{ "id": 3137905, "name": "FREDERICK F. SHELTON et al., Appellants, v. HELEN ANDRES, Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Shelton v. Andres", "decision_date": "1985-03-22", "docket_number": "No. 60141", "first_page": "153", "last_page": "162", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "106 Ill. 2d 153" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "249 S.W.2d 914", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 2244732, 10222093 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tex/151/0324-01", "/sw2d/249/0914-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.W.2d 409", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 2253986, 10170644 ], "year": 1952, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tex/157/0260-01", "/sw2d/302/0409-01" ] }, { "cite": "255 F.2d 669", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 681828 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/255/0669-01" ] }, { "cite": "617 R2d 1255", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 1441489, 1441434 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1257" }, { "page": "1262" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/kan/228/0426-01", "/kan/228/0005-01" ] }, { "cite": "228 Kan. 426", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan.", "case_ids": [ 1441489 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "435" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/kan/228/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "382 S.W.2d 179", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10155865 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "182" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/382/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 Ill. 545", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2684651 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "551" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/415/0545-01" ] }, { "cite": "401 Ill. 118", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5306248 ], "year": 1953, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "123" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/401/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "54 Ill. 2d 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2933558 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "67" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/54/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 Ill. 2d 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2737207 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "118" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/20/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 Ill. 2d 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5428196 ], "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "183" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/63/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 Ill. 2d 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2822208 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "521" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/29/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "35 Ill. App. 3d 338", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5304730 ], "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "341" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/35/0338-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. App. 3d 1089", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3522782 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1097" }, { "page": "1095" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/122/1089-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 695, "char_count": 14677, "ocr_confidence": 0.748, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.902681677230523e-07, "percentile": 0.9337940165623556 }, "sha256": "9dc0f9e2f1f659df0eae4f881ae6ce94a20e957111d036ff3c4d59e0c76d1920", "simhash": "1:3d3e2a2327c6ee85", "word_count": 2425 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:35:30.136819+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "FREDERICK F. SHELTON et al., Appellants, v. HELEN ANDRES, Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE MORAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nPlaintiffs, Frederick and Shirley Shelton, brought this action to quiet title to a seven-twelfths interest in the oil, gas and other minerals underneath an 80-acre tract of land in Wayne County. The defendant, Helen Andres, also claims title to the mineral interest. Her predecessor, S. D. Broyles, conveyed the 80-acre parcel to plaintiffs in 1962, but he reserved the mineral interest to himself, his heirs, and assigns. The interest was reserved \u201cas long as there is production on said described real estate.\u201d Thereafter, he and other mineral owners entered into an agreement with an oil company whereby several tracts of land, including the subject parcel, were consolidated into a unit, referred to as the Sycamore Consolidated Unit (Unit), for the secondary recovery of oil.\nThe circuit court of Wayne County quieted title in plaintiffs, holding that defendant\u2019s mineral interest had terminated when the only oil well on the property ceased production in 1973. The trial court further determined that plaintiffs were entitled to the proceeds from the sale or production of oil, gas or other minerals produced from the tract since May 8, 1977. The court ordered that funds held by a trustee pursuant to an earlier order be paid to plaintiffs. A majority of the appellate court reversed, concluding that the production of oil from wells on other parcels in the Unit constituted production from the subject parcel, so as to preserve defendant\u2019s mineral interest. (122 Ill. App. 3d 1089, 1097.) We granted plaintiffs\u2019 leave to appeal (87 Ill. 2d R. 315). The sole issue concerns the construction of the 1962 deed from defendant\u2019s predecessor in interest to plaintiffs.\nPlaintiffs contend that \u201cproduction on said described real estate\u201d as required by the deed ceased when the only oil well on the property stopped production in 1973. As such, they argue that, under the terms of the deed, the defendant\u2019s mineral interest terminated. Defendant asserts, however, that the production of oil from wells on other tracts in the Unit constituted production on the 80-acre tract under the deed. She contends that such unit production preserved her mineral interest during the more than three years when no wells were operating on the 80-acre parcel.\nThe evidence in this case consists of a stipulation of the parties, the deposition of the unit operator entered into evidence by agreement, and various exhibits considered by the trial court. The record reveals that immediately prior to July 16, 1962, S. D. Broyles owned the surface of the 80-acre parcel in question as well as an undivided seven-twelfths interest in the oil, gas and other minerals on and under the parcel. On that day, Broyles and his wife conveyed the tract to plaintiffs by warranty deed. The habendum clause in the deed provided:\n\u201cThe Grantor, S.D. Broyles expressly reserves from this conveyance and unto himself, his heirs and assigns, all of his undivided interest in and to all of the oil, gas and other minerals lying in, on and under, and that may be produced from said described real estate as long as there is production on said described real estate. When said production of oil on said described real estate ceases production, said interest owned by the said Grantor in the above described real estate reverts to the said grantees herein.\u201d\nAt the time of the conveyance, there was one producing oil well on the property.\nOn or about June 1, 1964, Broyles entered into a royalty owners\u2019 unitization agreement for the Unit. The agreement was between the Pure Oil Corporation and various persons who owned the rights to the oil, gas, and other minerals in several adjacent tracts of land. The agreement provided that the oil company would use a secondary recovery method known as water flooding to recover oil from the common pool underlying the tracts in the Unit. Each tract of land was allocated a percentage of the production from the Unit. The participation factor assigned to the 80-acre tract was approximately 13.7 percent of the oil produced from the Unit. All royalty payments were based on this participation factor irrespective if more, less or any oil was actually removed from a well or wells on a particular tract. The plaintiffs did not sign the unitization agreement. Broyles, on December 9, 1971, conveyed the seven-twelfths mineral interest by deed to himself and defendant, as joint tenants. Subsequently, Broyles died.\nIn May or June of 1973, the well on the tract was shut down and it ceased to operate. At that time no other wells were located on the property. Then on September 1, 1973, Hubert W. Rose purchased the oil and gas leases to the properties comprising the Unit including the lease to the 80-acre tract. Rose attempted to rework the well on the 80-acre tract, but his efforts were unsuccessful. Later that year, Rose removed all oil-producing equipment from that well, except the casing.\nSubsequently, no oil-producing operations were conducted on plaintiffs\u2019 land until April 22, 1977, when Rose drilled a new well on the 80-acre tract. Production of oil from that well commenced May 8, 1977. Thereafter Rose deepened the original well on the property, and production of oil from that well resumed on February 18,1978.\nFrom late 1973 to May 8, 1977, when no oil was produced from a well located on the 80-acre tract, production from wells located on other lands comprising the Unit continued. During that time, the defendant was a party to the Unit agreement, and she regularly received royalty payments based on the percentage of Unit production allocated to the 80-acre tract.\nThe deed reserves to defendant a seven-twelfths interest in the oil, gas, and other minerals underneath the 80-acre tract \u201cas long as there is production on said described real estate.\u201d The deed further provides that \u201c[w]hen said production of oil on said described real estate ceases production, said interest owned by the said Grantor *** reverts to the said grantees herein.\u201d Thus, the deed created in the grantor, and ultimately the defendant, an interest in the minerals which was capable of enduring indefinitely, but which also was capable of being terminated upon the cessation of oil, or gas production \u201con said described real estate.\u201d In the latter situation, the plaintiffs\u2019 corresponding executory interest in the minerals would become possessory. Morris v. Mayden (1976), 35 Ill. App. 3d 338, 341. See generally 1 E. Kuntz, Oil and Gas sec. 15.8, at 354-55 (1962).\nThe appellate court majority concluded that off-tract production, from a unit which includes the 80-acre parcel, constituted \u201cproduction on said described real estate\u201d so as to extend defendant\u2019s mineral interest. It determined that the issue here was controlled by a provision found in \u201cAn Act in relation to oil, gas, coal and other surface and underground resources ***.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1961, ch. 104, par. 62 et seq., now Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 96V2, par. 5401 et seq.) Section 23.2(a) of the Act provides:\n\u201cWhen two or more separately owned tracts of land are embraced within a pool or a portion of a pool suitable for secondary recovery methods, the owners thereof may validly agree to integrate their interest therein and to develop their land as a unit, and production from any tract in such established unit shall be regarded as production from all presently owned tracts or interests within such units.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1961, ch. 104, par. 84b(a).)\nThe appellate court reasoned that, since section 23.2(a) was enacted before the execution of the deed from Broyles to plaintiffs, \u201cthe parties must be deemed to have incorporated the provisions of the statute into the terms of their transaction.\u201d 122 Ill. App. 3d 1089, 1095.\nWe do not agree that section 23.2(a) of the Act controls the outcome of this case. By its terms, section 23.2(a) applies only to owners who \u201cvalidly agree to integrate their interest therein and to develop their land as a unit.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1961, ch. 104, par. 84b(a).) We do not believe that the section was intended to alter, change, or govern the legal relationship under consideration here. Nevertheless, our disagreement with the reasoning of the appellate court does not end our inquiry. Instead, a determination of whether off-tract production from a well located in the Unit constituted production on the 80-acre tract necessarily turns on construction of the deed.\nIt is a well-established rule of law that, in construing deeds, the courts will attempt to ascertain the intention of the parties. (Watts v. Fritz (1963), 29 Ill. 2d 517, 521.) Generally, where there is no ambiguity, courts will look to the deed itself as the only criterion of the intention of the parties. (Department of Transportation v. Western National Bank (1976), 63 Ill. 2d 179, 183; Dickerson v. Ray (1960), 20 Ill. 2d 107, 118.) However, it is also true that an instrument should be given a fair and reasonable interpretation based on consideration of all its language and provisions. (Tatar v. Maxon Construction Co. (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 64, 67.) In attempting to arrive at a fair and reasonable construction, \u201ccourts are not confined to a strict and literal construction of the language used, when such construction will frustrate the intention of the parties, gathered from a consideration of the whole instrument.\u201d Shadden v. Zimmerlee (1948), 401 Ill. 118, 123. Accord, David v. Schiltz (1953), 415 Ill. 545, 551.\nDefendant asserts that off-tract unit production constitutes \u201cproduction on said described real estate\u201d since oil was being produced during the relevant time period from a unit which includes the 80-acre parcel. Plaintiffs construe the deed to require production from a well located on the 80-acre parcel. They therefore argue that defendant\u2019s interest terminated in 1973 when the only oil well on the property ceased production.\nThe precise issue raised by the parties has never been decided by this court. Courts in other jurisdictions have construed similar language to require production from a well or wells located on the parcel described in the deed. (See, e.g., Campbell v. Dreier (Tex. Civ. App. 1964), 382 S.W.2d 179, 182 (\u201cThe phrase \u2018from said land,\u2019 in its ordinary meaning, is the same as \u2018from wells located on said land\u2019 \u201d).) Nevertheless, several courts, relying on various rationales, have reached the result urged by defendant.\nIn Classen v. Federal Land Bank (1980), 228 Kan. 426, 617 R2d 1255, the defendant was the fee owner of two tracts of land. Defendant conveyed the land to plaintiffs, reserving a one-fourth interest in the oil, gas and other minerals for 20 years and \u201cso long thereafter as oil, gas and/or other minerals *** are produced therefrom or the premises are being developed or operated.\u201d (617 P.2d 1255, 1257.) The plaintiffs were conveyed the other three-fourths mineral interest in the two parcels. One of the two parcels, with the agreement of both plaintiffs and defendant, was subsequently placed in a unit with other lands for the production of oil. Oil was produced from land within the unit, but no well was drilled on either parcel subject to defendant\u2019s mineral interest.\nThe court in Classen held that unit production extended the defendant\u2019s mineral interest as to the tract included in the unit, but not as to the other tract. The court explained:\n\u201cThe primary purpose of unitized operations is to permit proper and maximum development of the unit lands without reference to ownership boundaries and with a minimum of waste. These objectives may better be realized by the adoption of the rule that whenever a term mineral interest is voluntarily placed in a unit for the production of gas or oil and production is obtained on other land within the unit during the primary term, such production will extend the term mineral interest to the extent of the land and mineral interests included within the producing unit.\u201d (228 Kan. 426, 435, 617 P.2d 1255, 1262.)\nSeveral other courts have reached the same result as Classen. See, e.g.. Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. Isaacson (10th Cir. 1958), 255 F.2d 669; Spradley v. Finley (Texas 1957), 302 S.W.2d 409; Southland Royalty Co. v. Humble Oil & Refining Co. (Texas 1952), 249 S.W.2d 914.\nAlthough our reasoning differs somewhat, we agree that the result reached in the above-cited authorities is the correct one. A fair and reasonable reading of the deed here indicates that \u201cproduction on said described real estate\u201d was intended to include production from a unit which encompassed the 80-acre tract. Although the deed in question was phrased in terms of \u201cproduction,\u201d it is reasonable to assume that the parties here intended the reservation to continue as long as the grantor, his heirs or assigns, reaped a financial benefit from oil and gas production from the property. As Professor Kuntz noted in his treatise on oil and gas law:\n\u201cAlthough the duration of terminable interest may be expressed in terms of production from the premises, the parties were most likely thinking in terms of enjoyment of benefits. It is most likely intended in such instances that if the interest proves to be productive within the fixed term the interest is to endure as long as it yields tangible benefits in the form of royalty payments or payments in lieu of royalty, regardless of how the payments are computed.\u201d 1 E. Kuntz, Oil and Gas sec. 15.8, at 356-57 (1962).\nPlaintiffs contend that the phrase contained in the deed requiring production \u201con said described real estate\u201d means that production must come from a well located on the 80-acre tract. We disagree. As the appellate court noted, oil and gas are always produced from under the land, not on it. The source of the oil, at all relevant times, remained the same. There is no contention by plaintiffs that production was not continuous. To adopt the strict construction urged by plaintiffs would, in our opinion, frustrate the intention of the parties. Thus, in the absence of any contrary language in the deed, or subsequent actions of the parties amounting to a modification of the deed, we hold that production from another parcel in the Unit constitutes \u201cproduction on said described real estate\u201d so as to extend defendant\u2019s interest in the minerals underlying the 80-acre parcel.\nFor the reasons stated, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE MORAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Patrick L. Duke, of Smith, McCollum & Riggle, of Flora, for appellants.", "Feirich, Schoen, Mager, Green & Associates, of Carbondale, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 60141.\nFREDERICK F. SHELTON et al., Appellants, v. HELEN ANDRES, Appellee.\nOpinion filed March 22, 1985.\nRehearing denied May 81,1985.\nPatrick L. Duke, of Smith, McCollum & Riggle, of Flora, for appellants.\nFeirich, Schoen, Mager, Green & Associates, of Carbondale, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0153-01", "first_page_order": 165, "last_page_order": 174 }