{ "id": 3129906, "name": "In re CUSTODY OF TERESA SUSSENBACH (Carol Lynn Boyd, Appellee, v. Max Harry Sussenbach, Appellant)", "name_abbreviation": "Boyd v. Sussenbach", "decision_date": "1985-10-18", "docket_number": "No. 61182", "first_page": "489", "last_page": "502", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 489" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "97 Ill. App. 3d 777", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3106703 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "779" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/97/0777-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 Ill. App. 3d 794", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5497422 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "803" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/100/0794-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ill. App. 3d 371", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3437865 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "373" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/131/0371-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 Ill. App. 3d 779", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3556864 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "786" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/115/0779-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 Ill. App. 3d 1023", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3431018 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1028" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/124/1023-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 Ill. 2d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5364732 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "350" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/28/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 Ill. App. 3d 678", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2808869 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/38/0678-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 Ill. App. 3d 760", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3311897 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/67/0760-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 Ill. App. 3d 1165", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 Ill. 2d 337", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3074546 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/78/0337-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 888, "char_count": 19604, "ocr_confidence": 0.768, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.337633739332962e-07, "percentile": 0.9687109171229674 }, "sha256": "07456b53eab2082c34d7f6ef492574e6815459f97db935aa162fd87fe580360f", "simhash": "1:a5aee42672cf3e77", "word_count": 3337 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:51:49.166830+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "In re CUSTODY OF TERESA SUSSENBACH (Carol Lynn Boyd, Appellee, v. Max Harry Sussenbach, Appellant)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE RYAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Max Sussenbach, appeals from a Rule 23 order (87 Ill. 2d R. 23) of the appellate court reversing an order entered by the circuit court of Bond County which had transferred custody of his daughter, Teresa Sussenbach, then age 9, from plaintiff, Carol Boyd, the child\u2019s mother, to defendant (129 Ill. App. 3d 1165). We allowed defendant\u2019s petition for leave to appeal (94 Ill. 2d R. 315(a)), and now reverse. Two issues are raised in this appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred in transferring custody to Max; and (2) whether the trial court erred in failing to make any provision for the payment of child-support arrearage owed by Max.\nOn July 13, 1978, the parties\u2019 marriage was dissolved. Max did not appear at the proceedings, and consequently judgment was entered by default. Pursuant to a written separation agreement, which was incorporated in the judgment of dissolution, Carol was awarded custody of Teresa, the couple\u2019s only child. The agreement further provided that Max was to pay $30 per week in child support.\nTeresa lived with her mother, Carol, from the time of the divorce until December of 1981, when Carol, under the circumstances noted below, voluntarily transferred custody to Max and agreed that he would not have to pay support for the period that Teresa was in his care. On November 5, 1982, Carol filed a petition seeking an increase in the amount of support payments. At the same time, she also filed a petition for a rule to show cause for Max\u2019s failure to return Teresa and for his failure to pay support. Max then filed a petition to modify the judgment of dissolution, requesting the court to grant him permanent custody and to order Carol to pay child support. Separate hearings were held on the petitions. For purposes of our decision, it is not necessary to set forth all the evidence which was presented at the hearings; we will recite only those facts relevant to the issues before us.\nWith respect to Max\u2019s petition for a change in custody, the evidence can be summarized as follows. Shortly after the parties\u2019 divorce, Max married his present wife, Jo Ellen. They have two children, a daughter, Jamey, age 7, and a son, Kyle, age 3. Jamey is Jo Ellen\u2019s child by a previous marriage. During the period that Carol had custody of Teresa, Carol had two live-in boyfriends. She admitted to having sexual relations with both men. The first live-in arrangement lasted two weeks. Thereafter, in August of 1981, Ed Boyd moved into Carol\u2019s home. Ed and Carol were married in June 1982, approximately six months after Carol gave custody of Teresa to Max. Except for brief periods of employment, Ed has been unemployed since his discharge from the service in February of 1981. Carol, on the other hand, works as a checker at a grocery store which, until recently, was managed by her father. She testified that she works from either 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. or 11 a.m. to 8 p.m., Monday through Friday. She also stated that she works every Saturday and occasionally on Sunday. Because of Carol\u2019s work schedule and Ed\u2019s unemployment, Ed babysat for Teresa almost every day from the time he began living with Carol until the time Teresa went to live with Max.\nThe evidence also established that on at least one occasion, Carol and Ed took Teresa to a tavern where they remained until 1 or 2 a.m. Carol also admitted that she previously took Teresa to the same tavern and became intoxicated. They did not leave the establishment, she said, until 1 a.m.\nCarol further testified that after Ed returned from a party intoxicated she talked to him about his drinking and about what was described as his \u201cpossible carousing around with [another] woman.\u201d She also said that while Teresa was visiting her on the weekend prior to the custody hearing, Ed went out drinking and was involved in an automobile accident when he \u201cmissed a curve\u201d at 1 a.m. while returning home.\nThe record further reveals that during the period that Carol had physical custody, she did not attend any parent-teacher conferences or school functions. Indeed, the only contact she had with any of Teresa\u2019s teachers was for the purpose of obtaining her daughter\u2019s school records for the custody hearing.\nGloria Wasmuth, Carol\u2019s mother, testified that Teresa developed a serious emotional problem while living with Carol. Teresa, she said, would often \u201csit and stare in space and cry very easily.\u201d Mrs. Wasmuth stated she worked with Max and Jo Ellen toward resolving the problem. In Mrs. Wasmuth\u2019s opinion, it would be in Teresa\u2019s best interest if she lived with Max.\nMike Wasmuth, Carol\u2019s brother, testified that Ed once boasted about owning an apartment complex in Houston, going so far as to invite Mike and his wife to travel to Houston to visit the complex with him and Carol. After Mike had made the airline reservations, Carol informed him that Ed had fabricated the entire story about owning an apartment complex. Mike also recounted an incident which occurred prior to Ed and Carol\u2019s marriage while Carol still had custody of Teresa. Mike stated that he and his wife had occasion to spend the night at Carol\u2019s home. They stayed in Carol\u2019s bedroom; Teresa was in her room; and Ed and Carol were in the living room. After everyone had retired, Mike heard sounds coming from the living room sufficiently loud enough to keep him and his wife awake. Mike testified he \u201chad a pretty good idea\u201d of what was going on: \u201cI figured they were having sex.\u201d Teresa, he said, was in close proximity to the living room so that she also could have heard the same noise.\nAs we stated earlier, Carol voluntarily transferred custody to Max in December 1981. The incident which precipitated the transfer occurred in early December when Ed spanked Teresa with a a wooden paddle, leaving two severe bruises on her buttocks. Max discovered the bruises two days later while Teresa was on a weekend visit and immediately took Teresa to the hospital. According to the doctor who examined Teresa, the bruises measured four centimeters by five centimeters and were surrounded by an additional area of red and roughened skin. The doctor also stated that an excessive amount of force was required to cause the bruises. Ed testified that he had spanked Teresa with a wooden paddle the previous October but claimed he only used his hand when he spanked her in December. The evidence, however, clearly showed that Ed had, in fact, used a wooden paddle in the December incident.\nFollowing his discovery of the bruises, Max informed Carol that he would not allow Teresa to return to her home. In addition, he contacted Michael Sheely, an investigator for the Bond County State\u2019s Attorney, to determine whether Teresa had been the victim of child abuse. While Sheely found \u201creason for concern,\u201d he was unwilling to go so far as to say that child abuse had taken place. Sheely later met with Max and Carol to discuss the custody situation. At the meeting, as noted above, it was agreed that Carol would give custody to Max on a temporary basis and that Max would not have to pay child support for the period that Teresa was in his care.\nCarol admitted that after Teresa went to live with Max, she did not have any contact with her daughter for 45 days. She also admitted that for a five-month period in 1982 she did not contact either Max or Jo Ellen about exercising visitation with Teresa. Moreover, even though Teresa made regular weekend visits to the home of Carol\u2019s parents, Carol never talked to her parents about seeing Teresa. While the record shows that a rather hostile relationship existed between Carol and her mother, Carol conceded that she never asked her father, whom she saw every day at the grocery store, if she could visit her daughter.\nWith regard to the period from December 1981, when Max gained custody, until the time of the court hearings in early 1983, the record shows that Teresa was happy, well adjusted, and in all respects had become acclimated to her new home. Max and Jo Ellen, together with Carol\u2019s mother, were able to successfully resolve Teresa\u2019s earlier emotional problem. Teresa developed a good relationship with Max and Jo Ellen\u2019s other two children, Kyle and Jamey, referring to them as her brother and sister. Teresa and Jamey played on a soccer team together and were members of a church youth group. Teresa also became a member of the Brownies. Teresa had not been involved in any of these activities while living with Carol. The evidence also showed that the family regularly attended church together and often went on family outings. In addition, both Max and Jo Ellen showed a strong interest in Teresa\u2019s schoolwork. Max frequently helped Teresa with her homework, while Jo Ellen met on a regular basis with Teresa\u2019s teachers to discuss her progress in school. Also, both Jo Ellen and Max attended the open houses which were held at the school. In short, the evidence clearly showed Teresa to be a happy and content 9-year-old living in a very loving and stable family environment.\nSection 610(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (the Act) provides in pertinent part:\n\u201c[T]he court shall not modify a prior custody judgment unless it finds by clear and convincing evidence, upon the basis of facts that have arisen since the prior judgment or that were unknown to the court at the time of entry of the prior judgment, that a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child or his custodian *** and that the modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. ***\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 40, par. 610(b).)\nFollowing the hearing, the trial court here transferred permanent custody to Max by way of a verbal order which was later reduced to a written order. In its written order, the court did not specifically state that it had found a change in circumstances, although the court did expressly find that it was in Teresa\u2019s best interest to have custody awarded to Max. The appellate court reversed, finding that the evidence failed to clearly and convincingly establish that a change in custody was necessary to serve the child\u2019s best interest.\nMax contends that it was not necessary for the trial court to specifically find that a change in circumstances had occurred in order to modify the original custody judgment. Citing De Franco v. De Franco (1978), 67 Ill. App. 3d 760, and Schultz v. Schultz (1976), 38 Ill. App. 3d 678, he argues that since a full hearing was not held when custody was originally awarded to Carol, the trial court was free to exercise its initial discretion under section 602 of the Act, pertaining to original custody determinations. Section 602 provides that the court is to consider all relevant factors and determine custody in accordance with the best interest of the child. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 40, par. 602.\nWe fail to see the rationale in Max raising this argument. The appellate court did not reverse on the basis of the trial court\u2019s failure to make a specific finding of a change in circumstances. Indeed, the appellate court observed that \u201c[although the judgment appealed from does not expressly specify what the change in circumstance in this case was, the record before us establishes clearly and convincingly that a change has occurred *** which would permit modification.\u201d The court was not \u201cpersuaded,\u201d however, that the evidence clearly and convincingly showed that a change in custody was necessary to serve the child\u2019s best interest. In any event, whether the trial court can exercise its initial discretion under section 602 in a custody-modification proceeding where custody was originally achieved by agreement of the parties is a question we need not decide, for we conclude that the trial court here made findings sufficient to satisfy the more stringent requirements of section 610(b).\nIn its written order the court found, inter alia, that on numerous occasions Carol displayed \u201cpoor judgment\u201d in her care of Teresa, including engaging in sexual intercourse with Ed Boyd prior to marriage while Teresa was in the home and \u201cmay have heard verbal expressions of such conduct\u201d; that Ed had been experiencing emotional problems from the time he began living with Carol to the time of the court hearing; that Ed was not seriously looking for employment and would therefore be present in the home a majority of the time; that Ed\u2019s use of force against Teresa on at least two separate occasions reveals his emotional instability; that Carol\u2019s actions while she had custody were not in Teresa\u2019s best interest; and that Carol\u2019s home was unstable, especially when compared to the environment provided by Max and Jo Ellen. These findings, we believe, when taken together, are sufficient to show that a change in circumstances had occurred. They are circumstances that did not exist when custody had been granted to Carol. We note also that, in its oral ruling, the court specifically found that in light of Carol\u2019s actions while she had custody, \u201cTeresa did undergo a change.\u201d Since we conclude that the change-in-circumstances requirement was satisfied in this case, the issue thus becomes whether a transfer in custody was necessary to serve the child\u2019s best interest.\nDetermining where custody should lie in a particular case is a matter which rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. (Rodely v. Rodely (1963), 28 Ill. 2d 347, 350.) Under section 610(b) the court must find by clear and convincing evidence that a change in custody is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 40, par. 610(b).) Once the court concludes that a change in custody is necessary, great deference must be accorded that decision, since the trial court is in the best position to judge the credibility of the witnesses and determine the needs of the child. (In re Marriage of Spangler (1984), 124 Ill. App. 3d 1023, 1028.) It is not for a reviewing court to try the case de novo but merely to determine whether the trial court\u2019s transfer of custody constituted an abuse of discretion. In other words, the question for the reviewing court is whether the trial court\u2019s decision is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Our appellate court has defined the role of a court of review in custody cases such as this as follows:\n\u201cSection 610(b) reflects an underlying policy favoring the finality of child-custody judgments and making their modification more difficult. Its effect is to create a legislative presumption in favor of the present custodian, thereby promoting the stability and continuity of the child\u2019s custodial and environmental relationship which is not to be overturned lightly. [Citations.] However, once the trial court has determined that the presumption has been overcome, the court of review will not disturb that determination on appeal unless the trial court\u2019s decision was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence or amounted to an abuse of discretion.\u201d (In re Marriage of Wechselberger (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 779, 786.)\nSee also In re Custody of Dykhuis (1985), 131 Ill. App. 3d 371, 373; In re Marriage of Friedman (1981), 100 Ill. App. 3d 794, 803; In re Custody of McIntyre (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 777, 779.\nIn this case, the court found the changes in the situation of the custodial parent, Carol, detrimental to Teresa's best interest. It also found that Carol\u2019s home was unstable, particularly since Ed was experiencing emotional problems. In contrast, the court was greatly impressed with the environment provided by Max and Jo Ellen and with Teresa\u2019s social and emotional development while living in their home. In addition, in its oral ruling the court expressed concern over Ed\u2019s use of excessive force against Teresa. Although the court was unwilling to say that Ed was violent, and while acknowledging that he had promised not to spank Teresa again, the court remarked that, \u201cthen again, I\u2019ve got to judge things by the past *** and I have to be concerned with the well-being of Teresa as a paramount consideration here under the circumstances.\u201d Given the court\u2019s findings and the record in this case, we cannot say that the court\u2019s decision to modify the earlier custody judgment constituted an abuse of discretion or was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Indeed, we believe the evidence clearly and convincingly rebutted the presumption in favor of the original custodial order and established that a change in custody was necessary to serve Teresa\u2019s best interest. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in transferring custody to Max.\nAnother issue that is raised here, but which was not addressed by the appellate court, is whether the trial court erred in failing to make any provision for the payment of child-support arrearage owed by Max. At a separate hearing on Carol\u2019s petition for an order to show cause, the trial court found Max to be $2,220 in arrears in his support payments. When Carol\u2019s attorney asked if the court was going t\u00f3 provide for any method of payment, the court replied: \u201cI don\u2019t think that\u2019s up to the court at this time. I\u2019m just entering Judgment on it now, and, you know, you can proceed from there.\u201d\nCarol maintains that the court had not only the authority but the obligation to establish a method of payment for the arrearage. To support this allegation she relies on section 505(b) of the Act, which states in part that the \u201c[fjailure of either parent to comply with an order to pay support shall be punishable as in other cases of contempt. ***\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 40, par. 505(b).\nWe find no merit to Carol\u2019s argument. The record reveals that there was a legitimate dispute over the amount of arrearage which Max owed. As a result, the focus of the hearing was on resolving that dispute. After hearing the respective arguments, the court determined that Max was $2,220 in arrears and entered judgment for that amount. The court did not find Max to be in contempt, and thus section 505(b) has no application to this case. Instead, this is simply a situation in which the court entered judgment for a specified sum. Under the circumstances there was no requirement that the court make any provision for the payment of the judgment. If it remained unpaid, Carol was free to take the necessary steps to have the judgment enforced.\nFor the reasons stated above, the judgment of the appellate court is reversed, and the judgment of the circuit court of Bond County is affirmed.\nAppellate court reversed; circuit court affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE RYAN" }, { "text": "JUSTICE SIMON,\nspecially concurring:\nI concur in the result in this case because, in its order, the circuit court listed ample facts to support its finding of a change in circumstances sufficient to warrant a change in custody without relying on any sexual conduct in which the plaintiff may have engaged. I am concerned, however, that the focus in the majority opinion on the plaintiff\u2019s private sexual experiences may be misread as a revitalization of Jarrett v. Jarrett (1979), 78 Ill. 2d 337. It is highly speculative whether the child with whose custody we are concerned was even aware of the incident referred to by the plaintiff\u2019s brother (108 Ill. 2d at 494, 498), much less adversely affected by it. I therefore fail to see its relevance in the court\u2019s disposition of the case.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "JUSTICE SIMON," } ], "attorneys": [ "W. A. Dillow III, P.C., of Greenville, for appellant.", "James E. Buchmiller Ltd., of Greenville, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 61182.\nIn re CUSTODY OF TERESA SUSSENBACH (Carol Lynn Boyd, Appellee, v. Max Harry Sussenbach, Appellant).\nOpinion filed October 18, 1985.\nSIMON, J., specially concurring.\nW. A. Dillow III, P.C., of Greenville, for appellant.\nJames E. Buchmiller Ltd., of Greenville, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0489-01", "first_page_order": 503, "last_page_order": 516 }