{ "id": 3156797, "name": "CRISPIN MAUNDER, Appellee, v. DeHAVILLAND AIRCRAFT OF CANADA, LTD., Appellant; SAMUEL J. BETAR, Adm'r, Appellee, v. DeHAVILLAND AIRCRAFT OF CANADA, LTD., Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "Maunder v. DeHavilland Aircraft", "decision_date": "1984-06-29", "docket_number": "No. 58108", "first_page": "342", "last_page": "356", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "102 Ill. 2d 342" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "81 Ill. 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2674832 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/81/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 U. Chi. L. Rev. 569", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "U. Chi. L. Rev.", "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "36 N.C. L. Rev. 181", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "N.C. L. Rev.", "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "267 U.S. 333", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6140635 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/267/0333-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2994122 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "108" }, { "page": "108-16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0090-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 Ill. 2d 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5444118 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "559" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/72/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 Ill. B.J. 676", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Ill. B.J.", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "678" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "250 Ill. 376", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3430576 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/250/0376-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 N.E. 915", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "917" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "220 N.Y. 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 298097 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "267" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/220/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "1983 U. Ill. L. Rev. 917", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "U. Ill. L. Rev.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 Ill. 2d 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2991699 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/75/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 Ill. 2d 190", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3030556 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/87/0190-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 L. Ed. 2d 404", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 6200640 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "409" }, { "page": "1871" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0408-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 L. Ed. 2d 804", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 11337451 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/465/0783-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 L. Ed. 2d 790", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 11337359 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/465/0770-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 U.S. 310", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6157001 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "316" }, { "page": "102" }, { "page": "158" }, { "page": "319" }, { "page": "104" }, { "page": "160" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/326/0310-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 Ill. App. 3d 879", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5431244 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/112/0879-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 S. Ct. 1064", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "62 L. Ed. 2d 785", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "444 U.S. 1098", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11451203, 11451164, 11451133 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/444/1098-03", "/us/444/1098-02", "/us/444/1098-01" ] }, { "cite": "603 F.2d 30", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1440605 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/603/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "324 F. Supp. 361", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3229834 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/324/0361-01" ] }, { "cite": "416 F. Supp. 721", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3875008 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/416/0721-01" ] }, { "cite": "428 F. Supp. 1237", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3917298 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/428/1237-01" ] }, { "cite": "341 F.2d 666", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 878609 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/341/0666-01" ] }, { "cite": "393 F.2d 183", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2109104 ], "year": 1965, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/393/0183-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1091, "char_count": 22215, "ocr_confidence": 0.744, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.286427919092058e-07, "percentile": 0.9162300582003043 }, "sha256": "5514db2f2844f7788331df99838f8bab8b5caabfca79ff0b184f32c9df9169f3", "simhash": "1:b8fa09efeccc2790", "word_count": 3593 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:56:05.233628+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "CRISPIN MAUNDER, Appellee, v. DeHAVILLAND AIRCRAFT OF CANADA, LTD., Appellant. \u2014 SAMUEL J. BETAR, Adm\u2019r, Appellee, v. DeHAVILLAND AIRCRAFT OF CANADA, LTD., Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE CLARK\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis appeal requires us to determine whether the circuit court of Cook County has jurisdiction over DeHavilland Aircraft of Canada, Ltd., a foreign corporation. More specifically, we are asked to determine whether the defendant was doing business in Illinois in order to be amenable to service of process and subject to the laws of this State.\nThese consolidated actions to recover for personal injury and wrongful death are based on the crash of an airplane designed and manufactured by defendant, De-Havilland Aircraft of Canada, Ltd. (Ltd.). The airplane crash occurred on May 3, 1976, in Lusaka, Zambia, during a demonstration flight for the Zambian Air Force and caused the death of Raghubir Dutt Law, a citizen of India and a member of the Zambian Air Force. Mr. Law\u2019s widow and children are also Indian citizens. Plaintiff Crispin Maunder, an English citizen and a passenger in the aircraft, was injured in the same crash. In April 1977, Samuel J. Betar, public administrator of Cook County, was appointed administrator of the estate of decedent Law by the probate division of the circuit court of Cook County. On April 28, 1977, Betar filed suit in the circuit court of Cook County against Ltd. and De-Havilland Canada, Inc. (Inc.), a Delaware corporation with its principal office and principal place of business in Rosemont, Illinois. Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ltd. and sells and distributes parts for airplanes manufactured by Ltd.\nOn March 17, 1977, Crispin Maunder filed suit in the circuit court of Cook County against Inc. and Ltd. Service in the Law and Maunder suits was effectuated by leaving copies of the complaint and summons with an employee of Inc. in the Rosemont office.\nOn May 27, 1977, the defendants filed petitions to remove both causes to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Inc. was voluntarily dismissed from both causes, leaving Ltd. as the sole defendant. A protracted procedural battle ensued in Federal court. Both causes were eventually remanded to the circuit court of Cook County because there was no diversity of citizenship between aliens Maunder (England), Law (India) and Ltd. (Canada). Betar v. DeHavilland Aircraft of Canada, Ltd. (7th Cir. 1979), 603 F.2d 30, cert. denied (1980), 444 U.S. 1098, 62 L. Ed. 2d 785, 100 S. Ct. 1064.\nOn May 20, 1981, the circuit court granted Ltd.\u2019s motion to dismiss, noting:\n\u201cAnalyzing the nature and quality of the contacts with the State of Illinois, this court cannot say that it would be fair and reasonable to require DeHavilland Aircraft Ltd., a Canadian Corp., to defend this action in Illinois.\u201d\nThe appellate court reversed the circuit court\u2019s order and remanded the cause to the circuit court, ruling that Ltd.\u2019s Illinois subsidiary, Inc., provided sufficient contacts to invoke the jurisdiction of Illinois courts. (112 Ill. App. 3d 879.) We granted defendant\u2019s petition for leave to appeal. (87 Ill. 2d R. 315(a).) We now affirm the decision of the appellate court.\nLtd.\u2019s corporate offices and principal place of business are in Downsview, Ontario. Ltd. has manufactured \u201cTwin Otter\u201d propeller-driven planes for many years, and these planes are used all over the world for short passenger flights. The record reveals that there were 885 DeHavilland Ltd. aircraft operating in the United States in 1982. In 1971, Ltd. established a subsidiary corporation, DeHavilland Canada, Inc., to facilitate Ltd.\u2019s business operations in the United States. Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ltd., and all of Inc.\u2019s stock is owned by Ltd. The salaries of Inc.\u2019s directors are paid by Ltd., and Ltd. guaranteed Inc.\u2019s lease in Rosemont. The record reveals that an average of eight telephone calls per day were made from Inc.\u2019s office to the parent\u2019s office in Ontario. The subsidiary\u2019s sole business is the sale of aircraft parts for DeHavilland aircraft. The manual of Inc. provides the following descriptions of the relationship between Ltd. and Inc.:\n\u201cDeHavilland Aircraft of Canada has incorporated a subsidiary company in the United States of America. The registered name and address of the Company is: DEHAVILLAND CANADA INC.\n5321 North Pearl Street Rosemont Illinois 60018\nThe Company is controlled by the Parent Company and will operate under the authority of the Vice President [of] Sales. The function of this Company is to provide Product Support to the American users of the Parent Company\u2019s products.\u201d\nLtd. has included Inc. in advertisements published in American aviation journals. One full-page advertisement contained the following claims:\n\u201cHow to carry 3 million passengers an average of 42 miles each.\nAnd make it pay.\n* * *\nIn the last 10 years, Golden West has flown over 168,400,000 passenger miles, making it the largest commuter airline in the U.S.A. Their 12 Twin Otters have made an astonishing 1,387,000 landings. ***\n*** [D]e Havilland Twin Otter proves 99.9% reliable. Rugged airframe and simple systems keep maintenance to a minimum. Quiet turboprops with TBOs of over 8,000 hours conserve fuel, and reverse to shorten landings and extend brake life.\nGolden West President James M. Harmon sums up his passengers\u2019 satisfaction with Twin Otter: \u2018They know they can depend on its comfort, convenience and on-time reliability.\u2019 And to short haul operators, that\u2019s pure gold. The de Havilland Aircraft of Canada, Limited Downsview, Ontario. M3K 1Y5 Telephone: (416) 633-7310 Telex: 0622128. Cable: MOTHTOR, Toronto.\nDE HAVILLAND Twin Otter\nThe standard of dependability and versatility around the world.\nTwin Otter service and spares support also available through de Havilland Canada Inc., 5321 North Pearl Street, Rosemont, Illinois 60018. Telephone (312) 678-\n8380. Telex 00726409.\u201d\nIn this appeal, we are only concerned with the issue of jurisdiction. The merits of this case have never been addressed in more than seven years of litigation. We begin our discussion of the jurisdictional arguments by noting that the plaintiffs do not contend that Illinois courts have jurisdiction based on the long-arm statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 110, par. 2 \u2014 209). Rather, the plaintiffs contend that Ltd.\u2019s contacts with Illinois constituted \u201cdoing business\u201d in Illinois, thus subjecting Ltd. to the personal jurisdiction of Illinois courts.\nThe United States Supreme Court has determined that a State's power to enter in personam judgments binding on nonresident defendants is limited by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment (U.S. Const., amend. XIV) (due process guarantees made applicable to the States by the fourteenth amendment). Criteria for such determinations were delineated in International Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945), 326 U.S. 310, 90 L. Ed. 95, 66 S. Ct. 154. State courts may invoke personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant that has minimum contacts with the forum, so long as the suit does not offend \u201c \u2018traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.\u2019 \u201d (326 U.S. 310, 316, 90 L. Ed. 95, 102, 66 S. Ct. 154, 158.) The court noted:\n\u201cWhether due process is satisfied must depend rather upon the quality and nature of the activity in relation to the fair and orderly administration of the laws which it was the purpose of the due process clause to insure. *** [T]o the extent that a corporation exercises the privilege of conducting activities within a state, it enjoys the benefits and protection of the laws of that state. The exercise of that privilege may give rise to obligations, and, so far as those obligations arise out of or are connected with the activities within the state, a procedure which requires the corporation to respond to a suit brought to enforce them can, in most instances, hardly be said to be undue.\u201d 326 U.S. 310, 319, 90 L. Ed. 95,104, 66 S. Ct. 154, 160.\nOur review of subsequent United States Supreme Court cases supports our determination that Ltd; is subject to the jurisdiction of Illinois courts. In Keeton v. Hustler Magazine (1984), 465 U.S___ 79 L. Ed. 2d 790, 104 S. Ct. 1473, a unanimous court ruled that New Hampshire could exercise in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident magazine publisher that had circulated his publication in New Hampshire. The court noted that New Hampshire was chosen as the forum State because New Hampshire\u2019s statute of limitations for libel provided a longer period of time than the statute of limitations of other States. Similarly, the court found no due process violation in Colder v. Jones (1984), 465 U.S. _, 79 L. Ed. 2d 804, 104 S. Ct. 1482. In Colder, another unanimous court determined that a California court could exercise in personam jurisdiction over Florida journalists, even though the allegedly libelous article was written and published in Florida and the only contact with the forum State was the circulation of the article. Although these two cases deal with libel and not airplane crashes, we believe that the due process considerations in Keeton and Colder support our determination in the case at bar.\nBusiness contacts must be of a continuous and systematic nature to invoke the jurisdiction of State courts. In Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia v. Hall (1984), 466 U.S__, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404, 104 S. Ct. 1868, the United States Supreme Court held that a nonresident Columbian corporation was not subject to in personam jurisdiction of the State courts of Texas. Helic\u00f3pteros (Helicol) had entered into a contract to provide helicopter transportation in Peru for the Peruvian State oil company. Four American citizens were killed in a helicopter crash in Peru, and suit was brought in a Texas court. The court held that Helicol\u2019s contacts with Texas were insufficient to satisfy the requirements of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. The court noted:\n\u201cHelicol never has been authorized to do business in Texas and never has had an agent for the service of process within the State. It never has performed helicopter operations in Texas or sold any product that reached Texas, never solicited business in Texas, never signed any contract in Texas, never had any employee based there, and never recruited an employee in Texas. In addition, Helicol never has owned real or personal property in Texas and never has maintained an office or establishment there.\u201d 466 U.S._.,_, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404, 409, 104 S. Ct. 1868, 1871.\nWe contrast this with the business contacts between Ltd. and the State of Illinois. Ltd. established a wholly owned subsidiary in Illinois to provide product support for the users of Ltd.\u2019s products. Inc. has been operating in Illinois for 13 years, and these operations have been continuous and systematic. Inc. has been included in Ltd.\u2019s American advertising, and has been an essential component of Ltd.\u2019s business activities in Illinois. We believe that the case at bar, unlike Helic\u00f3pteros, presents a pattern of continuous and systematic business activities, and these contacts are sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of Illinois courts.\nIn Illinois, jurisdiction over nonresident corporations doing business in the State is based on the following statutory provision:\n\u201cA private corporation may be served (1) by leaving a copy of the process with its registered agent or any officer or agent of said corporation found anywhere in the State; or (2) in any other manner now or hereafter permitted by law. A private corporation may also be notified by publication and mail in like manner and with like effect as individuals.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 110, par. 2\u2014 204.\nA determination of whether a foreign corporation is doing business in the State of Illinois turns on the facts unique to each case. (Cf. Cook Associates, Inc. v. Lexington United Corp. (1981), 87 Ill. 2d 190; Connelly v. Uniroyal, Inc. (1979), 75 Ill. 2d 393.) We have been unable to fashion a precise test or talismanic phrase to guide us in this task. (See Waits, Values, Intuitions and Opinion Writing: The Judicial Process and State Court Jurisdiction, 1983 U. Ill. L. Rev. 917.) Justice Cardozo defined the term \u201cdoing business\u201d for jurisdictional purposes as the corporation operating within the State \u201cnot occasionally or casually, but with a fair measure of permanence and continuity.\u201d Tauza v. Susquehanna Coal Co. (1917), 220 N.Y. 259, 267, 115 N.E. 915, 917.\nEarly decisions of this court required that a corporation have agents or physical offices in this State, and that these agents do more than mere solicitation of business. (Booz v. Texas & Pacific R.R. Co. (1911), 250 Ill. 376; see also Eaton, Illinois Replaces \u201cProfit\u201d for \u201cPresence\u201d in Determining Long-Arm Jurisdiction Over Foreign Corporations, 69 Ill. B.J. 676, 678 (1981).) Technological change and a more sophisticated national economy mandated a departure from the restrictive rule in Booz, and this step was taken in Braband v. Beech Aircraft Corp. (1978), 72 Ill. 2d 548. In Braband, plaintiffs\u2019 decedents were killed while aboard an aircraft that crashed in Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada. Beech Aircraft Corporation was a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Kansas. The defective airplane had been manufactured in Kansas, but Beech had an agreement with Hartzog Aviation, Inc., an Illinois corporation, to market Beech\u2019s products within Illinois. This court held that Beech was \u201cdoing business\u201d in Illinois even though the activities of Hartzog Aviation were not related to the subject matter of the litigation. The Braband court declined to decide the question of whether Hartzog\u2019s activities alone would subject Beech to the jurisdiction of Hlinois courts but based the decision on the business activities of Beech. The court noted:\n\u201cIn view of defendant\u2019s activities within Illinois designed to effect sales to residents of Illinois, defendant could reasonably assume that airplanes which it manufactured would be owned by residents of Illinois and in view of the high degree of mobility peculiar to its products could further assume that they would be flown both within Illinois and into other States, or as in this instance, to other countries. We hold, therefore, that *** defendant\u2019s activities showed sufficient contacts with this State so that requiring it to defend this action does not offend \u2018traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.\u2019 \u201d 72 Ill. 2d 548, 559.\nIn the case at bar, we believe that Ltd. had sufficient contacts with Illinois to invoke the jurisdiction of Illinois courts. The record demonstrates that Inc. was a wholly owned subsidiary of Ltd., and that Inc. operated in Rosemont, Illinois, as a supply depot for Ltd. products for the entire United States. Clearly Ltd., through Inc., was doing business in Illinois.\nDefendant urges us to follow the decision in People ex rel. Compagnie Nationale Air France v. Giliberto (1978), 74 Ill. 2d 90, where this court held that the circuit court of Cook County could not entertain an action arising out of the events surrounding the Israeli rescue of a terrorist-held plane at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. We find Air France distinguishable because it involved a determination of lack of jurisdiction over Air France because of the Warsaw Convention governing international air transportation (74 Ill. 2d 90, 108) and a related determination that forum non conveniens principles precluded the exercise of jurisdiction over Singapore Airlines (74 Ill. 2d 90, 108-16). Air France did not squarely involve the \u201cdoing business\u201d test for jurisdiction over a nonresident corporation. The case at bar is not comparable.\nDefendant argues that Cannon Manufacturing Co. v. Cudahy Packing Co. (1925), 267 U.S. 333, 69 L. Ed. 634, 45 S. Ct. 250, warrants a reversal of the appellate court\u2019s holding. In Cannon, the United States Supreme Court held that the activities of a subsidiary corporation did not automatically subject the parent corporation to the jurisdiction of the State court where the subsidiary was domiciled. Although Cannon has not been expressly overruled, its vitality has been limited by the subsequent decisions in International Shoe and its progeny. (See Comment, A New Footnote in Erie v. Tompkins: \u201cCannon is Overruled,\u201d 36 N.C. L. Rev. 181 (1958); see generally Wellborn, Subsidiary Corporations in New York: When Mere Ownership is Enough to Establish Jurisdiction Over the Parent, 22 Buffalo L. Rev. 681 (1973).) Many commentators have noted that the Cannon opinion is no longer followed in an era when the United States Supreme Court focuses on \u201ccontacts\u201d rather than \u201cphysical presence\u201d in determining the scope of State court jurisdiction over nonresident defendants. (See Kurland, The Supreme Court, the Due Process Clause, and the In Personam Jurisdiction of State Courts From Pennoyer to Denckla: A Review, 25 U. Chi. L. Rev. 569 (1958); see generally Brilmayer, How Contacts Count: Due Process Limitations on State Court Jurisdiction, 1980 S. Ct. Rev. 77.) Even an expansive reading of Cannon does not justify the conclusion that a parent corporation can never be subject to the jurisdiction of a State where a subsidiary is located. We conclude that Cannon does not prevent the State of Illinois from exercising jurisdiction over Ltd.\nLtd.\u2019s contention that service of process on Inc. was not effective is without merit. We believe that Inc. was an agent of Ltd. for service of process, and that Ltd. was fully apprised of the pendency of the suit by the delivery of a copy of the complaints and summons at Inc.\u2019s office in Rosemont. Davis v. Dresback (1876), 81 Ill. 393.\nWe next consider Ltd.\u2019s argument that Illinois cannot exercise jurisdiction over Ltd. because none of the plaintiffs had any contact with Illinois. We believe the crucial question is whether due process prevents the plaintiffs from suing Ltd. in Illinois, not whether any of the plaintiffs are domiciled here. The nature of air-crash litigation frequently produces an exotic cast of characters, and there is often no ideal place to try the case. (See Simpson, Recent Trends in International Aviation Accident Litigation-A Practical View, 5 Annals Air & Space Law 189 (1980); 2 J. Kennelly, Litigation and Trial of Air Crash Cases ch. 4.) Ltd.\u2019s argument that the case should be tried in Zambia or Canada is misdirected. This appeal is based on the question of jurisdiction, not forum non conveniens. Although many of the occurrence witnesses reside in Africa, and although it may be more convenient for Ltd. to defend this lawsuit in Canada because its main offices are located there, that cannot affect our determination of the extent of jurisdiction of Illinois courts. If Ltd. cannot be sued in Illinois, it follows that Ltd. cannot be sued anywhere in the United States under the theory of \u201cdoing business,\u201d since Inc. is the only subsidiary of Ltd. in the United States. We believe that a corporation that has established a supply depot in Illinois to support an enterprise that has sold 885 airplanes in the United States and logged millions of passenger miles should be subject to the jurisdiction of Illinois courts.\nSince we have determined that Ltd. was doing business in Illinois, we need not address the alternative theory of whether Inc. was the alter ego of Ltd. We therefore conclude that Ltd. was doing business in Illinois and that Illinois courts have jurisdiction over this cause of action. The judgment of the appellate court is affirmed, and the cause is remanded to the circuit court for proceedings consistent with the views expressed in this opinion.\nAffirmed and remanded.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE CLARK" }, { "text": "JUSTICE SIMON,\nspecially concurring:\nI concur in the court\u2019s conclusion that Illinois has jurisdiction over this case, but not for the reason given, namely that the Canadian corporation is doing business in Illinois merely because it has a subsidiary corporation here. Rather, I would hold that Inc. is an alter ego of Ltd.\nThe record shows that Inc. exists for the sole purpose of selling Ltd.\u2019s products within the United States, that Ltd. provides Inc. with inventory for which Inc. is permitted to pay out of receipts on the sales of that inventory, and that Ltd. owns all of Inc.\u2019s stock. Inc. is overseen, not by a board of directors of its own, but by Ltd.\u2019s board of directors, all Canadians, and two of whose members also serve as president and vice-president of both Ltd. and Inc. In addition, the position of \u201cresident director and manager\u201d of Inc. ranks on Inc.\u2019s official organizational chart with its \u201cservice manager\u201d and \u201cspare parts manager\u201d and two levels below its executive officers, both of whom are directors and officers of Ltd. The officers of Inc. are paid by Ltd., as are expenses for business trips on behalf of Inc. Finally, in addition to the substantial name identity between \u201cDe Havilland Aircraft of Canada, Ltd.\u201d and \u201cDe Havilland Canada, Inc.,\u201d Inc. is described in Ltd.\u2019s Illustrated Parts Catalogue as one of three \u201cDe Havilland Canada Products Support Depotjs].\u201d\nIn short, Inc. exhibits few of the independent characteristics of a subsidiary company but behaves functionally as a branch of Ltd. and holds itself out to the public to be so. Under these circumstances Inc. is properly viewed as an instrumentality or alter ego of Ltd., and Illinois has general jurisdiction over Ltd. based on Inc.\u2019s activities here. See Leach Co. v. General Sani-Can Manufacturing Corp. (7th Cir. 1968), 393 F.2d 183; Boryk v. deHavilland Aircraft Co. (2d Cir. 1965), 341 F.2d 666; Top Form Mills, Inc. v. Sociedad Nationale Industria Applicazioni Viscosa (S.D.N.Y. 1977), 428 F. Supp. 1237; Captain International Industries, Inc. v. The Westbury, Chicago, Inc. (N.D. Ill. 1975), 416 F. Supp. 721; Tokyo Boeki (U.S.A.), Inc. v. SS Navarino (S.D.N.Y. 1971), 324 F. Supp. 361.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "JUSTICE SIMON," } ], "attorneys": [ "Lord, Bissell & Brook, of Chicago (Thomas J. Strueber, Richard E. Mueller, and Hugh C. Griffin, of counsel), for appellant.", "Leonard M. Ring & Associates, of Chicago (Leonard M. Ring and Judith E. Fors, of counsel), for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 58108.\nCRISPIN MAUNDER, Appellee, v. DeHAVILLAND AIRCRAFT OF CANADA, LTD., Appellant. \u2014 SAMUEL J. BETAR, Adm\u2019r, Appellee, v. DeHAVILLAND AIRCRAFT OF CANADA, LTD., Appellant.\nOpinion filed June 29, 1984.\nSIMON, J., specially concurring.\nLord, Bissell & Brook, of Chicago (Thomas J. Strueber, Richard E. Mueller, and Hugh C. Griffin, of counsel), for appellant.\nLeonard M. Ring & Associates, of Chicago (Leonard M. Ring and Judith E. Fors, of counsel), for appellees." }, "file_name": "0342-01", "first_page_order": 354, "last_page_order": 368 }