{ "id": 5563734, "name": "MARIA P. O'HARA, Appellant, v. AHLGREN, BLUMENFELD AND KEMPSTER et al, Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "O'Hara v. Ahlgren", "decision_date": "1989-03-29", "docket_number": "No. 65760", "first_page": "333", "last_page": "350", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 333" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "316 Ill. 569", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5141077 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "574" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/316/0569-01" ] }, { "cite": "325 Ill. 114", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5181277 ], "year": 1925, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "135" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/325/0114-01" ] }, { "cite": "344 Ill. 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5258218 ], "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "572" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/344/0563-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 Ill. 432", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2582488 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "435" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/365/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Ill. 2d 561", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2701427 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1937, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "565" }, { "page": "569" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/4/0561-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 Ill. 511", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2502281 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "519" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/388/0511-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 N.E. 161", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "171 N.Y. 409", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2305123 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/171/0409-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Cal. Rptr. 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1902, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "6 Cal. App. 3d 565", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4383857 ], "year": 1902, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-3d/6/0565-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 306", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "U. Pa. L. Rev.", "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "307-08" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "12 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 353", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Golden Gate U. L. Rev.", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "356" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "290 Ill. 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2420059 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "257" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/290/0252-01" ] }, { "cite": "309 Ill. 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5104433 ], "year": 1919, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "137" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/309/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "150 Ill. App. 3d 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3501598 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/150/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "62 Cal. 2d 17", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2334092 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "21" }, { "page": "35" }, { "page": "3" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-2d/62/0017-01" ] }, { "cite": "383 A.2d 1143", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 N.J. 490", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.", "case_ids": [ 1317543 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nj/75/0490-01" ] }, { "cite": "32 Ill. 2d 121", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2839795 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/32/0121-01" ] }, { "cite": "553 P.2d 1147", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "18 Cal. 3d 125", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2286322 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-3d/18/0125-01" ] }, { "cite": "354 Ill. 554", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5290336 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "567" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/354/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "95 Ill. 2d 68", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3112739 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1933, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "71-72" }, { "page": "72" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/95/0068-01" ] }, { "cite": "361 Ill. 75", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2597200 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "94" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/361/0075-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2993660 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1935, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "424" }, { "page": "425" }, { "page": "425" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 Ill. App. 3d 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3133046 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "523" }, { "page": "524" }, { "page": "531" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/93/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. App. 3d 562", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3579063 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "569", "parenthetical": "Pincham, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/158/0562-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1102, "char_count": 27721, "ocr_confidence": 0.794, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.187969885897685e-07, "percentile": 0.9674652846555919 }, "sha256": "5f5b6a6bef01b60c339f102022002d7c0c00e2bf050cfe52db7fd762d833d6c4", "simhash": "1:d32f9b4fac8b76d4", "word_count": 4504 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:56:06.297541+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "MARIA P. O\u2019HARA, Appellant, v. AHLGREN, BLUMENFELD AND KEMPSTER et al, Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE MILLER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nMaria P. O\u2019Hara, surviving spouse and sole beneficiary of the estate of deceased attorney Barratt O\u2019Hara II, filed a breach of contract action in the chancery division of the circuit court of Cook County against the law firm of Ahlgren, Blumenfeld and Kempster and against two of its partners, Robert D. Ahlgren and Barry E. Blumenfeld. The complaint alleged that, pursuant to a contract between Mrs. O\u2019Hara and the defendants, Mrs. O\u2019Hara had transferred the goodwill associated with the name of her deceased husband\u2019s law practice to the defendants, and that the defendants had failed to compensate her for it according to the terms of their agreement. Mrs. O\u2019Hara sought an accounting, damages, costs and attorney fees, injunctive relief, and termination of the contract. Following cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court denied Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s motion and granted summary judgment for the defendants. Mrs. O\u2019Hara appealed that part of the order that granted summary judgment for the defendants. The appellate court, with one justice dissenting, reversed the trial court, concluding that the contract at issue violated public policy and that neither party was entitled to relief. The appellate court then remanded the case to the trial court with directions to dismiss the complaint. (158 Ill. App. 3d 562.) We allowed Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s petition for leave to appeal from the appellate court\u2019s judgment (107 Ill. 2d R. 315).\nBarratt O\u2019Hara II (O\u2019Hara) was a licensed attorney who practiced law in Chicago, primarily in the immigration and naturalization field, until his death on December 28, 1978. During his last illness, his wife contacted an unnamed attorney and asked him to assist her husband with certain active cases. The attorney agreed and proceeded to work on various active files up to and following O\u2019Hara\u2019s death.\nIn March 1979, Mrs. O\u2019Hara contacted defendant Ahlgren and asked him to take over the work then being performed by the other attorney. The defendant agreed, and, following his conversation with Mrs. O\u2019Hara, drafted an agreement which he then mailed to her.\nThe agreement called for the merger of Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s deceased husband\u2019s law practice with the defendants\u2019 law firm. Under the terms of the contract, the defendants were given the right to purchase the furniture and furnishings of the O\u2019Hara office (provided the parties could agree on a price) and the right to all current and former files and records of the practice. The defendants also received the exclusive right to use a specified telephone number and to use the name Barratt O\u2019Hara on their stationery and office door.\nIn exchange, the contract provided that the defendants were to compensate Mrs. O\u2019Hara by paying her one-third of the net income derived from the O\u2019Hara practice prior to the physical merger of the two offices. Following the merger, Mrs. O\u2019Hara was to receive 25% of the gross receipts attributable to the O\u2019Hara practice for the first year, with her percentage of the receipts decreasing at the rate of 5% per year and then terminating at the end of the fifth year. Income derived from the O\u2019Hara practice was defined as those fees received from cases involving Barratt O\u2019Hara\u2019s past or current immigration clients and from cases involving future clients developed from past or current clients. Mrs. O\u2019Hara was also to receive, at her request, an accounting of the sums due her for five years after the merger and, in any event, at least once a year. The final paragraph of the agreement stated, \u201cIt is expressly understood that Maria P. O\u2019Hara is being compensated as aforementioned for the good will attributed to the law firm of Barratt O\u2019Hara II.\u201d On March 19, 1979, the parties signed the agreement. It is uncontested that Mrs. O\u2019Hara entered the contract without the advice of counsel and that the defendants were aware of that fact.\nSometime after entering into the agreement, Mrs. O\u2019Hara signed a letter which was sent to former and current clients of her husband. The letter notified the clients of Barratt O\u2019Hara\u2019s death and advised them that all files opened by O\u2019Hara in the past 30 years had been referred to the defendants. The letter also informed the clients that the defendants were competent attorneys who were well known in the field of immigration law and assured the clients that pending matters would be handled promptly and carefully.\nAccording to the defendants\u2019 accounting records, between March 1979 and January 1983, they collected fees totaling approximately $120,000 which were subject to the terms of the agreement. Of that amount, $11,500 was remitted to Mrs. O\u2019Hara.\nOn September 15, 1982, Mrs. O\u2019Hara filed a complaint in the circuit court of Cook County alleging in each of three counts that she had contracted to transfer the goodwill associated with her late husband\u2019s law practice to the defendants and that she had performed her part of the bargain. Mrs. O\u2019Hara further alleged that the defendants had received substantial sums of money subject to the terms of the agreement but that, despite repeated requests to do so, the defendants had failed to account for the receipts or to pay her the sums due her. Mrs. O\u2019Hara sought an accounting, actual and punitive damages, interest, costs and attorney fees, injunctive relief and termination of the contract.\nThe defendants answered by denying the allegations contained in the complaint and by raising an affirmative defense in which they claimed that Mrs. O'Hara lacked the capacity to transfer any goodwill associated with her husband\u2019s law practice and that the alleged contract was not supported by legal consideration. Mrs. O\u2019Hara responded to the affirmative defense by asserting that the defendants should be estopped from denying the validity of an agreement which they had prepared and from which they had benefitted.\nOn August 30, 1983, Mrs. O\u2019Hara filed a motion for partial summary judgment, claiming that the defendants\u2019 own accounting records indicated that she was entitled to at least an additional $11,350 under the agreement. The defendants responded by filing a cross-motion for summary judgment in which they contended that an agreement to transfer the goodwill of a deceased attorney\u2019s law practice to another attorney violates public policy and that they were therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Additionally, the defendants argued that, in this case, the method of compensating the beneficiary of the estate constituted a fee-sharing arrangement with a nonattorney and thus violated the policy reflected in Rule 3 \u2014 102 of the Illinois Code of Professional Responsibility (107 Ill. 2d R. 3 \u2014 102). Defendants argued that because the terms of the contract violated public policy and because the parties were equally at fault, or in pari delicto, the contract was unenforceable against either party.\nMrs. O\u2019Hara responded to the defendants\u2019 motion by stating that there was a question of fact concerning the nature of the consideration involved and suggesting that the contract was intended only to compensate her for the value of legal services rendered by Barratt O\u2019Hara before his death. Mrs. O\u2019Hara also argued that the defendants had failed to identify any public policy violated by the transfer of a deceased attorney\u2019s goodwill to a successor attorney. Finally, Mrs. O\u2019Hara stated that although the defendants had claimed that she was in pari delicto with them, they had not shown that she acted with the same degree of knowledge or turpitude as the defendants. The circuit court denied Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s motion for partial summary judgment and granted summary judgment for the defendants.\nOn appeal, the appellate court reversed the trial court and remanded the case with directions to dismiss the complaint. Focusing on the fee-splitting provision in the contract, and relying on its prior opinion in Corti v. Fleisher (1981), 93 Ill. App. 3d 517, the court concluded that public policy considerations preclude a fee-sharing arrangement where there is absolutely no showing of a sharing of legal services or responsibilities. The court in Corti had reasoned that fee-sharing arrangements between attorneys \u201c[are] injurious to the best interests of the clients concerned because [they] reduce[ ] the motivation of [lawyers] to use their best efforts in resolving the clients\u2019 cases.\u201d (Corti, 93 Ill. App. 3d at 523.) Consequently, the court in Corti declined to lend judicial approval to the agreement at issue there \u201cbecause it endangered] the clients\u2019 right to receive their attorneys\u2019 complete care and consideration in the disposition of their legal affairs.\u201d (Corti, 93 Ill. App. 3d at 524.) In the present case, the appellate court concluded that the same public policy considerations which, absent a sharing of services or responsibilities, preclude attorneys from splitting fees among themselves also prevent attorneys from sharing fees with nonlawyers. The appellate court rejected Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s contention that she was not in pari delicto with the defendants because the defendants were attorneys and she was not. The appellate court held, therefore, that the contract was unenforceable and that neither party was entitled to relief.\nOne justice on the appellate panel dissented, believing that Mrs. O\u2019Hara, a nonlawyer, was not in pari delicto with the defendant attorneys \u201cbecause of their unequal contractual position.\u201d (158 Ill. App. 3d at 569 (Pincham, J., dissenting).) The dissenting justice also believed that the portion of the contract involving the sale of physical property was severable from the portion of the contract that the majority found invalid. The dissent noted that the exchange of a law firm\u2019s tangible assets for money is not against public policy, and concluded that this provision of the contract should have been enforced by the trial court.\nIn this court, both parties agree that the contract involved a division of legal fees by an attorney with a non-attorney. Mrs. O\u2019Hara argues that in this case the fee-sharing provision did not violate public policy and that, if it did, the contract should be enforced nonetheless. However, the defendants contend that the appellate court was correct when it refused to enforce the contract, not only because the fee-splitting provision violates public policy but also because any agreement by an estate to transfer the goodwill of a deceased attorney is unenforceable, regardless of the method of compensation. Because we believe that the fee-sharing arrangement here violates public policy and should not be enforced, we need not consider here whether every contract to sell the goodwill associated with a deceased attorney\u2019s law practice is unenforceable.\nConfining ourselves to the fee-sharing issue, we begin by restating the general rule that courts will not enforce a private agreement which is contrary to public policy. (Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 508 v. Cook County College Teachers Union, Local 1600 (1979), 74 Ill. 2d 412, 424; People ex rel. Nelson v. Wiersema State Bank (1935), 361 Ill. 75, 94.) While the term \u201cpublic policy\u201d lacks precise definition (Board of Trustees, 74 Ill. 2d at 425), it may be stated generally as a legal principle which holds that no one may lawfully do that which has a tendency to injure the public welfare (McClure Engineering Associates, Inc. v. Reuben H. Donnelley Corp. (1983), 95 Ill. 2d 68, 71-72; Knass v. Madison & Kedzie State Bank (1933), 354 Ill. 554, 567). The public policy of this State is reflected in its constitution, its statutes and its judicial decisions. (McClure Engineering, 95 Ill. 2d at 72.) Whether or not a contract is contrary to public policy depends on the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case. (Board of Trustees, 74 Ill. 2d at 425.) In deciding whether a contract that is not otherwise prohibited by law violates public policy, the courts must determine whether the agreement is so capable of producing harm that its enforcement would be contrary to the public interest.\nFee-sharing arrangements between attorneys and nonattorneys have been associated with a variety of harms. (See, e.g., Gassman v. State Bar (1976), 18 Cal. 3d 125, 553 P.2d 1147, 132 Cal. Eptr. 675 (fee-splitting arrangements pose the possibility of control of clients\u2019 cases by laypersons); In re Krasner (1965), 32 Ill. 2d 121 (fee-splitting arrangements promote solicitation of clients); In re Bonafield (1978), 75 N.J. 490, 383 A.2d 1143 (fee-splitting arrangements facilitate the unauthorized practice of law).) The type of harm any particular fee-sharing arrangement may produce is dependent to some extent on the purpose of the contract and the other terms in the agreement. Having examined the present contract, we believe that the fee-splitting provision at issue here, if allowed, would be harmful to the public interest.\nFirst, the fee-splitting agreement provides an incentive for a layperson to recommend the services of an attorney with whom he or she will share the fees. Because the nonattorney assumes no responsibility for the case, the referral will more likely be based on the layperson's desire to share a fee than on the layperson\u2019s concern for the legal welfare of the client. (See Linnick v. State Bar (1964), 62 Cal. 2d 17, 21, 396 P.2d 33, 35, 41 Cal. Rptr. 1, 3; cf 107 Ill. 2d R. 2 \u2014 107 (rule governing inter-attorney referrals requires that attorneys who receive compensation for referring clients to other attorneys assume legal responsibility for the client's case, thus insuring that client is referred to a competent attorney).) The public is best served, however, by recommendations uninfluenced by financial considerations. (See Model Code of Professional Responsibility EC 2 \u2014 8 (1980).) While the contract here did not expressly require Mrs. O\u2019Hara to recommend the defendants\u2019 services, she did so nevertheless. To insure that the defendants received any fees in which she would share, it was necessary that Barratt O\u2019Hara\u2019s former clients be guided in the defendants\u2019 direction. Thus it was in Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s own best interest to recommend the defendants\u2019 services, and a failure on her part to do so would have worked to her financial detriment.\nSecond, the fee-sharing agreement here creates the possibility that the clients\u2019 rights may be adversely affected. Because the attorneys must share a portion of the fees received from certain clients, but not others, they may be tempted to devote less time and attention to the cases of the clients whose fees they must share. (See Leoris v. Dicks (1986), 150 Ill. App. 3d 350; Corti v. Fleisher (1981), 93 Ill. App. 3d 517.) Any reduction in the quality of legal services rendered by an attorney to a client creates a risk that the rights of the client may not be fully protected and results in prejudice to the client. Because of the harmful effects that fee-sharing agreements between attorneys and nonattorneys promote, such agreements are contrary to public policy.\nIn order to protect the public from such agreements, this court has adopted Rule 3 \u2014 102 of the Code of Professional Responsibility (107 Ill. 2d R. 3 \u2014 102), which prohibits attorneys from entering into fee-sharing arrangements with laypersons. Rule 3 \u2014 102 provides:\n\u201c(a) A lawyer or law firm shall not share legal fees with a nonlawyer, except that:\n(1) An agreement by a lawyer with his firm, partner, or associate may provide for the payment of money, over a reasonable period of time after his death, to his estate or to one or more specified persons.\n(2) A lawyer who undertakes to complete unfinished legal business of a deceased lawyer may pay to the estate of the deceased lawyer that proportion of the total compensation which fairly represents the services rendered by the deceased lawyer.\n(3) A lawyer or law firm may include nonlawyer employees in a retirement plan, even though the plan is based in whole or in part on a profit-sharing arrangement.\u201d\nMrs. O\u2019Hara points out that this court\u2019s prohibition against fee splitting is not absolute since the rule contains three exceptions. Mrs. O\u2019Hara initially attempts to bring the contract here within the rule's second exception, which permits payments to an estate for services rendered by the deceased attorney. Mrs. O\u2019Hara contends that there is a question of fact concerning the meaning that the parties in this case attached to the word \u201cgoodwill\u201d and suggests that the agreement was intended only to compensate her for fees earned by her late husband but collected by the defendants.\nWe find this argument without merit. \u201cGoodwill\u201d has been defined as \u201cthe probability that old customers of a concern will continue their custom and recommend it to others.\u201d (Linden Brothers v. Practical Electricity & Engineering Publishing Co. (1923), 309 Ill. 132, 137; William E. Dee Co. v. Proviso Coal Co. (1919), 290 Ill. 252, 257.) The terms of the contract between Mrs. O\u2019Hara and defendants support the conclusion that the parties fully intended the purchase and sale of the goodwill associated with O\u2019Hara\u2019s name. The contract allowed the defendants to use indefinitely Barratt O\u2019Hara\u2019s name on their stationery and office door and permitted the defendants to continue using O\u2019Hara\u2019s business telephone number. The contract further provided that the defendants would pay to Mrs. O\u2019Hara a percentage of any fees generated by clients referred to the defendants by Barratt O\u2019Hara\u2019s clients. Each of these provisions is consistent with an attempt to transfer goodwill and not with payment for services rendered by Barratt O\u2019Hara. We therefore conclude that there is no question but that the parties used \u201cgoodwill\u201d in its ordinary sense and did not intend it to refer to fees earned, but uncollected, by Barratt O\u2019Hara.\nMrs. O\u2019Hara next argues that, if the fee-sharing agreement was a method of compensating her for her husband\u2019s goodwill, we should either interpret exception (2) to include payments for goodwill as well as for past services or we should adopt a new exception allowing payments for goodwill to the estate of a sole practitioner by a successor attorney, even absent any prior association or agreement between the lawyers.\nMrs. O\u2019Hara argues that as presently written our rule allows the estate of a deceased attorney who practiced in association with other lawyers to realize the value of the goodwill acquired by the attorney before his or her death. Although not cited in her brief, Mrs. O\u2019Hara apparently relies on ABA Opinion 327 (ABA Comm\u2019n on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Formal Op. 327 (1971)) for this proposition. This opinion interpreted DR 3 \u2014 102 of the ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility (which is almost identical to our Rule 3 \u2014 102) to permit a law firm, in accordance with a preexisting retirement plan, to pay to the estate of a deceased partner an amount measured by earnings accrued after the partner\u2019s death. Mrs. O\u2019Hara correctly states that the rule does not afford the same benefit to the estates of sole practitioners and concludes that the disparate treatment of the estates of deceased sole practitioners and deceased partners is inequitable. Her conclusion implies that there is no reasoned basis for allowing the present exceptions to Rule 3 \u2014 102 and not allowing the exception she proposes.\nWe disagree. As illustrated below, the currently recognized exceptions for payments to deceased attorneys\u2019 estates do not present the same type or degree of risk to the public as do the fee-splitting provisions advocated by Mrs. O\u2019Hara. In view of the types of harm Rule 3 \u2014 102 seeks to prevent, we do not believe that the exceptions to the prohibition against fee splitting should be enlarged to include the type of agreement at issue here.\nFirst, partnership agreements allowing for payments to an estate do not create the same probability that the heirs of the estate of a deceased attorney will recommend the services of a preexisting partnership to others for financial reasons alone. While the benefits paid to an estate pursuant to a preexisting retirement plan may be based on future receipts, they are to be measured by the earnings of the firm. (See ABA Opinion 327; see also Corti v. Fleisher, 93 Ill. App. 3d at 531.) Thus, the estate will receive some benefit whether or not any additional clients are induced to retain the firm\u2019s services. In contrast, under a contract such as the one entered into by Mrs. O\u2019Hara, in order for the estate to realize any benefit whatsoever from the agreement, it is necessary that the deceased attorney\u2019s former clients be persuaded to retain the successor attorney. Thus a recommendation of the successor's services by the estate is virtually inevitable. (See Minkus, The Sale of a Law Practice:. Toward a Professionally Responsible Approach, 12 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 353, 356 (1982); Sterrett, The Sale of a Law Practice, 121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 306, 307-08 (1972).) Moreover, even if the payments to the estate of a deceased partner were tied to fees generated by the deceased attorney\u2019s clients, there would be no necessity for the estate to recommend the services of the firm. In the case of partnerships, the clients are already familiar with the firm, and any recommendation by the estate would serve little purpose.\nSecond, we do not believe the payments permitted to partners\u2019 estates present a risk that the lawyers continuing in the practice will devote less time and effort to clients\u2019 cases and thereby jeopardize the clients\u2019 interests. In the case of partnerships, the agreement to make such payments exists prior to the partner\u2019s death. Thus, the firm knows in advance that these amounts will be due after the partner\u2019s death and the firm will presumably take these payments into account when setting its fees. Because the firm has been collecting fees to cover these payments all along, there is less chance that services will be reduced as the payments become due. Moreover, because the payments to a deceased partner\u2019s estate are not tied to fees generated by any one group of clients but are based on firm earnings, the welfare of certain clients will not be placed at risk simply because their cases appear less lucrative. Under contracts such as the one at issue here, however, the attorneys will have an incentive to reduce the services provided to clients whose cases are encumbered by the fee-sharing agreement since the attorneys know they will retain only a fraction of the fees actually charged these clients.\nThus, if the current rule with its limited exceptions appears to treat estates of deceased partners differently from those of deceased sole practitioners, the difference is justified in terms of the differing potential for harm to the public, We therefore decline to interpret or modify our existing rule to accommodate the type of fee-sharing agreement present in this case. To do otherwise would be to sanction agreements which tend to injure the public and which are thus contrary to public policy.\nHaving determined that the fee-splitting arrangement here violated public policy, we must next decide whether it should be enforced nonetheless. Mrs. O\u2019Hara argues that even if her contract with the defendants violated public policy it should still be enforced because she and the defendants were not in pari delicto. Mrs. O\u2019Hara contends that, because the defendants were lawyers and she is a layperson, she is not equally at fault with the defendants. Mrs. O\u2019Hara points out that, as lawyers, the defendants\u2019 conduct was expressly prohibited by Rule 3 \u2014 102, whereas her conduct was not similarly proscribed. According to Mrs. O\u2019Hara, under these circumstances the court should enforce the contract. Although we have found some support for Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s position (see Emmons, Williams, Mires & Leech v. State Bar (1970), 6 Cal. App. 3d 565, 86 Cal. Rptr. 367; Irwin v. Currie (1902), 171 N.Y. 409, 64 N.E. 161), we are not persuaded.\nGenerally, where the parties to a contract against public policy are in pari delicto, or equally at fault, a court will not aid either party but will leave both parties where it finds them. (Staufenbiel v. Staufenbiel (1944), 388 Ill. 511, 519.) This rule is designed not to help any party but rather to protect the public. (Schnackenberg v. Towle (1954), 4 Ill. 2d 561, 565; Vock v. Vock (1937), 365 Ill. 432, 435.) It is believed that by refusing to enforce such contracts, courts will deter similar contracts in the future. S. Williston, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts \u00a71630A (3d ed. 1972).\nAlthough courts will generally not enforce contracts which are against public policy where the parties are in pari delicto, this is not to say a court must enforce an agreement when the parties are not in pari delicto. \u201c[T]he interest of the public, rather than the equitable standing of the individual parties, is of determining importance.\u201d Parish v. Schwartz (1931), 344 Ill. 563, 572; see also Schnackenberg v. Towle (1954), 4 Ill. 2d 561, 569.\nAssuming, without deciding, that Mrs. O\u2019Hara is correct in her contention that the mere difference in the status of the parties suffices to establish that they were not in pari delicto, we do not believe that the public interest will be served by accepting her argument and enforcing the contract. Under Mrs. O\u2019Hara\u2019s theory, every fee-sharing agreement between an attorney and a nonattorney which violates Rule 3 \u2014 102 would be enforceable by the lay party since, by definition, such agreements will always involve an attorney and a nonattorney. Although consistent enforcement of such contracts against breaching attorneys might deter attorneys from entering fee-sharing agreements, presumably most lawyers are already deterred from such conduct by the existence of Rule 3 \u2014 102 and by the possibility of sanctions that its violation carries. By refusing in every case to assist the lay party, courts may deter laypersons as well as attorneys from attempting such agreements. We believe that, in this way, the public will be protected more effectively from the potential harms posed by fee-sharing arrangements.\nMrs. O\u2019Hara also contends that the defendants should be estopped from asserting, as a defense, the illegality of an agreement which they drafted and from which they benefited. This argument is without merit. As this court has stated before, a party to a contract which is contrary to public policy is not precluded from raising its illegality as a defense. See, e.g., Hall v. Woods (1927), 325 Ill. 114, 135; Lyons v. Schanbacher (1925), 316 Ill. 569, 574.\nFinally, we note that we have no occasion to decide whether Mrs. O\u2019Hara is entitled to enforce a contract for the sale of her deceased husband\u2019s office furniture and furnishings. The contract here dealt with an option to purchase these assets, and any subsequent agreement between the parties concerning their sale is not at issue here. Moreover, Mrs. O\u2019Hara has not asked for the enforcement of that portion of the contract in her complaint.\nFor the reasons stated, we affirm the appellate court\u2019s judgment reversing the circuit court\u2019s grant of summary judgment to the defendant and remanding the cause with directions to dismiss the complaint.\nAppellate court affirmed.\nWARD and CALVO, JJ.,\ntook no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE MILLER WARD and CALVO, JJ.," } ], "attorneys": [ "McKenna, Storer, Rowe, White & Farrug, of Chicago (David M. Nelson and James P. DeNardo, of counsel), for appellant.", "Beermann, Swerdlove, Woloshin, Barezky & Berkson, of Chicago (Alvin R. Becker and Howard A. London, of counsel), for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 65760\nMARIA P. O\u2019HARA, Appellant, v. AHLGREN, BLUMENFELD AND KEMPSTER et al, Appellees.\nOpinion filed March 29, 1989.\nWARD and CALVO, JJ., took no part.\nMcKenna, Storer, Rowe, White & Farrug, of Chicago (David M. Nelson and James P. DeNardo, of counsel), for appellant.\nBeermann, Swerdlove, Woloshin, Barezky & Berkson, of Chicago (Alvin R. Becker and Howard A. London, of counsel), for appellees." }, "file_name": "0333-01", "first_page_order": 371, "last_page_order": 388 }