon the ground that the act of the Legislature, approved the 29th December, 1848, entitled “ An act to divide the State, into judicial circuits,” &c., (Pamphlet Acts, p. 49,) did not abolish the circuit for which Judge Floyd was elected, and that consequently his office is still in legal existence.

It is manifest, from the most cursory glance at the act in question, that it was not the intention of the Legislature to dispense with Judge Floyd’s official services, and these could be retained only by preserving his circuit; which alone, in my opinion, sustains the legal existence of his office; and consequently, if the legal effect of the act was to destroy his circuit, the Legislature did what they did not design to do. It is true that the numerical designation of the circuit, which embraces his residence, has been changed from the seventh to the fourth; but this is a matter of exceedingly slight import, when it is remembered that the State is now divided into but six circuits instead of eight, and that numerical designation is but form and not substance, and at most but one of various means of identity. All must admit, whatever may be their views of the constitutional powers of the Legislature to abolish circuits, that it was designed by this act to abolish but two of the eight, and to divide out the whole of the counties among the remaining six. The act, then, should be construed, if practicable, so as to give effect to this intention.

Had this act provided, in express terms, 1st. That the fourth and eighth circuits should be abolished: 2d. That the seventh circuit should be hereafter designated as the fourth circuit: and 3d. Had parceled out all the counties in the State among the six *319remaining circuits, no one would have doubted but that the seventh circuit actually remained, although its numerical designation had been changed. And, in my opinion, this is precisely the legal effect of the act that has been passed; and to give it any other interpretation will pervert the manifest intention of the Legislature. Why is it to be inferred that the fourth and eighth circuits, as heretofore designated, have been abolished ? As to the eighth, the counties of which it was constituted have been divided to two adjoining circuits severally retaining their former numerical designation; and as to the fourth, while some of the counties, of which it was constituted, have been added to a circuit whose numerical designation has not been changed, the others have been added to a circuit whose judge is expressly recognized by the act, whereby a circuit is necessarily pre-sup-posed on the presumption of law that, in this, the Legislature acted within a constitutional power they possessed; forasmuch as if a circuit be not pre-supposed, the recognition would be nugatory. And the act also recognizing three other judges in connexion with their respective circuits, neither of whose numerical designations has been changed, the inference is inevitable that the fourth and eighth were abolished, as each one of the remaining six is by the, act recognized and identified.

It is, therefore that, placing the construction indicated upon the act in question, I hesitate not to declare it as my opinion that Judge Floyd is the rightful judge of the circuit now numerically designated as the fourth, being identically the same circuit in contemplation of law that was at the time of his election numerically designated as the seventh circuit; and consequently I concur with the chief justice that he is not guilty of usurpation, and ought to go hence, and recover his costs.