{ "id": 1513900, "name": "Kansas City Southern Railway Company v. Greer", "name_abbreviation": "Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. Greer", "decision_date": "1909-05-10", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "531", "last_page": "538", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "90 Ark. 531" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ark.", "id": 8808, "name": "Arkansas Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 34, "name_long": "Arkansas", "name": "Ark." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "68 Ark. 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1333958 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/68/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 Ark. 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1509477 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/70/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 Ark. 238", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1334040 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/68/0238-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 Ark. 133", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1507817 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "232" } ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/71/0133-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Cal. 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal.", "case_ids": [ 2021363 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/cal/122/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 Mass. 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2142883 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/102/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Mass. 31", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2014309 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/27/0031-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 N. H. 313", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.H.", "case_ids": [ 1307258, 1307119 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nh/64/0313-01", "/nh/64/0313-02" ] }, { "cite": "4 Mass. 263", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2003854 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/4/0235-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 Tenn. 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Tenn.", "case_ids": [ 8538017 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/tenn/67/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N. W. 999", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "118 N. W. 51", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "145 Fed. 874", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "14 Ark. 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1862623 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/14/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 Ark. 572", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8727332 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/22/0572-01" ] }, { "cite": "54 Ark. 121", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1320332 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/54/0121-01" ] }, { "cite": "21 Ark. 186", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1868305 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/21/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Ark. 589", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 8723851 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/74/0589-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 Ark. 232", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1507827 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/71/0232-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 Ark. 246", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1523337 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/85/0246-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 Ark. 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1333958 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/68/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 Ark. 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1509477 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/70/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 Ark. 133", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1507817 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/71/0133-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 641, "char_count": 15608, "ocr_confidence": 0.642, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.752160972480885e-08, "percentile": 0.4949568488355885 }, "sha256": "4467495e5130994dea36ed0ee0d6fbcf1dbd7f3fb9694f9a23cb8cca197c7c74", "simhash": "1:3ab366c9e312b174", "word_count": 2647 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:13:08.486087+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Kansas City Southern Railway Company v. Greer." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Wood, J.,\n(after stating the facts). 1. Section 6644 of Kirby\u2019s Digest provides: \u201cIt shall be the duty of all railroad companies organized under the laws of this State, which have constructed, or may hereafter construct, a railroad which may pass through or upon any inclosed lands of another, whether such lands were inclosed at the time of the construction of said railroad or were inclosed thereafter, upon receiving ten days\u2019\u2019 notice in writing from the owner of said lands, to construct suitable and safe stockguards on either side of said inclosure where said railroads enter said inclosure and to keep the same in good repair.\u201d\nSection 6645 prescribes a penalty of not less than $25 nor more than $200 to go to the party aggrieved by reason of a failure to comply with the statute.\nThe apeilant contends that the suit was brought before the cause of action accrued, and was therefore premature, because the allegation of the complaint and the proof show that the notice which must be given before there can be any cause of action, was not given till May 30, 1907, whereas the original complaint was filed May 11, 1907. But the appellant demurred to and answered the complaint, and it does not raise the question in its answer or demurrer. In fact, it only raises the specific question here for the first time. Moreover, the appellee on July 16, 1908, filed an amended and substituted complaint alleging a cause of action, which had then accrued. There was no objection to this proceeding, and the cause progressed to trial and judgment upon this complaint and the answer, originally filed, as an answer to the substituted complaint. The proceeding was equivalent to a new suit begun on the date of the filing of the substituted complaint.\nThe last announcement of the court on these points is in Ferguson v. Carr, 85 Ark. 246, where Judge McCulloch, speak-for the court on motion to rehear, said: \u201cThe objection that an action has been brought prematurely is waived by failure to object at the proper time. It has also been held that the bringing in of a new cause of- action which accrued after the commencement of the suit is waived by filing of an answer which does not raise that question as a defense.\u201d Citing cases.\n2. Appellant does not deny that its railroad passes through appellee\u2019s inclosure on the land as described in the complaint. Appellant, while denying that it received any notice whatever, does not deny that the notice was sufficient in form, if given.\nThe statute only requires \u201cnotice from the owner to construct suitable and safe stockguards on either side of said inclosure where said railroad enters said inclosure and to keep the same in good repair.\u201d It will be observed that an accurate description of the land by legal subdivisions or metes and bounds is not essential.\nThe notice informs' appellant that \u201cits stockguards where its line of railroad enters appellee\u2019s inclosed field\u201d (giving the particular quarter section and the particular parts of the quarter section where the railroad entered the land and was situated, and the section, township and range of the land) are in defective condition. It would not have been difficult for the company under this notice to have ascertained where the cattleguards designated were entered.\nThe court in St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Mendenhall, 71 Ark. 133, cited by appellant, was not laying down any requirements for such notices, but was only passing upon the sufficiency of the notice in that case.\nWe are of the opinion that the notice under consideration was amply sufficient in form to meet every demand of the statute, or of any decision heretofore rendered.\n3. The first -clause of the first paragraph of the instruction was merely a recital of the requirements of the statute under which 'the suit was brought. The instruction uses the words \u201cgood\u201d and \u201csufficient,\u201d while in the statute the words are \u201csuitable\u201d and \u201csafe.\u201d But they are substantially the same, and the instruction merely used the words \u201cgood\u201d and \u201csufficient,\u201d without undertaking to define what they meant or the measure of duty required by them.\nThe second clause of the first paragraph, that tells the jury they are not to take into consideration the question -of damages, but only the question as to whether or not appellant had complied with the notice and made repairs, was only meant to tell the jury that the liability of appellant did not depend upon the question of whether appellee was damaged, but only upon the question of whether, after notice, it had complied with the statute by keeping the stockguards in repair.\nThe third clause of the first paragraph, that places the burden on the appellee to show that the stockguards were insufficient, does not, as appellant -contends, make appellee an insurer of the sufficiency of the stockguards. Requiring appellee to show that the stockguards were insufficient, as a condition of her recovery, is quite a different proposition from making appellant an insurer of their sufficiency. We see nothing in the instruction in conflict with the opinions of this court in Choctaw & Memphis Railroad Co. v. Goset, 70 Ark. 427, Choctaw & Memphis Railroad Co. v. Vosburg, 71 Ark. 232, and St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern Ry. Co. v. Busick, 74 Ark. 589, where the measure of the duty of a railway company under this statute is correctly defined. The court in the first paragraph of the instruction did not undertake to declare w-hat the words of the statute \u201csuitable\u201d\u2019 and \u201csafe\u201d meant or the measure of appellant\u2019s duty thereunder. The measure of appellant\u2019s duty was -defined in the second paragraph, and there is nothing -contained therein in conflict with the above decisions. Appellee was entitled to recover when she proved that the stockguards were -out of repair, and that she had given appellant notice as required by the statute to repair same, which it had failed to do. These facts being shown made appellant liable, and the burden was then on appellant, as the instruction declared, to show any mitigating circumstances. But this language does not imply, as appellant argues, that, unless appellant did show mitigating circumstances, the jury were required to return a verdict for the maximum penalty. The jury in such cases are not required to return a verdict for the maximum penalty unless mitigating circumstances are shown by the railway company, nor are they required to measure the amount of their verdict by the actual or compensatory damages' which the plaintiff may have shown. While the actual or compensatory damages do not constitute the inflexible criterion for the amount of the verdict, it is entirely proper for the jury to take these and ail the mitigating circumstances into consideration in determining what amount of penalty they will assess between the minimum and maximum as prescribed by the statute. Kansas City, Pittsburg & Gulf Ry. Co. v. Pirtle, 68 Ark. 548.\nJudgment affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Wood, J.," } ], "attorneys": [ "S. W. Moore and Read & McDonough, for appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Kansas City Southern Railway Company v. Greer.\nOpinion delivered May 10, 1909.\n\u25a0i. Appeal and error \u2014 question not raised below. \u2014 The objection that the suit was prematurely brought cannot be raised on appeal for the first time. (Page 533.)\n.2. Actions \u2014 prematureness\u2014waiveri.\u2014The objection that an action against a railroad company to recover the statutory penalty for failure to repair the stockguards on either side of plaintiff\u2019s inclosure was brought before expiration of ten days after notice was given to it to make such repairs was waived by filing an answer which did not raise that question. (Page 536.)\n;3. Railroads \u2014 stockguards\u2014sufficiency of notice. \u2014 Under Kirby\u2019s Digest, \u00a7 6644, requiring that notice be given to a railroad company to construct suitable and safe stockguards on either side of an inclosure, a notice which apprises the railway company that stockguards are needed at plaintiff\u2019s .inclosure, giving the quarter section in which such inclosure is located, is sufficient, without describing such inclosure by metes and bounds. (Page 536.)\n4. Same \u2014 instruction.\u2014An instruction to the effect that a railway company is required to furnish \u201cgood and sufficient\u201d stockguards at an inclosure is substantially -in accord with the statute requiring \u201csuitable and safe\u201d stockguards. (Page 537.)\n5. Same \u2014 eiabjeity for nonrepair of stockguards. \u2014 It was not error 'to tell the jury, in a suit to recover the statutory penalty for failure of a railway company to repair stockguards, that they are not to take into consideration whether plaintiff was damaged, but only whether after notice it repaired the stockguards. (Page 537.)\n6. Same \u2014 instruction as to sufficiency op stockguards. \u2014 An instruction, in an action to recover the statutory penalty from a railway company for failure to repair stockguards, to the effect that the burden-is on the plaintiff to show that the stockguards are insufficient is not objectionable as making the railway company an insurer of the sufficiency of the stockguards. (Page 537-)\n7. Same \u2014 how amount of penaety determined \u2014 In determining what penalty shall -be assessed against a railway company for failure to construct or repair stockguards, it is proper for the jury to take into consideration the actual damages suffered by plaintiff and any mitigating circumstances shown by defendant. (Page 538.)\nAppeal from Sevier Circuit Court; James.S. Steel, Judge;\naffirmed.\nstatement by ti-ie court.\nThe complaint alleged that the appellant operated a railroad through the land of plaintiff described as follows: S. E. Ya N. E. Ya sec. 2, Tp. 10 S., R. 32 west, except ten acres cut off west side thereof, also as follows: Beginning at the S. E. corner of N. W. Y N. W. J4 sec. 1, Tp. 10 S., R. 32 west, thence west 15 chains and 50 links, thence north 6 chains and 50 links, thence east 15 chains -and 50 links, thence south 6 chains and 50 links, situated in Sevier County, Arkansas. That appellant permitted its stockguards to get -out of repair where the railroad passes through the tract above described; that appellee on the 31st day of May, 1907, gave appellant notice that said stockguards were out of repair, and had the notice served on the station agent of the company at Horatio, in Sevier County, and that appellant failed and refused to repair the stockguards as demanded in the notice. The prayer was for judgment in the sum of two hundred dollars, or such sum as to the court deemed just, not less than $25 nor more than $200.\nThe original complaint was indorsed filed nth 'day of May, 1907, and the amended and substituted complaint, the substance of which is set out supra, was filed 16th day of July, 1908.\nThe defendant answered, denying all the material allegations of the complaint except that appellant\u2019s railroad passed through the land as described in the complaint. It set up that the fence was kept in such bad condition that it will not prevent cattle and hogs from going through said inclosure and destroying plaintiff\u2019s crops. The appellant also filed a general demurrer. Appellant prayed judgment for costs.\nThere was evidence tending to prove that during the month of May, 1907, stock went in and out of plaintiff\u2019s inclosure to the lands described in the complaint, through the stockguards of aplant; that the following notice was served on appellant, to-wit: \u201cTo the Kansas City Southern Railway Company.\n\u201cGentlemen: You are hereby notified that your stockguard; where your line of railroad enters my inclosed field, being S-pt of N. W. J4, sec. 1, Tp. 10 S., R. 32 W. and the pt. S-2 of NW-4 in sec. 1, ip. 10 S., R. 32 W. in Sevier County, Arkansas, are in such defective condition that hogs and cattle enter said inclosure through said stockguards at will. And you are hereby notified and requested to repair said guards so as to prevent the passage of stock over or through said guards within ten days from this date.\n\u201cThis the 30th day of May, 1907.\n\u201cMrs. E. H. Greer,\n\u201cBy J. W. Everett, her attorney.\u201d\nThe following indorsement purports to show how the notice was served:\n\u201cI, the undersigned, constable of Clear Creek Township, County of Sevier, and State of Arkansas, do. hereby certify that this notice came to my hands on this 31st day of May, 1907, and that I have duly served the same by delivering a true copy thereof to the agent at Horatio, Arkansas, of the Kansas City Southern Railway Company.\n\u201cW. A. Poole, Constable of Clear Creek Township.\u201d\nAnd the testimony of the constable and another witness shows that it was served in the manner here indicated.\nIt was shown that appellant did not repair the stockguards until June 17, that the guards were in a condition during the month of May, 1907, to permit stock to go through the same. Appellee introduced her deed showing title to the land.\nThe court gave the following instruction: \u201cThe court instructs the jury that this is an action wherein the law provides that a failure to keep sufficient stockguards where a railroad passes through inclosed lands, and a failure to repair or construct a good and sufficient stock guard or guards upon a 10 days\u2019 notice, the law makes it a penalty. And in arriving at a verdict you are not to take into consideration the question of damages sustained, but the manner in which defendant treated such notice in complying with such request. And that the burden is upon the plaintiff to prove that the stockguards were insufficient, and that the notice was given and their failure to comply with the notice. This proved, the burden of the amount of penalty shifts on the defendant to prove mitigating circumstances.\n\u201cIf the jury believe from a preponderance of the evidence that -the defendants operated their railroad through the inclosed lands of the plaintiff, and failed and neglected to construct suitable stockguards on either side of said inclosure where said railroad entered said inclosure and to keep the same in good repair after having received ten days\u2019 notice in writing from the owner of said lands to so construct and keep said cattle guards, you will find for the plaintiff not less than $25 nor more than $200.\u201d\nThe appellant duly excepted. The appellant asked for peremptory instruction, and the court refused to grant the prayer, and appellant duly excepted. The verdict and judgment were for $125.\nAppellant reserved its various assignments of error in motion for new trial, which was overruled, and this appeal was duly presecuted.\nS. W. Moore and Read & McDonough, for appellant.\n1. Under the statute a railway company is not required to construct cattle guards, nor to repair defective ones, until after notice has been given. The complaint was filed in this case on May xi, 1907, and alleges notice served May 31, 1907. Kirby\u2019s Dig. \u00a7 6644; 21 Ark. 186; Id. 499; 54 Ark. 121; 22 Ark. 572. The action being prematurely brought, the amended or substituted complaint did not cure the defect. 14 Ark. 427; 145 Fed. 874 and cases cited; 118 N. W. 51; 117 N. W. 999; 67 Tenn. 19; 4 Mass. 263; 64 N. H. 313; 27 Mass. 31; 102 Mass. 65; 122 Cal. 244.\n2. The notice is wholly insufficient, in that it describes no land, nor what cattle guard is defective, where located, nor in what respect it is defective. 71 Ark. 133.\n3. The court\u2019s instruction errs in telling the jury to consider the manner in which appellant treated the notice; also with reference to the burden of proof, in effect telling the jury to find for the plaintiff in the sum of $200, unless mitigating circumstances were proved; and also errs in making the company the insurer of the sufficiency of the cattle guard. Kirby\u2019s Dig. \u00a7 6645; 68 Ark. 238; 70 Ark. 427; 68 Ark. 548; 71 Ark. 133; Id. 232." }, "file_name": "0531-01", "first_page_order": 555, "last_page_order": 562 }